Effects of Green Manure Mixed Cropping Patterns on Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil and Economic Characters of Flue-cured Tobacco

[Objective] The aim was to clear the suitable green manure cropping pat- terns in Xiangxi tobacco-planting areas. [Method] 8 treatments were set to study the effects of the monoculture and mixed cropping of common vetch （Vicia gigantea Bge.）, perennial ryegrass （Lofium） and rapeseed （Brassica campestris L.） on physi- cal and chemical properties of soil and economic characters of flue-cured tobacco. [Result] （1） Green manure turnover can reduce soil bulk density by 1.08%-8.62%, and the effect of green manure mixed cropping pattern was the best. （2） Green manure turnover also can increase the soil nutrient, soil organic matter, total nitro- gen （N）, total phosphorus （P）, total potassium （K）, alkali-hydrolyzale N, rapidly available P and rapidly available K by 1.44%-6.10%, 0.01-0.12 g/kg, 1.89%- 11.32%, 0.12%-3.56%, 1.06%-11.76%, 0.04%-18.93% and 0.98%-23.12%, respec- tively, and the effect of the monoculture of common vetch was the best.（3） The overall change of soil pH was not obvious.（4）Green manure turnover can increase the yield and output of flue-cured tobacco, and the effect of the monoculture of common vetch was the best. [Conclusion] The monoculture of common vetch can be generalized in the dry land of Xiangxi tobacco-planting areas.

Judgment of Aroma Types of Middle and Upper Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves Based on Stepwise Discriminant Analysis

[Objective] The aim of this study was to establish mathematical models for judging the aroma types of middle and upper flue-cured tobacco leaves according to the contents and proportions of aroma compositions. [Method] The aroma types of tobacco leaves were judged based on stepwise discriminant analysis, using 63 C3F and 65 B2F tobacco leaf samples from 13 tobacco producing regions in 11 provinces of China （Huili in Sichuan, Baokang in Hubei, Wulong in Chongqing, Lu- oyang in Henan, Zhucheng in Shandong, Wuyi Mountain in Fujian, Malong in Yun- nan, Chuxiong in Yunnan, Bijie in Guizhou, Liuyang in Hunan, Suiyang in Guizhou, Kaiyuan in Liaoning, Nanxiong in Guangdong） as calibration samples, and 67 aroma components as indices. And the Fisher discriminant functions were verified using 21 C3F and 19 B2F tobacco leaf samples. [Result] Variation coefficients of the propor- tions were lower than that of contents of most aroma components in middle and upper leaves of the samples, indicating that the proportions were more stable than contents of aroma components. The proportions of benzyl alcohol, solanone, β-dam- ascone, neophytadiene, farnesylacetone A, palmitic acid, thunbergol, methyl linole- nate and cembratriene-diol were all over 1% in both middle and upper leaves, al- though the dominant aroma components of the same aroma type varied between middle and upper leaves. Moreover, 11, 18, 7 and 11 aroma components were re- spectively introduced into the Fisher discriminant functions established based on the contents and proportions of middle and upper flue-cured tobacco leaves, which ex- hibited accuracy rates of 91.7%, 100%, 91.7% and 91.7% in the judgments of other tobacco leaf samples. The results revealed that the components those determined aroma types in middle leaves were obviously more than in upper leaves. In middle leaves, the accuracy rates of aroma type judgment could be improved by using the proportions rather than the contents of aroma components as indices. However, the functions based on the proportions and the contents of aroma components in upper leaves gave close accuracy rates. [Conclusion] The results of the study will provide references for identifying aroma types of flue-cured tobacco leaves in future work.

Judgment of Aroma Types of Middle and Upper Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves Based on Proportions of Aroma Components

[Objective] This study aimed to establish mathematical models for judging the aroma types of flue-cured tobacco leaves from the upper and middle parts of plants. [Method] A total of 128 samples （63 C3F and 65 B2F） from 11 main tobac- co production provinces of China were selected as materials. Stepwise discriminant analysis was applied to samples with different aroma types and discriminant function was expressed with the proportions of 67 aroma components in total aroma con- stituents as the index. [Result] The ratio of most aroma components in clear and full aroma tobacco leaves was higher than that in middle aroma leaves. The ratios of 51, 43 and 40 aroma components of clear, middle and full aroma tobaccos were higher in upper leaves than that in middle leaves. Aroma components dominated certain aroma types differed between middle and upper leaves. The proportions of 18 and 11 aroma components in upper and middle leaves were led in the stepwise discriminant function respectively. Self-validation and cross-validation methods were applied to evaluate the original samples, and the accuracy rates reached 100% and 98.6% on middle leaves, 96.37% and 94.4% on upper leaves. The accuracy rates on some other samples reached 100% on middle leaves and 91.7% on upper leaves predicted with the model. [Conclusion] The ratio of aroma components as discriminant index could improve discriminant accuracy significantly in the middle and upper leaves. It could be used to analyze aroma types objectively, accurately and quickly.

Classification and Distribution of Common Aroma Components in Tobacco Leaf Based on Their Physical and Chemical Properties

[Objective] This study was aimed to find a new method for the classification of common aroma components in tobacco leaves. [Method] Sixty-four common aroma components in tobacco leaves were classified by cluster analysis based on their relative molecular weight. The contents and distribution of aroma components in another 71 C3F and 64 B2F tobacco leaf samples were analyzed by using the new method. [Result] The 64 common aroma components were divided into three categories trough the cluster analysis based on their molecular weight. CategoryⅠ consisted of 12 aroma components which had high molecular weight（281.308±21.536on average） and high boiling point（371.311±29.904 ℃ on average）. Category Ⅱ included 27 components which had low molecular weight（103.722 ± 13.115 on average） and low boiling point（176.132±42.342 ℃ on average）. Category Ⅲ included 25components which had middle molecular weight（175.393 ± 24.906 on average） and middle boiling point（250.562±45.431 ℃ on average）. The content of high-molecularweight aroma components in middle leaves（547.344±224.391 μg/g） was much higher than that in upper leaves（477.549±182.066 μg/g）. The content of low-molecularweight aroma component in middle leaves（17.468±3.459 μg/g） was also significantly higher than that in upper leaves（15.936±3.456 μg/g）. The content of middle-molecular-weight aroma component in middle leaves（44.931 ±8.953 μg/g） was extremely significantly higher than that in upper leaves（37.997±6.042 μg/g）. [Conclusion] This study proposed a new way to classify the aroma components in flue-cured tobacco leaves using the relative molecular weight as the index, which will provide theoretical reference for developing special tobacco leaves.

Effects of Different Baking Processes on Carotenoid Content in Upper Leaves of Fluecured Tobacco

[Objective] We aimed to improve the quality of flue-cured tobacco with K326 upper leaves and explore the optimal tobacco baking process in Chongqing tobacco-producing region. [Method] Four different baking processes （endogenetic force moisture-removing flue-curing technique, exogenetic force moisture-removing flue-curing technique, three-stage flue-curing process, three-stage and six-step flue- curing process） were adopted in this research to investigate the effects of different baking processes on carotenoid content of same-maturity degree upper leaves of the flue-cured tobacco K326. [Result] The results showed at the yellowing and color fixing stages, the carotenoids were most fully decomposed in endogenetic force moisture-removing flue-curing technique. The decomposed carotenoid content was lowest in exogenetic force moisture-removing flue-curing technique, for which the carotenoid content was highest （50.53 mg/g）. [Conclusion] At the yellowing and color fixing stages, exogenetic force moisture-removing flue-curing technique was most conducive to the carotenoid accumulation in tobacco baking process.

Effects of Exogenous Amylases and Metal Ions on the Amylase Specific Activities and Starch Degradation of the Upper Leaves of ‘KRK_(26)' during Flue-curing

Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exoge-nous amylases and Ca2＋, Mn2＋ and K＋ on the amylase specific activities and starch degradation of the upper leaves of ＇KRK26＇ planted in Yunnan Province during flue-curing. [Method] The amylase specific activities and starch degradation of the leaves were determined by using spectrophotometry. [Result] The 8 U/g exogenous α-amy-lase could improve the specific activity of the leaf α-amylase at yel owing and color-fixing stages, but could not at stem-drying stage, and similarly, the 80 U/g exoge-nous β-amylase could improved the specific activity of the leaf β-amylase at the yel owing stage and the early period of color-fixing stage. The leaf starch could be enhanced to degrade by the exogenous α- or β-amylases and the enhancing effect of the former was stronger than that of the later. 1.50 mg/ml Ca2＋ improved the specific activity of the leaf （α＋β）-amylase mainly due to its enhancing effect on the leaf α-amylase, and increased the starch degradation. 4 mmol/L Mn2＋ inhibited the leaf α-amylase from yel owing to the early period of color-fixing and the β- and （α＋β）-amylases from the yel owing to the later period of color-fixing, but enhanced the leafα-amylase from the later period of color-fixing to the later period of stem-drying and the β- and （α＋β）-amylases at the later period of stem-drying. Meanwhile, Mn2＋ ham-pered the starch degradation during yel owing, but promoted it from the early period of color-fixing to stem-drying. 1 mg/ml K＋ enhanced the leaf α-, β- and （α＋β）-amy-lases during the yel owing stage, but lowered them from the early period of color-fix-ing to the later period of stem-drying, and always inhibited the leaf starch degrada-tion. [Conclusion] The exogenous α-, β- amylases and Ca2＋ of suitable concentra-tions could be used to treat the tobacco leaves before flue-curing to improve the leaf starch degradation during the curing.

Differences of Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of Upper Fresh Leaves and Post-growth Roots in Different Quality Stages

In order to explore the physiological and biochemical characteristics of fresh upper leaves and roots of different qualities of tobacco, the malonaldehyde （MDA）, superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity, chlorophyllase activity, amylase activity, medium trace element content, chemical component content, root fresh weight, dry weight and activity in the normal tobacco leaves, tobacco leaves rich in nutrients and premature grey tobacco leaves were studied. The results showed that compared with the normal tobacco leaves, the root fresh weight, dry weight and activity in the premature grey tobacco leaves decreased by 41.22%, 14.44% and 60.29% respectively, while malonaldehyde content increased by 34.82%, and chlorophyllase, α-amylase, β-amylase and SOD activity declined by 89.55%, 65.71%, 71.26% and 37.25% respectively. Chlorophyllase, co-amylase and 13-amylase activity in the tobacco leaves rich in nutrients decreased by 58.76%, 36.19% and 41.93% respectively. The content of medium trace elements in the tobacco leaves rich in nutrients and premature grey tobacco leaves was lower than that of the normal tobacco leaves. Starch, total sugar, reducing sugar and potassium content in the normal tobacco leaves were higher than that of the tobacco leaves rich in nutrients and premature grey tobacco leaves.

主成分分析法在山东上部烟质量评价中的应用

本研究旨在运用主成分分析法对山东地区上部烟叶的质量进行综合评价,以便为该地区烤烟质量的准确评估提供科学依据。研究以山东10个主要植烟县2020年和2021年间105份B2F等级烟叶样品为材料,通过应用标准化法和主成分分析法对这些烟叶样品的物理特性和化学成分指标进行归类处理,并对各植烟县样品的上部烟叶质量进行分类。研究发现,单叶重与叶长和叶宽、叶片密度与叶片厚度、总糖与还原糖、烟碱与氮间极显著正相关,且主成分特征向量一致,可分别归为一类指标。根据物理特性评价结果,可将山东产区上部烟分为三类,根据化学成分评价结果,可将山东产区上部烟分为两类。综合考虑物理特性和化学成分评价结果,山东产区上部烟叶可分为四类。其中沂源、五莲、临朐为一类,兰陵、沂水、莒县、莱芜为一类,淄川、黄岛为一类,诸城则单独构成一类。

抗氧化剂对富氮气调散气后片烟储存质量的影响

利用3种不同抗氧化剂的高、低2种浓度分别作用于片烟,探究富氮气调养护片烟在散气后的品质变化。以持续富氮气调养护28个月的云南文山C3F复烤片烟为试验材料,分析碘值、pH、色差值、多酚氧化酶活性的变化情况。不同处理组对减缓自然放置3个月的烟叶碘值增幅的效果为Ve-环糊精复合物处理>富氮气调处理>0.75 g/L Ve>0.75 g/L Vc>0.075 g/L Vc/0.075 g/L Ve。自然放置6个月后高浓度的Ve和Vc处理效果最佳。Ve-环糊精复合物处理下样品的pH下降速度最慢,对样品的原pH维持效果最佳。低、高浓度的Ve和高浓度Vc、Ve-环糊精复合物的处理均可提升散气后自然放置6个月内的烟叶的色度。自然放置6个月后,高浓度的Ve处理下多酚氧化酶的活性最低。3种抗氧化剂均能有效延缓富氮气调储存烟叶散气后自然放置状态下的性质变化,且高浓度的Ve对烟叶感官评价结果的影响最小。

植烟区烟叶氯含量风险评估及影响因素分析

为进一步明确植烟区影响烟叶氯含量的环境因素及其可能的影响路径,于2021年在云南采集7个乡镇植烟区的烟叶及对应的土壤和灌溉水样品,系统评估该植烟区烟叶的氯含量状况,并探讨其与植烟土壤和灌溉水之间可能存在的联系。结果表明,该植烟区烟叶、灌溉水和土壤均存在不同程度氯含量超标风险,其中28.79%的烟叶中氯含量超过优质烟叶标准。Mantel-Test分析表明,烟叶氯含量与烟叶品质整体呈负相关,且与土壤主要理化性质、灌溉水氯含量密切相关。结构方程模型(structural equation model,SEM)分析表明,灌溉水氯含量对烟叶氯含量具有极显著直接正向效应(影响系数为0.459),对土壤化学特性有显著直接负向效应(影响系数为-0.225);而土壤物理特性对化学特性具有极显著正向效应(影响系数为0.370)。综上所述,该植烟区存在较高氯含量超标风险,灌溉水氯含量和土壤物理性状是重要影响因素,它们通过影响土壤化学性状及土壤含氯量共同引起烟叶氯含量超标,并最终降低烟叶品质。

云南景谷基地C3F烟叶质量特点与稳定性分析

分析云南景谷基地中橘三(C3F)烟叶内、外在质量,掌握烟叶质量特点和稳定性,以期为提升基地高端原料生产提供技术支持。分别采集景谷基地永平镇、威远镇、勐班乡、半坡乡和碧安乡共5个有代表性乡镇2020—2022年C3F烟叶,通过对烟叶外观质量、物理特性、化学成分和感官质量分析,初步明确了景谷基地C3F烟叶主要特点。C3F烟叶表现为颜色橘黄,成熟度较好,叶片结构疏松,身份中等,有油分,色度强;叶长、叶宽和单叶质量等物理特性指标适中;化学成分呈现出高糖、低两糖比,氯和钾氯比年际间差异大;清香型风格特征明显。外观和感官质量综合得分逐年提升;除拉力外,物理特性各指标变异较小;除氯和钾氯比外,各化学成分变异不大;不同年度和区域样品间,质量稳定性较好。景谷基地应控制烟叶总糖含量、适当提高还原糖含量,有助于烟叶品质的提升,部分植烟区域应加强土壤和烟叶中氯的动态监测,在土壤和烟叶氯含量均偏低的区域,精准补氯,以稳定烟叶中氯含量。

大理‘KRK26’上部烟叶物理特性差异和土壤养分相关性分析

为明确大理州‘KRK26’植烟区域上部烟叶物理特性及其与土壤养分的关系,采用描述性统计、简单相关和典型相关分析方法,研究了该区域上部烟叶物理特性状况并分析了上部烟叶物理特性与土壤养分的相关性。结果表明:大理州‘KRK26’上部烟叶平均厚度0.20 mm、单叶重12.21 g、含梗率24.24%、叶面密度74.95 g/cm2、拉力1.38 N、平衡含水率13.35%,厚度略偏高、拉力偏低、其他指标与全国平均水平相当;4个植烟区的上部烟叶厚度、含梗率、叶面密度和拉力指标差异不显著,而单叶重以大理市显著高于永平和云龙、与漾濞差异不显著,平衡含水率以云龙显著最高;简单相关分析显示单叶重与土壤总氮、有效磷、交换性镁和有效锌显著正相关,与全钾、氯离子极显著负相关,叶面密度与速效钾显著负相关;同时简单相关和典型相关共同表明在一定范围内,随着土壤有机质、全磷和速效钾含量的降低,烟叶含水率降低;反之升高。

变黄期失水胁迫对烤烟上部叶生理和物理特性的影响

以K326上部叶为材料,电加热密集烤箱烘烤,分别于变黄前期(0~20 h)和变黄中期(20~44 h)对烟叶进行失水15%~20%处理,研究烘烤过程烟叶水分、淀粉代谢、细胞壁物质、形态收缩及烤后烟叶物理特性的变化。结果表明:变黄前期和中期失水处理,烟叶的失水速率较常规烘烤(对照)降低30%~45%,变黄前期失水处理,烟叶淀粉酶活性较高,烤后烟叶淀粉含量较对照降低31%、纤维素含量降低30%,而变黄中期失水处理烟叶较对照整体相差明显;变黄前期失水处理,烟叶横向收缩率、纵向收缩、横向卷曲度和纵向卷曲度显著大于对照。变黄前期失水处理烤后烟叶平衡含水率、拉力、填充值明显优于对照。

田间摘除不适用鲜烟叶数量和时期对上部烟叶物理性状的影响

采用正交试验设计,运用极差分析、方差分析、综合评价方法研究了邵阳烟区不适用鲜烟叶的田间摘除叶片数和时期对上部烟叶物理性状的影响。结果表明:摘除下部叶片数量主要影响烤烟上部烟叶的开片度、叶片厚度、平衡含水率、叶质重;摘除下部叶片数和摘除时期以及摘除顶叶片数主要影响烤烟上部烟叶的单叶重和含梗率。邵阳烟区稻田烤烟优化烟叶结构以打顶时摘除下部2片烟叶和倒数第1烤时摘除顶部1片烟叶为最佳。

不同烤房烘烤过程中烟叶形态和物理特性的变化

【目的】在研究不同烤房烘烤过程中烟叶形态变化的基础上,探讨造成密集烤房烤后烟叶光滑、僵硬的原因,为优化密集烘烤工艺提供理论依据。【方法】以烟株中上部烟叶为试验材料,研究密集烤房与普通烤房烘烤过程中烟叶的形态变化,并比较烤后烟叶物理特性的差异。【结果】在密集烤房烘烤过程中,烟叶形态变化呈现出变黄期缓慢、定色期剧烈、干筋期又减缓的趋势;而在普通烤房烘烤过程中,烟叶形态变化相对平缓。密集烤房烤后烟叶各形态指标除上部烟叶纵向卷曲度外,烟叶纵向收缩率、横向收缩率、面积收缩率、厚度收缩率、横向卷曲度及中部烟叶纵向卷曲度均显著或极显著小于普通烤房的相应处理。与普通烤房相比,密集烤房烤后烟叶单叶质量、叶质重与叶片厚度较大,而含梗率、平衡含水率与拉力较小。【结论】密集烘烤条件下烟叶形态变化较小,并最终导致烟叶组织紧密及个别物理特性指标较差。

进口烤烟与我国主产区烤烟烟叶物理特性相似性分析

为明确进口烤烟烟叶与国产烟叶物理特性的相似性,对比分析了津巴布韦、赞比亚、马拉维和坦桑尼亚4个国家不同等级进口烤烟烟叶物理特性,并与我国云南、贵州等11个主产区烤烟烟叶物理特性进行聚类分析。结果表明:(1)我国烟叶叶面密度、厚度、平衡含水量和填充值与进口烟叶接近,拉力高于进口烟叶,单叶质量低于进口烟叶。(2)山东、四川、重庆、云南等地烤烟烟叶物理特性与进口烟叶较为接近,与马拉维和坦桑尼亚烤烟烟叶相似性较高,与津巴布韦和赞比亚烟叶相似性略次。广东、湖北、贵州、湖南、福建、河南、陕西等地烟叶与进口烟叶物理特性差异较大。

不同采收方式对上部烟叶生物性状及物理特性的影响

为改善烤烟上部叶片的工业可用性,研究了不同采收方式对云烟87上部叶片烘烤前生物性状和烤后物理特性的影响。结果表明:集中采收比常规采收的烟叶叶片略薄,单叶重减轻,比叶重、叶片密度下降,组织结构疏松,叶片间差异缩小,可提高上部烟叶的可用性,但是集中采收可能会因为单叶重减轻而导致产量有所下降。

成熟期连续灌溉对上部烟叶物理特性及内在品质的影响

采取上部6片烟叶一次采收调制技术,分析了成熟期间连续灌溉对云烟97不同成熟度上部烟叶物理特性及内在品质的影响.结果表明:烟田经连续灌溉后,上部烟叶开片度随成熟度提高而增大的趋势更加显著;组织结构的疏松度得到改善,叶密度明显减小;4种成熟度的上部叶总糖、还原糖、淀粉、总N和烟碱含量均低于同一成熟度自然排灌状态下的烟叶,K含量提高0.115%,烟碱含量降低0.104%,内在品质趋于协调;产量、产值和上等烟比例均不同程度提高,经济性状得到提升.

湖南烤烟烟叶主要物理特性与主要化学指标间的灰色关联度分析

采集湖南烟区种植的9个不同基因型烤烟,运用灰色关联度分析方法研究了烟叶物理特性与主要化学指标间的关系。结果表明,烟叶物理特性与主要化学指标间的关系在不同部位间具有明显差异。其中,在物理特性的各项指标中,与中下部烟叶总糖含量关联程度较大的是长宽比,而上部烟叶则表现为叶片厚度。与中上部烟叶总氮、烟碱以及与下部烟叶烟碱含量关联程度较大的均是含梗率,与下部烟叶总氮含量关联程度较大的物理特性指标是叶长,双糖差、糖碱比、氮碱比在不同部位间的关联程度不同。叶片厚度是影响上部烟叶主要化学指标的重要因子,中下部烟叶的长宽比决定了烟株光合作用的强弱以及光合产物的累积量,从而间接反映出烤后烟叶品质的优劣。

灌溉方式对成熟上部烟叶物理性状的影响

在上部烟叶采摘前进行灌溉,研究了灌溉对成熟上部烟叶物理性状的影响以及其各物理性状之间的相关性。结果表明:采摘上部烟叶前对烟田进行灌溉,能有效改善烤烟上部叶细胞组织结构,促进叶片的充分舒展,有利于提高上部烟叶质量及其卷烟加工可用性。