U-Net Models for Representing Wind Stress Anomalies over the Tropical Pacific and Their Integrations with an Intermediate Coupled Model for ENSO Studies

El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)is the strongest interannual climate mode influencing the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific,and numerous dynamical and statistical models have been developed to simulate and predict it.In some simplified coupled ocean-atmosphere models,the relationship between sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies and wind stress(τ)anomalies can be constructed by statistical methods,such as singular value decomposition(SVD).In recent years,the applications of artificial intelligence(AI)to climate modeling have shown promising prospects,and the integrations of AI-based models with dynamical models are active areas of research.This study constructs U-Net models for representing the relationship between SSTAs andτanomalies in the tropical Pacific;the UNet-derivedτmodel,denoted asτUNet,is then used to replace the original SVD-basedτmodel of an intermediate coupled model(ICM),forming a newly AI-integrated ICM,referred to as ICM-UNet.The simulation results obtained from ICM-UNet demonstrate their ability to represent the spatiotemporal variability of oceanic and atmospheric anomaly fields in the equatorial Pacific.In the ocean-only case study,theτUNet-derived wind stress anomaly fields are used to force the ocean component of the ICM,the results of which also indicate reasonable simulations of typical ENSO events.These results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating an AI-derived model with a physics-based dynamical model for ENSO modeling studies.Furthermore,the successful integration of the dynamical ocean models with the AI-based atmospheric wind model provides a novel approach to ocean-atmosphere interaction modeling studies.

Quality of life of patient with hypertension in Kathmandu

Objective:The study aims to describe Quality of Life of Patients with Hypertension and its predictors.Methods:The study was descriptive cross sectional involving 237 patients with hypertension attending outpatient department of Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre.Data was collected by interview technique using SF-36 questionnaire.The data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 and p values<0.05 were considered significant.Independent t-test,ANOVA and multiple linear regression was used for statistical analysis.The quality of life was determined by Physical Component Summary(PCS)and Mental Component Summary(MCS).Result:In multivariate analysis,increasing age(CI:
-4.47 to
-1.48,p<0.001),marital status(CI:
-6.18 to
-2.53,p<0.001)and educational status(CI:1.11e-2.04,p<0.001)were strongly associated with PCS score.Whereas,marital status(CI:
-15.173 to
-11.782,p<0.001)and educational status(CI:0.27-1.07,p=0.001)were predictor of MCS score.Conclusion:This study identified increasing age,non formal education,being single to be associated with lower quality of life.Screening for most vulnerable group of the hypertensive patient might be done and evaluated which in turns helps to take necessary intervention for hypertension.

Spent rechargeable lithium batteries in e-waste： composition and its implications

The amount of spent rechargeable lithium batteries （RLBs） is growing rapidly owing to wide application of these batteries in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, which obliges that spent RLBs should be handled properly. Identification of spent RLBs can supply fundamental information for spent RLBs recycling. This study aimed to determine the differences of physical components and chemical compositions among various spent RLBs. All the samplings of RLBs were rigorously dismantled and measured by an inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer. The results indicate that the average of total weight of the separator, the anode and the cathode accounted for over 60% of all the RLBs. The weight ratio of valuable metals ranged from 26% to 76%, and approximately 20% of total weight was Cu and Al. Moreover, no significant differences were found among different manufacturers, applications, and electrolyte types. And regarding portable electronic devices, there is also no significant difference in the Co-Li concentration ratios in the leaching liquid of RLBs.