Most methods of homogenization of climate data are applied to time series of a single variable, such as daily maximum temperature(Tmax) or daily minimum temperature(Tmin). Consequently, the physical relationship among...Most methods of homogenization of climate data are applied to time series of a single variable, such as daily maximum temperature(Tmax) or daily minimum temperature(Tmin). Consequently, the physical relationship among different variables, e.g., Tmax>Tmin, may be distorted after homogenization of climate series of individual variables. The authors develop a solution to improve consistency among diurnal temperature records, while using the Multiple Analysis of Series for Homogenization(MASH) method to homogenize the observation series of daily mean temperature(Tm), Tmin, and Tmax at 545 stations in China for the period 1960–2011, called CHTM2.0. In the previous version of this homogenized dataset based on MASH(CHTM1.0) for the period 1960–2008, there are a few records(0.039% of the total) that are physically inconsistent. For developing CHTM2.0, the authors apply additional adjustments for each day with inconsistent temperature records, in order to hold Tmax>Tm>Tmin. Although the additional adjustments are barely influential for estimating long-term climate trends in China as a whole(because very few records are additionally adjusted), the newly introduced solution improves the physical consistency throughout the dataset. It is also helpful for developing more reasonable homogenized climate datasets with regard to physical consistency among multiple variables. Based on CHTM2.0, the annual Tmax/Tm/Tmin series averaged over China for the period 1960–2011 show significant warming trends of about 0.19/0.25/0.34°C per decade, respectively. Large warming trends of up to 0.425/0.596/ 0.704°C per decade occur in northeastern and northwestern China.展开更多
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)has becomeone of the most common causes of liver disease worldwide and has been recognized as a major health burden.The prevalence of NAFLD has grown proportionallywith the rise ...Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)has becomeone of the most common causes of liver disease worldwide and has been recognized as a major health burden.The prevalence of NAFLD has grown proportionallywith the rise in obesity,sedentary lifestyle,unhealthydietary pattern,and metabolic syndrome.Currently,there is no drug therapy that can be formulated fortreating NAFLD.A combination of dietary modificationsand increased physical activity remains the mainstayof NAFLD management.It is hard to maintain thismode of management;however,it seems to havesignificant long-term benefits.Furthermore,NAFLDpatients,whether obese or not,should be educatedthat a healthy diet and physical activity have benefitsbeyond weight reduction.Further large controlled randomized trials are needed in order to identify the bestdietary regimen and physical activity in the management of NAFLD patients.This review highlights the roleof diet and lifestyle modifications in the managementof NAFLD,and focuses on human studies regarding dietary modifications and physical activity.展开更多
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA05090105)the National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation of China (Grant No. GYHY201206013)+2 种基金the State Programs of Science and Technology Development (Grant No. 2012BAC22B04)the Urban Meteorological Science Research Foundation (UMRF201211)WU Hongyi was supported by the Science and Technology Program of Institute of Urban Meteorology (Grant No. IUMKY201302PP0102)
文摘Most methods of homogenization of climate data are applied to time series of a single variable, such as daily maximum temperature(Tmax) or daily minimum temperature(Tmin). Consequently, the physical relationship among different variables, e.g., Tmax>Tmin, may be distorted after homogenization of climate series of individual variables. The authors develop a solution to improve consistency among diurnal temperature records, while using the Multiple Analysis of Series for Homogenization(MASH) method to homogenize the observation series of daily mean temperature(Tm), Tmin, and Tmax at 545 stations in China for the period 1960–2011, called CHTM2.0. In the previous version of this homogenized dataset based on MASH(CHTM1.0) for the period 1960–2008, there are a few records(0.039% of the total) that are physically inconsistent. For developing CHTM2.0, the authors apply additional adjustments for each day with inconsistent temperature records, in order to hold Tmax>Tm>Tmin. Although the additional adjustments are barely influential for estimating long-term climate trends in China as a whole(because very few records are additionally adjusted), the newly introduced solution improves the physical consistency throughout the dataset. It is also helpful for developing more reasonable homogenized climate datasets with regard to physical consistency among multiple variables. Based on CHTM2.0, the annual Tmax/Tm/Tmin series averaged over China for the period 1960–2011 show significant warming trends of about 0.19/0.25/0.34°C per decade, respectively. Large warming trends of up to 0.425/0.596/ 0.704°C per decade occur in northeastern and northwestern China.
文摘Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)has becomeone of the most common causes of liver disease worldwide and has been recognized as a major health burden.The prevalence of NAFLD has grown proportionallywith the rise in obesity,sedentary lifestyle,unhealthydietary pattern,and metabolic syndrome.Currently,there is no drug therapy that can be formulated fortreating NAFLD.A combination of dietary modificationsand increased physical activity remains the mainstayof NAFLD management.It is hard to maintain thismode of management;however,it seems to havesignificant long-term benefits.Furthermore,NAFLDpatients,whether obese or not,should be educatedthat a healthy diet and physical activity have benefitsbeyond weight reduction.Further large controlled randomized trials are needed in order to identify the bestdietary regimen and physical activity in the management of NAFLD patients.This review highlights the roleof diet and lifestyle modifications in the managementof NAFLD,and focuses on human studies regarding dietary modifications and physical activity.
