Integrated assessment of river health based on water quality, aquatic life and physical habitat

The health conditions of Liao River were assessed using 25 sampling sites in April 2005, with water quality index, biotic index and physical habitat quality index. Based on the method of cluster analysis （CA） for water quality indices, it revealed that heavily polluted sites of Liao River are located at estuary and mainstream. The aquatic species surveyed were attached algae and benthic invertebrates. The result showed that the diversity and biomass of attached algae and benthic index of biotic integrity （B-IBI） were degrading as the chemical and physical quality of water bodies deteriorating. Physiochemical parameters, BODs, CODcr, TN, TP, NH3-N, DO, petroleum hydrocarbon and conductivity, were statistically analyzed with principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The statistical results were incorporated into the integrated assessing water quality index, combining fecal coliform count, attached algae diversity, B-IBI and physical habitat quality score. A comprehensive integrated assessing system of fiver ecological health was established. Based on the systimetic assessment, the assessed sites are categorized into 9 ＂healthy＂ and ＂sub-healthy＂ sites and 8 ＂sub-sick＂ and ＂sick＂ sites.

Assessment of Surface Water Quality of King Abdullah Canal, Using Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Water Quality Index, Jordan

The main aim of this research is to evaluate the water quality of King Abdullah Canal (KAC) using the water quality index method (WQI). For this purpose, nine different sampling sites were used in the calculation of WQI during the period of January to December 2012. The samples were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, ions of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Fluorite, Chloride, Sulfate, Bicarbonate, and Nitrate in different seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn). The analyzed results (by WQI method) have been used to suggest models for predicting water quality. The relative weight assigned to each parameter has a range from 1 to 5, based on the important parameters for drinking purposes. The computed WQI for the nine samples has a range from 46.66 to 542.08. The analysis reveals that the water quality status of the study area is varying from excellent to good in the upper part of the canal and from poor to very poor in the lower part of the canal. Comparing with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Jordan Standard (JS), the results indicate that the lower part of the canal is polluted. Therefore, the water is not safe for domestic use and needs further treatment, especially in the lower part of the canal.

Analysis of Physical and Chemical Indices and Quality of Blueberry Wines from Gardenblue and Baldwin

Gardenblue and baldwin rabbiteye blueberry are the alien varieties. The physical and chemical indices of the fresh fruits of the two varieties were analyzed. The results showed that the sugar-acid ratio was higher in gardenblue than in baldwin, and the content of anthocyanins was also higher in gardenblue than in baldwin, so the quality of gardenblue was better. The gardenblue wine has better quality than the baldwin wine, and the two kinds of wines both have good quality. Therefore, gardenblue and baldwin both are suitable for the brewing red wine as the raw material.

Effects of water and fertilizer deficit regulation with drip irrigation at different growth stages on fruit quality improvement of kiwifruit in seasonal arid areas of Southwest China

For a long time,seasonal drought occurs frequently in Southwest China,and the management of water and fertilizer in kiwifruit orchards has no quantitative standards,which seriously affects the yield and quality of kiwifruit.Therefore,the effects of water and fertilizer deficit regulation with drip irrigation(WFDRDI)on the quality of kiwifruit at different growth stages were explored to achieve water and fertilizer saving,and green and efficient production of kiwifruit.We select‘Jin Yan'kiwifruit and set two water deficit levels(W_(D20%)and W_(D40%))and three fertilizer deficit levels(F_(D15%),F_(D30%)and F_(D45%))at bud burst to leafing stage(stageⅠ),flowering to fruit set stage(stageⅡ),fruit expansion stage(stageⅢ)and fruit maturation stage(stageⅣ),respectively,with a full irrigation and fertilization as the control treatment(CK)in 2017and 2018.Results showed that the WFDRDI at stageⅡandⅢhad significant effect on fruit physical quality of kiwifruit,specifically,theⅢ-WD40%F_(D30%)andⅢ-W_(D20%)F_(D45%)treatments significantly increased fruit firmness by 13.62 and 15.59%(P<0.05),respectively;theⅡ-W_(D40%)F_(D15%)andⅢ-W_(D40%)F_(D15%)treatments significantly increased dry matter by 8.19 and 6.47%(P<0.05),respectively;theⅢ-W_(D20%)F_(D15%)treatment significantly increased single fruit weight and fruit volume by 9.33 and 12.65%(P<0.05),respectively;theⅡ-W_(D20%)F_(D15%)treatment significantly increased fruit water content by 1.99%(P<0.05).The WFDRDI had an obvious effect on fruit chemical quality of kiwifruit.TheⅢ-W_(D20%)F_(D45%),Ⅳ-W_(D40%)F_(D15%)andⅣ-W_(D20%)F_(D30%)treatments significantly increased vitamin C(Vc)content by 69.96,36.96 and 34.31%(P<0.05),respectively;theⅢ-W_(D40%)F_(D15%)andⅣ-W_(D40%)F_(D15%)treatments significantly increased total soluble solid(TSS)content by 3.79 and 17.05%(P<0.05),respectively,and significantly increased soluble sugar content by 28.61 and 34.79%(P<0.05),respectively;the contents of fructose,glucose and sucrose also had a significantly increasing trend,which was increased significantly by 5.58–19.63%,40.55–60.36%and 54.03–54.92%in theⅢ-WD40%F_(D15%)andⅣ-W_(D40%)F_(D15%)treatments(P<0.05),respectively;sugar–acid ratio was increased significantly in theⅣ-W_(D40%)F_(D15%)treatment by 64.65%(P<0.05).The degree and duration of water and fertilizer deficit had a comprehensive effect on fruit quality of kiwifruit.The WFDRDI at stageⅡandⅢcontribute to improving fruit physical quality,and the threshold of water and fertilizer deficit were 20 and 15%,respectively;stageⅢandⅣare the critical periods for improving fruit chemical quality by water and fertilizer coupling effect,and the threshold of water and fertilizer deficit were 40 and 15%,respectively.Therefore,aiming at precise water and fertilizer saving,theⅠ-W_(D20%)F_(D30%),Ⅱ-W_(D40%)F_(D15%),Ⅲ-W_(D40%)F_(D15%)andⅣ-W_(D40%)F_(D15%)treatments under WFDRDI during the whole growth period of kiwifruit were the best mode to improve quality and production of kiwifruit.

Quality Assessment of Five (5) Brands of Sachet Water Marketed in Bo City

This study covers some physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters needed to be tested for drinking water quality. The purpose of the research is to assess and compare the quality of five different brands of sachet water marketed in Bo city and to give relevant recommendation(s) were possible. The results obtained were compared to the standard set for each parameter by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the maximum contaminant level set by the United State Environment Protection Agency (USEPA). Five brands of sachets water were selected in Bo city and their physical and chemical parameters were evaluated in the Njala University Quality Control Laboratory (NUQCL), and their bacteriological evaluation was done in the Sierra Rutile laboratory. The physical parameters tested for were in accordance with the standards set by the WHO with the exception of the temperatures for each brand which were above the WHO standard. The pH of all the sachets water was in the acidic range, below the standard range and the maximum contaminant level set by the WHO and USEPA respectively. This affected the alkalinity of all the sachets water to be zero (0). None of the sachets water completely met the WHO standard and the USEPA maximum contaminant level for all the parameters tested for in this research. In this regard, none of the sachets water is completely recommended for drinking.

Application of Water Quality Index(WQI)and Regression Analysis of Groundwater in Budigumma Village,Anantapur District,Andhra Pradesh

The research work is aimed at assessing the subsurface or groundwater suitability for human use or consumption depends upon the calculated water quality index values,correlation coefficient and regression analysis.The water quality index(WQI)is main important tool to calculate the characteristics of drinking water quality in rural,urban and industrial area.Different parameters which is measured and determination of the water quality index for selecting parameters.Further to study the correlation and regression method in this research work.Totally fifteen groundwater samples were collected from the Budigumma Village Anantapur district in the state Andhra Pradesh in India.Nine water quality parameters has been considered for the computation of water quality index such as pH,total dissolved solid(TDS),total hardness(TH),calcium(Ca),magnesium(Mg),nitrates(NO3),chlorides(Cl),sulphates(SO4),fluorides(F).The World Health Organization(WHO)has been assessed to the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes or other uses for public and determining of WQI.This WQI index values ranged from 97.78 to 108.37.The study shows that 87%area comes under the poor category of drinking purposes and the remaining 13%comes under as good water for drinking purposes as per the WQI classification.The correlation and regression analysis gives as an outstanding device for the calculation of different parameter values within realistic degree of precision.The subsistence of strong correlation or relationship between the total hardness and magnesium is determined.The analysis of selected parameters revealed that proper treatment before use or consumption and protected from more contamination.

GIS-Based Assessment of Soil Chemical and Physical Properties as a Basis for Land Reclamation in Toshka Area, Aswan, EGYPT

The accurate assessment of soil properties is a crucial factor for composing and implementing reclamation plans. The main objective of this study was to evaluate soil chemical and physical properties and calculate the chemical and fertility index for assisting land reclamation in Toshka area. The Toshka area is located between latitudes 31°32'N and 31°36'N and longitudes 32°40'E and 32°60'E. GIS was used to select 16 sites. The results revealed the soil has undesirable characteristics. The soil pH ranged from slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline. Furthermore, it was characterized as saline (with a ECe of 4.65 - 11.45 dS⋅m−1) and moderately calcareous soil (with CaCO3 at 11.85% - 17.20%). The soil had a low soil organic matter content which did not exceed 0.18%. The soil was dominated by a sandy loam texture (62.50%) followed by a sandy clay loam texture (18.75%). The bulk density, total soil porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity values varied with 1.38 - 1.55 Mg⋅cm−3, 41.85% - 48.45% and 1.20 - 3.34 cm⋅h−1, respectively. The chemical index ranged from low to moderate quality. The correlations between the parameters osculated between negative and positive. Therefore, the soil may be reclaimed if the soil properties are improved and crop selection is optimized for this soil.

The Influence of Land-Use on Water Quality in a Tropical Coastal Area: Case Study of the Keta Lagoon Complex, Ghana, West Africa

The Keta Lagoon and its catchment areas in Ghana are influenced by intensive agriculture and the use of agro-chemicals. It has therefore, become necessary to assess the quality of water in the lagoon and the surrounding fresh water aquifers. In this study, a water quality index (WQI), indicating the water quality has been adopted. The WQI was determined on a basis of various physico-chemical parameters like pH, conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrates, ammonium and sodium. The index was used both for tracking changes at one site over time, and for comparisons among sites. The WQI was also employed to wells used for irrigation on farms along the Keta Sand Spit as well as that of the Keta Lagoon Complex and its surrounding floodplains, in order to ascertain the quality of water for public and livestock consumption, irrigation, recreation and other purposes. The WQI of the wells, Keta lagoon and its floodplains showed various degrees of poor water quality and therefore considered unsuitable for drinking and recreation. By WHO standards, this calls for intensive physical and chemical treatment of the water for human consumption.

Ecological Health Evaluation of Ziarat River Using Water Quality Index, Golestan Province, Iran

Due to decreasing water quality of the Ziarat River, which is one of the most important rivers for drinking water in Gorgan, it is necessary to manage this river. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ecological health of the Ziarat River of Golestan province via the Water Quality Index (WQI) qualitative index. For this purpose, 6 sampling stations were selected along the Ziarat River, and samples were taken from April to August of 2014 every 45 days at sampling stations. The parameters of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite and phage were measured at each turn and the data were analyzed by WQI qualitative index and SPSS 21 software. The results showed that water quality of the Ziarat River was relatively good during the spring and summer. Also, the results showed that there was a significant correlation between nitrite and positive qualitative index (with increasing amount of nitrite the numerical value of the qualitative index also increases, which indicates a decrease in water quality). Between the dissolved oxygen and the numerical value of the negative quality correlation index (with increasing amount of solution oxidant, the numerical value of the qualitative reduction index, which indicates the increase of water quality).

Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index (WQI): Case Study;Gorganroud River, Golestan Province, Iran

The most important aquatic ecosystems are freshwater rivers, which are considered as biodiversity and drinking water. In this regard, the quantitative and qualitative study of these resources is an important pillar of sustainable development. Gorganroud is one of the most important rivers in northeastern Iran;therefore the aim of this study was to study survey of Gorgnroud River water quality in Golestan Province using Water Quality Index (WQI). For this purpose, five sampling stations were selected along the Gorgnroud River, and samples were taken from April to August of 2015 every 45 days at sampling stations. The parameters of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite and PH were measured at each turn and the data were analyzed by WQI qualitative index. The results showed that the Water Quality Index at the first station (91/22);at the second station (85/51);at the third station (89.30);at the fourth station (87/14) and fifth station (81/11). The water quality index indicates that water quality of the Gorgnroud River was in a very good quality class during the spring and summer seasons.

Groundwater Quality Assessment Based on WQI and Its Vulnerability to Saltwater Intrusion in a Coastal City, Iran

The purpose of this paper was to assess the quality of groundwater in Behshahr (Iran) based on water quality index (WQI). Sixteen water samples from this coastal aquifer were collected and analyzed to study physico-chemical parameters such as pH, hardness, chloride (Cl), electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS). The results showed that the annual average of TDS value increased by 343 mg/l between 1999 and 2015 due to anthropogenic activities. According to WQI, it was concluded that the groundwater quality degraded over the last sixteen-year period so that the percentage of samples identified as “good water” decreased by 18.5% and on the other hand, alas, the percentage of “poor water” quality soared by nearly 12.5%. Correspondence of WQI distribution diagram with that of chloride-bicarbonate ratio attests to the significant contribution of saltwater intrusion to groundwater quality deterioration in this area.

An Assessment on the Coastal Seawater Quality of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt

The present study focused on water quality assessment of 14 hotspot locations in the Gulf of Suez by measuring the physicochemical parameters seasonally during 2016. The results of investigated area revealed that, the annual mean range of water was: temperature (21.91°C - 29.22°C), pH (7.64 - 7.78), salinity (38.71‰ - 42.74‰), dissolved oxygen (6.09 - 8.78 mgO2/l,) oxidizable organic matter (1.4 - 5.4 mg/l), biological oxygen demand (1.14 - 3.94 mgO2/l), total suspended solids (18.56 - 37.69 mg/l), ammonia (13.51 - 494.41 μg/l), nitrite (1.261 - 151.76 μg/l), nitrate (7.11 - 487.85), dissolved inorganic phosphate (2.22 - 53.26) and silicate (19.83 - 347.61 μg/l). The N:P ratio fluctuated between 4.21 and 1214.61 with the main value of 81.16 indicating that the different sites in the northern part of the Gulf of Suez are P-limited. Based on the Principal Component Analysis Data, the stations locating in the Northern and Southern side of the Gulf of Suez are relatively good water quality;meanwhile, water quality of the other stations locating in the northern side of the Gulf of Suez is found slightly polluted to a different degree co-incided with an increase in the human activities in each of these locations.

Groundwater Quality Assessment in Pul-e-Charkhi Region,Kabul,Afghanistan

We present the results of studies conducted on the assessment of groundwater quality observed on several water samples taken from water supply sources in the Pul-e-Charkhi region,which is located near the eastern part of Kabul and has seen steady growth in population after the U.S.completed its withdrawal from Afghanistan on 30 August 2021.The water in the basin serves as the main source of water supply and it consists of water discharge from nearby local industries,automobile repair and wash,Osman House,Gradation Place,International Standards Region,and many other regional sources that create a mix of contaminants in discharge to the basin.We collected several samples from each groundwater source for this investigation and transported them carefully to the research laboratory,maintaining the integrity of the samples.The main objective of this study is to assess groundwater quality for the determination of contaminants in groundwater to see what limitations it may pose for recycling and reuse.Such a study is necessary since the region requires persistent sources of water due to a steady increase in population and an associated shortage of water supply due to arid conditions.Furthermore,there is unavailability of similar data since the region served to support military operations since 2001.The samples were analyzed for temperature,electro-conductivity,dissolved oxygen,total dissolved solids,salinity,pH,color,turbidity,hardness,chemicals,and heavy metals.The results obtained suggest that the parameters can be used efficiently to design filtration strategies based on region-specific contamination for the specific catchments located in and around the Kabul Basin.An effort to add additional characterization techniques is described to detect micro/nano plastics and new and emerging contaminants.The efforts reported here are consistent with the 2030 agenda for Sustainable Development Goals.

水肥一体化技术对蔬菜影响的研究进展

水肥一体化技术作为一种现代化的农业生产管理技术,旨在实现水资源与肥料的高效利用,提高蔬菜产量和品质,改善土壤理化性质等。近年来,随着农业科技的发展,蔬菜水肥一体化技术在国内外得到广泛的研究与应用。该文主要概述蔬菜水肥一体化技术的研究进展,通过实时监测土壤水分和养分含量,精确调控灌溉和施肥量,提高产量和品质的同时又促进水肥的高效利用,根据作物生长需求,合理配置水资源和肥料资源。尽管蔬菜水肥一体化技术取得显著成果,但仍面临一些关键的技术性问题。该文在分析总结的基础上,提出对水肥一体化技术的建议与展望,旨在为相关领域的研究和应用提供参考,助力我国农业现代化发展。

我国市售虾酱产品品质分析与评价

为了解我国市售虾酱产品的品质现状,探究不同品种虾酱之间的品质差异,采集了32种市售虾酱,进行了感官评价和水分、盐分、蛋白质、氨基酸态氮等理化指标的检测,对品质相关数据进行了统计分析和主成分分析,并进一步采用电子鼻和气相–离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)对气味进行了分析。结果表明,市售虾酱色泽和质地差异相对较小,而气味差异较大。理化指标中,市售虾酱的氨基酸态氮含量变异系数为33.91%,离散程度最大。在主成分分析中,提取到3个主成分,累计方差贡献率达82.32%,表明能够涵盖虾酱品质的基本信息,水分、氨基酸态氮、气味是影响虾酱综合品质的关键指标。电子鼻聚类热图表明,在欧式距离4.03处可将32种虾酱聚为4类,原料是影响聚类的主要因素。对海银虾、蜢子虾和白虾3种原料的虾酱进行GC-IMS分析,共鉴定出63种挥发性成分,主要是醇类。研究结果可为虾酱产品品质评价与生产工艺改进提供参考。

上海市崇明区不同类型河道浮游植物群落结构特征的对比研究

于2020年对崇明区5种类型河道进行季度调查,探究不同类型河道浮游植物群落结构特征的异同,利用冗余分析(RDA)研究环境因子对浮游植物群落结构的影响,并对不同类型河道进行水质评价,以期为崇明区河道治理提供一定的理论依据。结果表明:2020年崇明区河道共鉴定出浮游植物243种,镇级以上河道种类最多,为175种,水动力断面河道种类最少,为96种。5种类型河道的浮游植物优势种虽有不同,但均以蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)占优势。三查三访河道生物密度最大,为2.49×10^(7)个/L,水动力断面河道生物密度最小,为4.78×10^(6)个/L;1864黑臭河道生物量最大,为6.21 mg/L,水动力断面河道生物量最小,为2.07 mg/L。RDA结果显示:水动力断面河道、三查三访河道浮游植物主要受总磷(TP)的影响,村级河道主要受TP、溶解氧(DO)和水温(WT)的影响,镇级以上河道主要受DO、WT和pH的影响,而1864黑臭河道的影响因素较为复杂。综合水体营养状况得出5种类型河道中水动力断面河道和镇级以上河道水质最佳,其次是1864黑臭河道与村级河道,三查三访河道最差。

不同奶牛粪水还田量对苜蓿生长及土壤理化性质的影响

为探讨规模化奶牛养殖场粪水还田对苜蓿生长及土壤理化性质的影响,本研究设计了5种(0、150、300、450、600 m^(3)/hm^(2))经固液分离发酵后的奶牛粪水还田量的试验。通过测定不同还田量下的苜蓿产量、品质、土壤养分含量及重金属含量变化,结果表明:粪水还田能显著提高苜蓿干草产量,随着还田量的增加,产量增加显著,600 m^(3)/hm^(2)的处理下苜蓿全年干草产量达到19369.0 kg/hm^(2);施用粪水不会降低苜蓿的粗蛋白和相对饲喂价值;粪水还田会显著增加土壤的pH和含盐量,同时会提高土壤有机质含量,在全年不施肥的条件下,各处理土壤中有效氮、速效磷和有效钾均表现为下降水平,随着粪水还田量的增加,下降幅度越小,仅靠粪水还田不能满足全年的苜蓿生长需要,应结合施肥效果更佳。粪水还田会增加土壤中铜、镉、砷、铅、铬等重金属的含量,各重金属含量均以600 m^(3)/hm^(2)的水平下增加最大。综合考虑,建议奶牛粪水还田量控制在300~450 m^(3)/hm^(2)范围内,以实现对苜蓿产量和土壤质量的双重改善。

不同经营强度对雷竹林土壤理化性质及土壤质量的影响

[目的]开展不同经营强度对雷竹林土壤理化性质及土壤质量的影响研究,为雷竹林科学经营及养分管理提供科学依据。[方法]采用样地调查法对安徽黄山市黄山区新华乡不同经营强度下雷竹林土壤理化性质进行分析,利用主成分析法建立土壤养分最小数据集比较该地区不同经营强度下雷竹林的土壤质量状况。[结果]不同经营强度下土壤理化性质差异显著。在0-10 cm土层中,中度经营的土壤容重显著低于高度经营、粗放经营;中、高强度经营的土壤含水量显著低于粗放经营。在0-10 cm土层中,土壤pH值:强度经营(4.12)>粗放经营(4.01)>中度经营(3.97);中度经营的土壤有机碳(24.82 g/kg)、全氮(1.67 g/kg)显著高于粗放经营(18.64,1.35 g/kg)和强度经营(17.39,1.25 g/kg);中、强度经营的土壤全磷(0.53,0.49 g/kg)显著高于粗放经营(0.27 g/kg)。中、强度经营下的C/P范围(30.99~53.40)、N/P范围(2.77~3.60)均低于粗放经营〔(64.82~78.96),(5.20~5.56)〕,3种不同经营强度下土壤C/N均值介于10.95~14.68之间。在0-10 cm土层中,不同经营强度下雷竹林的土壤质量指数大小顺序为:粗放经营(0.42)>中度经营(0.36)>强度经营(0.31),土壤质量指数随土层加深而降低。[结论]强酸性土壤环境不利于雷竹的生长,中度经营林分土壤持水能力及水源涵养能力较好,随着经营强度的加强土壤肥力越低,不利于土壤质量的维持。

基于OBE-CDIO理念的水质理化检验教学体系设计与实践

水质理化检验是卫生检验与检疫专业的重要核心课程,以往传统教学模式存在需要改进的问题。因此,通过不断实际探索,文章基于OBE-CDIO理念,以培养基本理论知识扎实、创新实践能力强、综合素质高的卫生检验与检疫人才为目标,设计线上线下混合式教学体系,在落实立德树人根本任务的同时,完善教学内容,强调以学生为中心,创新多元化考核评估方式以提升学生自主学习兴趣。实践结果表明,学生对基于OBE-CDIO理念的线上线下混合式教学模式满意度高,育人效果良好。

新型工艺湘式腊肉在不同贮藏温度下品质变化研究

目的探究新工艺条件下湘式腊肉在不同贮藏条件下的品质变化。方法分析3个贮藏温度(5、25、35℃)下湘式腊肉感官品质、微生物、过氧化值和硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)值的变化规律,并分析感官指标与其他指标之间的相关性。结果不同贮藏温度下,湘式腊肉的感官品质随着贮藏时间的延长出现不同程度的降低,降低的速率为35>25>5℃。各个品质指标(菌落总数、霉菌、过氧化值及TBARS值)则不同程度的上升,且35℃实验组上升速率为最大,5℃实验组上升速率最慢。所有实验组湘式腊肉的感官评价指标与理化指标的Pearson相关系数都较好,大部分都在0.9以上。各个贮藏组的过氧化值、TBARS值与感官评分之间的Pearson相关性更好。结论新工艺条件下大规模工业化生产的湘式腊肉其食用的安全性有保障,在低温或常温贮藏时,其品质较为稳定。