Anomalous Nuclear Reaction in Earth’s Interior:a New Field in Physics Science?

Tritium （3^H） in excess of the atmospheric values was found at volcanic Lakes Pavin （France）, Laacher （Germany） and Nemrut （Turkey）, as well as Kilauea Volcano at Hawaii （USA） and other volcanoes. Because 3^H has a short half-life of 12.3 years, the tritium and the resulting 3^He must have formed recently in the Earth. The result suggests that nuclear reactions may generate a significant amount of tritium in the interior of the Earth, although we have not yet learned what the reaction mechanism may be responsible. The nuclear reaction that can be responsible for tritium production in the Earth is probably a new research field in physics science. Nuclear reactions that generate tritium might be a source of ＂missing＂ energy （heat） in the interior of the Earth. Finding in-situ 3^H in the mantle may exhibit an alternative explanation of 3^He origin in the deep Earth.

Structure and physical properties of the Earth's interior

The studies on the structure and physical properties of the Earths interior done by Chinese geophysicists from 1999 to 2002 were reviewed in this paper. It includes several research areas: the structure of the Earths interiors using seismic tomography, anisotropy of the upper mantle in China and its adjacent areas, quality factor Qb for S waves, subduction zone, mantle discontinuities, physical properties of Earths materials and others. The review concerns mainly the contents, the methods and the results of the studies. It can be seen that new progress in the study on the structure and physical properties of the Earths interior has been made in the last 4 years in China. It is shown on three aspects: advancement made on some preexistent areas; pioneering on some new fields and new methods adopted.

Development of High-Pressure Multigrain X-Ray Diffraction for Exploring the Earth’s Interior

The lower mantle makes up more than a half of our planet’s volume. Mineralogical and petrological experiments on realistic bulk compositions under high pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions are essential for understanding deep mantle processes. Such high P–T experiments are commonly conducted in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell, producing a multiphase assemblage consisting of 100 nm to submicron crystallite grains. The structures of these lower mantle phases often cannot be preserved upon pressure quenching;thus, in situ characterization is needed. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of such a multiphase assemblage usually displays a mixture of diffraction spots and rings as a result of the coarse grain size relative to the small X-ray beam size (3–5 lm) available at the synchrotron facilities. Severe peak overlapping from multiple phases renders the powder XRD method inadequate for indexing new phases and minor phases. Consequently, structure determination of new phases in a high P–T multiphase assemblage has been extremely difficult using conventional XRD techniques. Our recent development of multigrain XRD in high-pressure research has enabled the indexation of hundreds of individual crystallite grains simultaneously through the determination of crystallographic orientations for these individual grains. Once indexation is achieved, each grain can be treated as a single crystal. The combined crystallographic information from individual grains can be used to determine the crystal structures of new phases and minor phases simultaneously in a multiphase system. With this new development, we have opened up a new area of crystallography under the high P–T conditions of the deep lower mantle. This paper explains key challenges in studying multiphase systems and demonstrates the unique capabilities of high-pressure multigrain XRD through successful examples of its applications.

“In Space” or “As Space”?: Spatial Autocorrelation Properties of the Earth’s Interior

In this analysis, natural systems are posed to subsystemize in a manner facilitating both structured information/energy sharing and an entropy maximization process projecting a three-dimensional, spatial outcome. Numerical simulations were first carried out to determine whether n × n input-output matrices could, once entropy-maximized, project a three-dimensional Euclidean metric. Only 4 × 4 matrices could;a small proportion passed the test. Larger proportions passed when grouped random patterns on and within two- and three-dimensional forms were tested. The pattern of structural zonation within the earth was then tested in analogous fashion using spatial autocorrelation measures, and for three time periods: current, 95 million years b.p. and 200 million years b.p. All expected results were obtained;not only do the geometries of zonation project a three-dimensional structure as anticipated, but also do secondary statistical measures reveal levels of equilibrium among the zones in all three cases that are nearly total, distinguishing them from simulations that do not incorporate a varying-surface zone-width element.

A Simple Mechanism for Generating a Geomagnetic Field

On the basis of the ideal gas model, the polarization of charges in the mantle was obtained, a physical and mathematical model was constructed, and estimated calculations of the dipole mode of the Earth’s magnetic field were performed, taking into account the speed of its angular rotation, the parameters of density and temperature, the chemical composition, the ionization potential, the dielectric constant and the percentage of the main chemical compounds of the mantle substance.

Useful and Unique Descriptions of Tropospheric Processes Which Produce Oxygen and Thereafter Give Birth to Equatorial Electro-Jets

Formation of negative static charges (e-) throughout troposphere is a natural phenomenon revealed by some weather events such as storms and lightning flashes that accompany thunderclouds. This climatic phenomenon (formation of negative charge in that case) has long been considered as physical phenomena of very small space-time scales. Now we have good reasons to say that this perception of troposphere electrical status is totally meaningless. Indeed, it is now easy to show that significant numbers of electrons are provided to troposphere at each appearance of a thunderstorm (or a lightning flash). Thereafter, movement implemented in the troposphere by winds (e.g., West African aerojet) contributes to the formation of low altitudes Electrojets (e.g., West African Equatorial Aerojet gives birth to West African Equatorial Electrojet). The existence of Low Layers Equatorial Electrojets (LL-EEJ) was totally unknown by the first theorists who have studied the Earth’s Ionosphere Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics. This mistake has led their followers to many questions unanswered in their attempt to explain the longitudinal and seasonal variations of observed EEJ. In this paper, we will provide many useful explanations on the manner in which clouds provide oxygen to troposphere and thereafter trigger negative static charges (e-) throughout both troposphere and ionosphere. Indeed, this paper also explains how, opportunely, the ITF (inter tropical front) plays the role of the tap which facilitates oxygen transfer from troposphere to ionosphere. Detailed studies on the Earth’s troposphere plasma physics and electrodynamics are impatiently awaited.

Stony Brook’s Collaborations with Czech Scientists

For the past half-century, I have been fortunate in maintaining collaborations with Czech scientists in the Czech Republic [formerly Czechoslovakia] from the Geofyzikální ústav-GFU [Institute of Geophysics] of the ?eskoslovenská Akademie Věd-?SAV [Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences]. These collaborations have included exchange visits by me to Prague [Praha] and convening international workshops in 1976, 1986 and 1996 in castles used by the ?SAV as well as visits by Czech colleagues to Stony Brook University. The objective of this report is to relate this history. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Vladislav Babu?ka.

My Research Collaborations with Chinese Scientists over the Past Three Decades

For more than three decades, I have been fortunate in working with Chinese graduate students and postdoctoral research scientists in our High-Pressure Laboratory at Stony Brook University. These colleagues have conducted a wide variety of experiments at high pressures and temperatures in collaboration with our other students and researchers. These studies utilized transmission electron microscopy, ultrasonic interferometry, X-ray powder diffraction and synchrotron X-radiation to investigate phase transitions, thermal equations of state, sound velocities, atomic diffusion, dislocation dissociation and deviatoric stress in high-pressure apparatus. During this period, I have also visited high-pressure laboratories in the mainland of China and Taiwan on several occasions. The objective of this paper is to relate this history.

第29届IASPEI大会概况及其主要专题讨论会和研讨会内容汇编

国际地震学与地球内部物理学协会（ＩＡＳＰＥＩ）第２９届大会于１９９７年８月１８～２８日在希腊塞萨洛尼基举行。来自６２个国家和地区的１０５１位科学家参加了这次大会。国家地震局有近２０位科学家出席了会议。本届大会共安排了４６个学术专题报告会和研讨会，会上宣读论文７１６篇，张贴展示论文６９５篇。本届ＩＡＳＰＥＩ大会的学术报告涉及广泛的地震学和地球内部物理学研究的问题，内容包括：地震预测；地球内部构造和地球动力学；不同构造区的强地面运动；地震孕育过程：定量模型和假设检验；岩石圈结构、动力学过程和各向异性；火山地震学；地震早期预警系统；地震危险性与地震危害；地震危险性和地震危害评估中的新的地学信息技术；触发／诱发地震；与构造过程有关的电磁信号；岩石圈结构的长周期研究和工程地震学；估计地震大小的新方法；地球的结构和演化：地球物理观测、实验约束和模似；地震成核、动力破裂及其终止：观测和物理模拟；今后的地震仪器的发展；地震灾害与危害的公众教育，等等。

Passive Seismic Deployments from the Lützow-Holm Bay to Inland Plateau of East Antarctica: The Japanese IPY Contribution to Structure and Seismicity

Deployments of seismic stations in Antarctica are an ambitious project to improve the spatial resolution of the Antarctic Plate and surrounding regions. Several international programs had been conducted in wide area of the Antarctic continent during the International Polar Year (IPY 2007-2008). The “Antarctica’s GAmburtsev Province (AGAP)”, the “GAmburtsev Mountain SEISmic experiment (GAMSEIS)” as a part of AGAP, and the “Polar Earth Observing Network (POLENET)” were major contributions to the IPY. The AGAP/GAMSEIS was an internationally coordinated deployments of more than few tens of broadband seismographs over the wide area of East Antarctica. Detailed information on crustal thickness and mantle structure provides key constraints on an origin of the Gamburtsev Mountains;and more broad structure and evolution of the East Antarctic craton and sub-glacial environment. From POLENET data obtained, local and regional signals associated with ice movements were recorded together with a significant number of teleseismic events. Moreover, seismic deployments have been carried out in the Lützow-Holm Bay (LHB), East Antarctica, by Japanese activities. The recorded teleseismic and local events are of sufficient quality to image the structure and dynamics of the crust and mantle, such as the studies by receiver functions suggesting a heterogeneous upper mantle. In addition to studies on the shallow part of the Earth, we place emphasis on these seismic deployments’ ability to image the Earth’s deep interior, as viewed from Antarctica, as a large aperture array in the southern high latitude.

第27届IASPEI大会概况及其主要专题讨论会和研讨会内容汇编

国际地震学与地球内部物理学协会（ＬＡＳＰＥＩ）第２７届大会于１９９４年元月１０－２１日在新西兰首都惠灵顿的惠灵顿维多利亚大学举行。来自４２个国家的４８３位科学家参加了这次大会。国家地震局派出了以副局长陈为团长的１３人代表团出席会议。本届大会共安排了２７个学术报告会和研讨会，会上宣读论文和报告３９９篇，张贴展示论文约１６０篇。本届ＩＡＳＰＥＩ大会的学术报告会和研讨会涉及广泛的地震学和地球内部物理学研究的前沿问题，内容包括：波在非均匀介质中的传播；地震危险性与地震危害；亚太地区的沉积盆地及其构造背景；地球深部间断面的构造形态和动力学；地震预测；地震层析成像和地幔动力学；俯冲带和弧后盆地；地热在下地壳、岩石学与流变学等方面之作用；区域地震的定位和定量化；毫赫与毫微赫地震学；脊区的地震学详细研究；太平洋的地震和海啸危险性；大小尺度的各向异性；全球地震观测技术的改进；地震的震源模拟和断层力学；诱发地震；非线性地震学；地震运动的地面地质效应；空间大地测量学和实时构造地质学；热流和热液循环；宽频带地震学和震源，等等。

Some advancements in measurements of physical parameters of earth's material at high temperature and ultrahigh pressure

IT is very important to measure physical parameters of minerals, rocks, melts and fluids athigh pressure and high temperature. The data from these experiments can provide materialsfor explanation of geophysical observations on large scale, and information of geochemicalfield. Therefore, we set up measurement methods on elastic wave velocity, electrical conduc-tivity and differential thermal analysis in YJ-3000 ton press fitted with a wedge-type

Redox geodynamics in Earth’s interior

Redox state is an important parameter in describing the thermodynamic state of the Earth’s interior.In contrast to the considerable efforts in early studies that have been expended on the redox state of Earth’s different spheres,much attention in the recent about 10 years has been paid to the effects of redox state on the various geodynamical aspects of Earth’s interior,or more commonly the redox geodynamics.Redox geodynamics plays a critical role in driving many processes that are involved in the accretion,differentiation,and re-shaping of the Earth from its early birth to modern periods and from its surface to the deep interior,including the structure,composition,nature,and evolution of the Earth and the significant effects on many important issues such as the climate change and habitability of the planet.This field has blossomed in these years around the chemical and physical properties of the Earth.In this review,a brief summary is provided for the basic concepts,general background and applications relevant to redox geodynamics.The redox state of the crust and mantle and its evolution have received particular attention in the past years,however,there are still fundamental issues remaining ambiguous,poorly quantified and/or even controversial.At the same time,significant progress has been made,mostly through experimental studies,on the redox geodynamics of the Earth’s interior,including(but are not limited to)the early oxidation of the shallow mantle,the rapid growth of the early continental crust,the redox freezing and melting associated with carbon or hydrogen,the transfer of metal elements and formation of ore deposits,the low seismic velocity and high attenuation of the asthenosphere,the aerobic processes around the core-mantle boundary,and the magma degassing and released gases.Redox geodynamics is becoming increasingly important in renewing the understanding of the chemical evolution,physical properties,and dynamical processes of the Earth.

On the asymmetric distribution of heat loss from the Earth'sinterior

Mean heat flows and heat losses of the Northern and Southern hemispheres are calculated using degree 12 spherical harmonic representation of the global heat flow field (Pollack et al., 1993). Mean heat flows and heat losses of 0° hemisphere and 180° hemisphere, with median lines being 0° longitude and 180° longitude, are also calculated. The mean heat flow of the Southern Hemisphere is 99.3 mW·m -2, significantly higher than that of the Northern Hemisphere (74.0 mW·m -2). The mean heat flow of 0° hemisphere (94.1 mW·m -2) is also higher than the value of 180° hemisphere (79.3 mW·m -2). The mantle heat loss from the Southern Hemisphere is 22.1×10 12 W, as twice as that from the Northern Hemisphere ( 10.8×10 12 W). The 16.9×10 12 W mantle heat loss from 0° hemisphere is close to 16.0×10 12 W from 180° hemisphere. The hemispherical asymmetry of global heat loss is originated by the asymmetry of geographic distribution of continents and oceans. The asymmetric distribution of heat loss is a long-term phenomenon in the geological history.

地球内部结构和物质性质的研究

对 1999～ 2 0 0 2年中国地球物理学家在地球内部结构和物质性质方面的研究工作进行了总结 .分别对地球内部结构的地震波速度成像研究 ,中国及其周边地区上地幔介质各向异性的研究 ,S波介质品质因子Qβ,俯冲带研究 ,地幔间断面的研究 ,地球物质性质的实验研究以及其它方面的一些研究工作进行了综述 .指出了各方面的主要研究内容、使用的主要方法和得到的结果 .从这 4年的研究中可以发现 ,中国的科学家在地球内部结构和物质性质的研究中又取得了新的进展 ,主要表现在 3个方面 :一些原有领域中的研究更加深入 ;开辟了新的方向 ;

同步辐射与高压矿物学研究

同步辐射(synchrotron radiation)装置是能产生极高亮度电磁波的一类大科学装置。利用同步辐射和金刚石压腔(DAC)技术,可以研究矿物在高压下的结构和物理性质及其变化。文章简要介绍了同步辐射光源及其特点,对DAC和高压实验技术的相关问题进行了说明,并基于北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)高压站的能量色散X射线衍射(EDXD)实验状况,对获得的部分高压矿物学研究成果,如钙钛矿CaTiO3、硬玉、钛闪石、电气石、绿帘石等矿物的高压结构和状态方程进行了回顾。

地球内部矿物相变及其地质意义

地球内部矿物相变主要包括固—固相转变和固—液 (熔体 )相物态转变。相变对矿物和岩石的物理性质有重要影响 ,会导致电导率、弹性波速、热力学、流变学参数的异常和产生相变磁效应等。相变具有重要的地质意义 ,可用于建立地幔矿物模型剖面 ,为地震波速不连续界面提供解释并且深刻影响地球深部的物质运动 ,包括导致地震和火山喷发。

地球内部物理

地球内部为人类提供了丰富的资源，因此深入研究地球内部各圈层的结构、物质组成和物理化学特征是当前地球科学发展的趋势和面临的艰巨任务，本文从地幔对流、地幔矿物物理学和地球磁场等不同学科，对地球内部物理过程的研究成果作了评述．

提高速凝铸带母合金制备的烧结钕铁硼磁体磁性能的研究

通过对速凝带钕铁硼母合金制备烧结钕铁硼永磁体后续工艺的研究,发现对速凝带进行900℃等温热处理,200℃和0.1MPa条件下氢破碎,可以有效地提高磁体的性能,改善退磁曲线的方形度。

基于全局光滑约束的地磁测深C-响应估计

地磁测深C-响应,包含着地球内部结构的导电信息,因此获得高质量的C-响应估计对于揭示地球内部准确的电性结构至关重要,为此本文提出一种计算地磁测深C-响应的新思路.不同于以往单个频点估计办法,新方法基于相邻频率C-响应连续光滑的特性同时估计所有频率的C-响应.首先,根据求取C-响应的Z/H方法,由观测的Hr和Hθ构造估计C-响应的线性方程组;为了增强方程组求解的稳定性,克服噪声影响,要求估计的C-响应满足光滑性条件,从而将无约束的C-响应估计转化为阻尼最小二乘理论的C-响应估计优化问题.合成数据和实际台站数据的测试结果表明,光滑约束优化技术能比传统的逐频求取方法得到更加合理和连续的响应曲线;虽然正则化参数的选择对C-响应估计的结果有明显影响,但通过L-曲线和V-曲线确定的最优正则化参数可以在保证数据真实性的前提下获得最佳的C-响应估计.基于全局光滑约束获得的C-响应为提高反演结果的可靠性奠定基础,为利用更多台站的C-响应获得高分辨力的地球深部电性结构提供了技术支持.