Exploring device physics of perovskite solar cell via machine learning with limited samples

Perovskite solar cells(PsCs)have developed tremendously over the past decade.However,the key factors influencing the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of PSCs remain incompletely understood,due to the complexity and coupling of these structural and compositional parameters.In this research,we demon-strate an effective approach to optimize PSCs performance via machine learning(ML).To address chal-lenges posed by limited samples,we propose a feature mask(FM)method,which augments training samples through feature transformation rather than synthetic data.Using this approach,squeeze-and-excitation residual network(SEResNet)model achieves an accuracy with a root-mean-square-error(RMSE)of 0.833%and a Pearson's correlation coefficient(r)of 0.980.Furthermore,we employ the permu-tation importance(PI)algorithm to investigate key features for PCE.Subsequently,we predict PCE through high-throughput screenings,in which we study the relationship between PCE and chemical com-positions.After that,we conduct experiments to validate the consistency between predicted results by ML and experimental results.In this work,ML demonstrates the capability to predict device performance,extract key parameters from complex systems,and accelerate the transition from laboratory findings to commercialapplications.

Device design principles and bioelectronic applications for flexible organic electrochemical transistors

Organic electrochemical transistors(OECTs) exhibit significant potential for applications in healthcare and human-machine interfaces, due to their tunable synthesis, facile deposition, and excellent biocompatibility. Expanding OECTs to the fexible devices will significantly facilitate stable contact with the skin and enable more possible bioelectronic applications. In this work,we summarize the device physics of fexible OECTs, aiming to offer a foundational understanding and guidelines for material selection and device architecture. Particular attention is paid to the advanced manufacturing approaches, including photolithography and printing techniques, which establish a robust foundation for the commercialization and large-scale fabrication. And abundantly demonstrated examples ranging from biosensors, artificial synapses/neurons, to bioinspired nervous systems are summarized to highlight the considerable prospects of smart healthcare. In the end, the challenges and opportunities are proposed for fexible OECTs. The purpose of this review is not only to elaborate on the basic design principles of fexible OECTs, but also to act as a roadmap for further exploration of wearable OECTs in advanced bio-applications.

Preface to the Special Issue on 2D-Materials-Related Physical Properties and Optoelectronic Devices

Recent advances in two-dimensional (2D) materials following the successful fabrication of graphene in 2004 by Novoselov and Geim is expected to grow into the new silicon, offering a lifeline for Moore’s law. With the rapid development of the synthesis methods, more and more 2D materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs, MX2), black phosphorus (BP) and InSe with a finite gap are reported to be more promising for achieving this dream since they often offer alternative solutions to compensate for the gapless graphene’s weaknesses.

Use of new technologies for the promotion of physical activity in patients with mental illness:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Physical exercise is an underutilized tool for the management of mental disorders.New technologies have made a breakthrough in health care,and one of its possible applications(apps)could be that of customizing exercise programs for special populations,such as patients with mental disorders.However,the app of the so-called e-health to mental health care is still limited.AIM To know the efficacy of apps to promote physical activity in patients with mental disorders.METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the PubMed and Embase databases with the aim of exploring the use of new technologies for the enhancement of physical exercise in patients with a psychiatric illness.Following the selection process,10 articles were included in the review.RESULTS The most commonly used devices in this type of intervention are wearable devices and web platforms.Good results in terms of effectiveness and acceptability were obtained in most of the studies.CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the use of new technologies in mental health represents a feasible strategy with great potential in clinical practice.

Device Physics Research for Submicron and Deep Submicron Space Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Circuits

Device physics research for submicron and deep submicron space microelectronics devices and integrated circuits will be described in three topics.1.Thin film submicron and deep submicron SOS / CMOS devices and integrated circuits.2.Deep submicron LDD CMOS devices and integrated circuits.3.C band and Ku band microwave GaAs MESFET and III-V compound hetrojunction HEM T and HBT devices and integrated circuits.

Clockwise vs Counter-Clockwise I-V Hysteresis of Point-Contact Metal-Tip/Pr0.7 Ca0.3MnO3/Pt Devices

Metal-tip/Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3/Pt devices possess two types of I-V hysteresis： clockwise vs counter clockwise depending on the tip materials. The criteria for categorization of these two types of devices can be simply based on whether the Gibbs free energy of oxidation for the metal tip is lower or higher than that of PCMO, respectively. While the clockwise hysteresis can be attributed to electric field induced oxidation/reduction, the counter clockwise hysteresis can be explained by oxygen vacancy migration in an electrical field. Alternating-current conductance spectra also reveal distinct hopping barriers between these two categories of devices at high resistive states.

Optimization of flow control devices in a tenstrand billet caster tundish

The physical model of a ten-strand billet caster tundish was established to study the effects of various flow control devices on the melt flow. Before and after the optimization of the melt flow, the inclusion removal in the tundish was evaluated by plant trials. The physical modeling results show that when combined with a baffle, the turbulence inhibitor, instead of the impact pad, can significantly improve the melt flow. A turbulence inhibitor with a longer length of inner cavity and without an extending lip at the top of the sidewall seems to be efficient in the improvement of the melt flow. Various types and designs of baffles all influence the flow characteristics significantly. The "V" type baffles are better than the straight baffles for flow control. The "V" type baffle with four inclined holes at the sidewall away from the stopper rods is better in melt flow control than the one with one inclined hole at each sidewall. The combination of a well-designed turbulence inhibitor and an appropriate baffle shows high efficiency on improving the melt flow and an optimal proposal was presented. Plant trials indicate that, compared with the original tundish configuration in prototype, the inclusions reduce by 42% and the inclusion distribution of individual strands is more similar with the optimal one. The optimal tundish configuration effectively improves the melt flow in the ten-strand billet caster tundish.

单相脉冲整流器故障在线智能诊断实验设计

针对高速列车电力牵引系统中单相脉冲整流器的功率器件开路故障和传感器故障,设计了基于数据驱动的故障在线智能诊断实验。首先,对单相脉冲整流器系统进行数学建模,分析功率器件开路故障的故障拓扑和传感器故障的故障机理;然后,基于极限学习机算法和非线性自回归结构设计智能诊断模型,并将故障在线智能诊断实验分为离线训练和在线验证2个阶段;最后,基于RT Box半实物仿真器搭建快速原型控制实验平台,对故障模型和诊断模型进行实验验证。实验结果表明,构建的单相脉冲整流器故障在线智能诊断模型可以在1/4个基波周期内检测到故障的发生,并在3/4个基波周期内识别出具体故障类型。

煤层采动底板突水物理模拟试验研究进展与展望

【目的】底板突水受特定地质构造、水-岩-应力及采掘扰动等因素叠加作用影响,具有复杂性、隐蔽性、突发性等特点。【方法】物理模拟试验能较好地还原底板岩层与承压水赋存环境、直观展现采动底板裂隙扩展及突水路径演化全过程、实时获取灾变各阶段多源数据信息,因而在底板突水研究方面具有独特优势。【结果和结论】对底板突水经典理论、标准规范、模拟试验及工程实践等方面的研究成果进行了回顾,重点梳理了试验加载装置及水压模拟方式、相似材料研制及其特性指标、监测技术及其观测系统设计3个方面的研究进展,其中在模拟水-岩-应力耦合环境下的三维模型底板突水全过程信息捕捉方面有较大突破。面对数智化研究大背景,分析当前底板突水物理模拟试验领域存在的不足,并据此指出未来应重点关注大型三维底板突水综合试验平台研制、基于标准化的多特性相似材料配比数据库建立、多相多场多维耦合监测预警系统构建、人工智能等数智化技术融合应用研究等发展方向。提出的思考有助于从装置、材料、技术等方面提升未来物理模拟试验水平,从而更好支撑煤矿底板水害数智化防治基础研究工作高质量发展。

板坯连铸机中间包内钢液流动的物理模拟研究

依据相似原理,建立包钢双流板坯连铸机中间包几何相似比为1∶4的物理模型,采用物理模拟的方法研究控流装置对中间包内钢液流动状态的影响。结果表明,板坯中间包采用优化的控流装置,中间包内钢液的峰值时间和平均停留时间增加,中间包内钢液的死区体积降低,钢液的峰值时间增加比率为240.98%,钢液的平均停留时间增加比率为2.37%,死区体积减少了7.56%,优化了中间包内钢液的流动状态,促进夹杂物在中间包内碰撞、聚集、上浮、去除,保证了钢液的洁净度。

筛分风选组合式油菜复清装置设计与试验

针对现有油菜联合收获后籽粒含杂率高及人工复清劳动强度大等实际生产问题,试制了一款适用于油菜联合收获脱出物复清装置。测定了晾晒后油菜联合收获后脱出物主要组份和各脱出物质量占比及脱出物主要物理特性,并利用脱出物主要物理特性差异,设计了筛分风选组合式油菜复清装置。为验证该装置的作业效果,选取对复清装置性能影响较大的电机转速、风机转速为试验因素,以清洁率和损失率为试验目标,开展单因素试验及双因素综合性能试验研究,当电机转速为1200r/min、风机转速为1350r/min复清作业效果较佳。试验结果表明:装置清洁率达98.4%以上,损失率为2.4%,作业噪音为71dB(A),清洁效率能够达到400kg/h以上,符合油菜复清作业要求。

不互溶体系中HMX基PBX微球的制备及性能表征

为了探索球形奥克托今(HMX)的制备方法,以二甲亚砜为溶剂,二甲基硅油/四氯化碳(体积比为1∶2)为非溶剂,硝化棉为黏结剂,采用液上滴落成球、液下扰动成球和微流控成球3种方法研究了HMX在不互溶体系中的制备及性能;通过扫描电镜、X-射线衍射仪、热分析、摩擦感度仪和撞击感度仪等,表征了样品的形貌、晶型、活化能、摩擦感度和撞击感度。结果表明,液上滴落成球法可以制备出球形HMX,其粒径在1500μm左右;液下扰动法同样可以制备出球形HMX,其粒径在950μm左右;微通道法制备的HMX球形度偏低,粒径在300μm左右。3种方法制备HMX晶型均与原料HMX的一致,为β晶型;液上滴落成球方法制备的HMX活化能相比原料值提高了141.22kJ/mol,撞击感度降低了2J,摩擦感度由原来的120N降至240N;液下扰动成球和微流控方法制备的球形HMX活化能比原料分别提高了5kJ/mol和21kJ/mol, HMX撞击感度没有明显改变,摩擦感度由原来的120N降低至216N,表明该微球结构取得了良好的降感效果。

“光电子器件工艺与设计”课程思政教学改革探索

“光电子器件工艺与设计”是光电类专业的核心专业课程,该课程的思政建设对于光电子人才的培养至关重要.从“光电子器件工艺与设计”课程的特点出发,总体设计课程思政建设内容和培养目标,深入挖掘与课程专业内容相关的思政元素,探索将思政育人元素有机融入到课程体系的方法.根据课程思政内容改进教学方式,通过增加物理仿真实践内容提高了学生学习的积极性,在传授专业知识的同时可以培养学生的科学精神和正确的价值观,落实立德树人的根本任务,实现全面育人的总目标.

基于准稳态法的热电材料变物性参数表征测量方法

温差发电技术能够实现热能到电能的直接转换,在余热利用、航天器供电和自供电传感器等领域具有广泛应用,其核心之一是用于实现热-电转换的热电材料。热电材料物性参数的表征在热电器件应用、优化设计、故障诊断等研究中有重要意义。目前大多数热电材料物性参数表征方法认为材料的热电参数为常数,忽视了热电参数与温度非线性相关,且没有全面考虑器件中的接触电阻和热阻。该文提出一种基于准稳态法和热电器件测试装置的热电材料变物性参数表征测量方法:首先提出准稳态法对材料物性参数的表征计算方法,通过仿真验证了该方法的正确性;在此基础上,结合热电器件测试装置,采用实验对热电材料进行了变物性参数表征,结果表明,测试结果与厂家参数的最大误差仅为4.3%,能够实现对热电参数的准确表征。该方法实现了在更宽的温度范围内对热电材料物理参数的准确表征,丰富了热电器件测试装置的功能,能够降低材料测试装置的设备投入和测试成本。

干细胞的趋电性迁移及机制

背景:随着对干细胞技术研究的深入,如何使其准确归巢成为临床应用中的一大难题。除药物和趋化因子等信号的诱导外,电场也被广泛应用于指导干细胞的定向迁移,并可增强其迁移速度和定向性。目的:旨在分析总结电场对干细胞迁移特性的影响,同时综述可能的作用机制。方法:通过检索Pub Med和中国知网数据库,收集截至2024年3月的相关文献,英文检索词:“stem cells,direct current electric field,pulsed electric field,migration,electric field device,mechanism”;中文检索词:“干细胞,直流电场,脉冲电场,迁移,电场装置,机制”。排除不能获取全文和与主题无关的文献。结果与结论:根据筛选要求共纳入58篇文献,包括中文文献15篇及英文文献43篇。文献以脂肪间充质干细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞、神经干细胞、表皮干细胞、人胚胎干细胞和人诱导性多功能干细胞为研究对象,在迁移装置中研究电场的不同参数对上述干细胞迁移的影响及其机制。(1)电场作为一种简单、无创且稳定的干预方式在指导干细胞定向迁移的过程中起着积极作用;(2)不同类型的干细胞发生趋电性迁移的方向不同,同时大部分干细胞的迁移速度和定向性是随着电场强度增加而增加的;(3)不同的电场装置在观测干细胞迁移时的侧重点不同,可根据实验目的而择优选择相关装置;(4)不同干细胞趋电性迁移的机制不完全相同,多数干细胞迁移过程中有MAPK通路、ROCK活化以及PI3K功能的参与,同时还有其他蛋白质复合物与信号通路参与调控该过程;(5)除电场参数不同之外,细胞本身的衰老情况和培养环境也会对趋电性迁移的结果产生影响。总而言之,电场作为一种影响干细胞迁移特性的重要信号,与其他新兴材料结合在组织工程应用中展现出了一定的潜力,有望在指导干细胞归巢方面发挥更加重要的作用,促进骨组织再生和修复以及神经系统、自身免疫系统以及肿瘤等疾病的研究取得更大的突破。

基于发射天线选择的修改转发协作D2D网络的物理层安全

为了进一步提升与蜂窝网络共享频谱资源的解码转发(decode-and-forward,DF)协作终端直通(device-to-device,D2D)网络的物理层安全(physical layer security,PLS)性能,提出了一种D2D发送端采用发射天线选择(transmit antenna selection,TAS)的修改转发(modify-and-forward,MF)协作D2D-蜂窝网络PLS模型。配备多根发射天线的D2D发送端采用TAS技术,选择使D2D发送端至MF中继节点链路信干噪比最大的天线发送信号;中继采用MF协议将解码得到的合法信息进行修改后再转发,以避免被动窃听者能够解码出此阶段发送的合法信息,从而改善了D2D网络的PLS性能。推导了MF协作D2D网络的安全中断概率、非零安全容量概率和渐近安全中断概率的解析表达式,并与DF协作D2D网络的PLS性能进行对比分析。数值计算与仿真结果表明,MF协作D2D网络的PLS性能优于DF协作D2D网络,并且增大D2D发送端的发射天线数量,可以增强D2D网络的PLS性能。

基于可穿戴电子设备干预对健康青少年身体活动和久坐行为影响的Meta分析

目的:虽然可穿戴电子设备作为干预工具在增进身体活动方面展现出潜在效用,但关于其对健康青少年群体具体效果的全面评估仍显不足。为此,文章系统地探索和总结基于可穿戴电子设备的干预对健康青少年身体活动及久坐行为的影响,以期为公共卫生实践提供更精准和可靠的循证支持。方法:从Web of Science,PubMed,Scopus,The Cochrane Library和EBSCO数据库中检索关于可穿戴电子设备的干预对健康青少年身体活动和久坐行为影响的随机对照试验。利用RevMan 5.4和Stata 17软件进行Meta分析,通过标准化均数差评价干预对身体活动及久坐行为的效果。为确保研究结果的稳健性,采用Leave-One-Out方法进行敏感性分析,并通过亚组分析深入探究不同因素对结果的可能影响。该方案已在国际系统综述前瞻性注册中心注册(CRD42023406645)。结果:①最终纳入12篇文献,其中包含3项随机对照试验和9项整群随机对照试验,共纳入4933名健康青少年对象。②Meta分析结果发现,基于可穿戴电子设备的干预对中高强度身体活动产生了积极影响(SMD=0.10,95%CI:0.04-0.17;P<0.05),然而,该干预未能显著改善低强度身体活动(SMD=-0.15,95%CI:-0.32-0.02;P>0.05)、每日步数(SMD=0.13,95%CI:-0.65-0.91;P>0.05)和久坐行为(SMD=0.00,95%CI:-0.09-0.09;P>0.05)。③亚组分析结果表明,短期(≤12周)干预(SMD=0.11,95%CI:0.03-0.18;P=0.008)、佩戴在腰或臀部的计步器的研究(SMD=0.10,95%CI:0.04-0.17;P=0.002),以及在临床注册中心注册的试验(SMD=0.11,95%CI:0.04-0.17;P=0.001)对提升每日中高强度身体活动的效果更为显著。结论:当前证据表明,基于可穿戴电子设备的干预措施在提升健康青少年每日中高强度身体活动方面具有一定优势;建议通过不超过12周的干预时间、使用腰部或臀部计步器的干预设备以获得更好的促进效果;然而,每日步数、低强度身体活动以及久坐行为的干预效果存在一定的局限性,未来仍需要更高质量、大样本的随机对照试验进一步验证。

八流方坯中间包控流装置的优化

以某钢厂八流方坯中间包为研究对象,采用物理模拟与数值模拟相结合的方法,基于中间包的流场、温度场及钢水停留时间分布等参数评价原控流方案下中间包钢水流动存在的问题;分析挡墙导流孔数量、孔径、位置和倾角对中间包钢水流动特性的影响,优化中间包控流装置。结果表明:原控流方案下中间包钢水存在死区体积较大、各流一致性较差及温度场不均匀等问题;优化控流方案为在挡墙侧墙减小2个导流孔孔径并提升其位置,在中间墙增加带偏角(43°)和仰角(15°)的小导流孔。优化方案的中间包流场和温度场得到大幅改善,死区体积比例由原方案的19.04%降至7.06%,活塞流和全混流体积比例均有所增加,且各流滞止时间、实际平均停留时间和峰值时间一致度均提高到80%以上,各流一致性得到大幅提升;优化方案中间包最大温差为16.004 K,比原方案下降2.182 K,且各流出口钢液最大温差为0.616 K,比原方案下降0.944 K,整个中间包温度场更均匀。

运动员体能训练动作量化修正系统设计

跑步比赛中0.01s就能决定比赛的成败,为了确保教练和运动员能够获得更多的体能训练动作量化指标,设计运动员体能训练动作量化修正系统。基于Unity3D引擎设计控制模块、训练动作采集模块、训练动作模拟处理模块,利用灰色预测模型在提取体能训练动作特征的基础上识别训练动作,计算模拟动作系数,实现运动员体能训练动作量化修正。实验结果表明,该设计系统对跑步训练动作腿关节、踝关节角动作速率的识别准确性较高,体能训练动作数据管理效率较高,满足了节约运动员体能实际训练时间的需求。

Progress in the preparation and physical properties of two-dimensional Cr-based chalcogenide materials and heterojunctions

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs)exhibit promising application prospects in the domains of electronic devices,optoelectronic devices and spintronic devices due to their distinctive energy band structures and spin−orbit coupling properties.Cr-based chalcogenides with narrow or even zero bandgap,covering from semiconductors to metallic materials,have considerable potential for wide-band photodetection and two-dimensional magnetism.Currently,the preparation of 2D CrX_(n)(X=S,Se,Te)nanosheets primarily relies on chemical vapor deposition(CVD)and molecule beam epitaxy(MBE),which enable the production of high-quality large-area materials.This review article focuses on recent progress of 2D Cr-based chalcogenides,including unique crystal structure of the CrX_(n)system,phase-controlled synthesis,and heterojunction construction.Furthermore,a detailed introduction of room-temperature ferromagnetism and electrical/optoelectronic properties of 2D CrXn is presented.Ultimately,this paper summarizes the challenges associated with utilizing 2D Cr-based chalcogenides in preparation strategies,optoelectronics devices,and spintronic devices while providing further insights.