Comparative susceptibility to permethrin of two Anopheles gambiae s.l.populations from Southern Benin,regarding mosquito sex,physiological status,and mosquito age

Objective:To investigate what kind of mosquito sample is necessary for the determination of insecticide susceptibility in malaria vectors.Methods:Larvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiae s.l.(An.gambiae)mosquitoes were collected from the breeding sites in Littoral and Oueme departments.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)susceptibility tests were conducted on unfed male and female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old.CDC susceptibility tests were also conducted on unfed,blood fed and gravid female mosquitoes aged2-5 days old.These susceptibility tests were also conducted on unfed and blood fed female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old and 20 days old.CDC biochemical assay using synergist was also carried out to detect any increase in the activity of enzyme typically involved in insecticide metabolism.Results:Female An,gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations were more susceptible than the males when they were unfed and aged 2-5 days old.The mortality rates of blood fed female An.gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations aged 2-5 days old were lower than those obtained when females were unfed.In addition,the mortality rales of gravid female An.gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations aged2-5 days old were lower than those obtained when they were unfed.The mortality rate obtained when female An.gambiae Sekandji populations were unfed and aged 20 days old was higher than the one obtained when these populations were unfed and aged 2-5 days old.The results obtained after effects of synergist penicillin in beeswax on F1 progeny of An.gambiae Ladji populations resistant to permethrin showed that mono-oxygenases were involved in permethrin resistant F1 progeny from Ladji.Conclusions:The resistance is a hereditary and dynamic phenomenon which can be due to metabolic mechanisms like overproduction of detoxifying enzymes activity.Many factors influence vector susceptibility to insecticide.Among these factors,there are mosquito sex,mosquito age,its physiological status.Therefore,it is useful to respect the World Health Organization criteria in the assessment of insecticide susceptibility tests in malaria vectors.Otherwise,susceptibility testing is conducted using unfed female mosquitoes aged 3-5 days old.Tests should also be carried out at(25±2)°C and(80±10)%relative humidity.

Physiological phenotypes differ among color morphs in introduced common wall lizards(Podarcis muralis)

Many species exhibit color polymorphisms which have distinct physiological and behavioral characteristics.However,the consistency of morph trait covariation patterns across species,time,and ecological contexts remains unclear.This trait covariation is especially relevant in the context of invasion biology and urban adaptation.Specifically,physiological traits pertaining to energy maintenance are crucial to fitness,given their immediate ties to individual reproduction,growth,and population establishment.We investigated the physiological traits of Podarcis muralis,a versatile color polymorphic species that thrives in urban environments(including invasive populations in Ohio,USA).We measured five physiological traits(plasma corticosterone and triglycerides,hematocrit,body condition,and field body temperature),which compose an integrated multivariate phenotype.We then tested variation among co-occurring color morphs in the context of establishment in an urban environment.We found that the traits describing physiological status and strategy shifted across the active season in a morph-dependent manner—the white and yellow morphs exhibited clearly different multivariate physiological phenotypes,characterized primarily by differences in plasma corticosterone.This suggests that morphs have different strategies in physiological regulation,the flexibility of which is crucial to urban adaptation.The white-yellow morph exhibited an intermediate phenotype,suggesting an intermediary energy maintenance strategy.Orange morphs also exhibited distinct phenotypes,but the low prevalence of this morph in our study populations precludes clear interpretation.Our work provides insight into how differences among stable polymorphisms exist across axes of the phenotype and how this variation may aid in establishment within novel environments.

Nutrient Intakes of Pregnant Women and their Associated Factors in Eight Cities of China： A Cross-sectional Study

Background： During tile last 3 decades, China has dramatic changes of the dietary pattern among its citizens, particularly in urban cities. This study aimed to determine the nutrient intake status and factors associated with nutrient intakes of urban Chinese pregnant women now-a-day. Methods： The multistage stratified random sampling method was applied in the cross-sectional study. 479 women in three trimesters of pregnancy from eight cities of China were recruited. Nutrient intakes were evaluated with one 24 h dietary recall, and compared with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes （DRIs） 2013 tbr available nutrients. Results： Most pregnant women had imbalanced macronutrient distribution with excessive energy derived from fat. Intakes of Vitamin A, B, calcium, magnesium, and selenium were below Chinese Recommended Nutrient Intake （RNI） and Estimated Average Requirements （EARs） in all trimesters. Most pregnant women took more tblic acid in the first trimester with a significant decrease in the second and third trimester （P 〈 0.05）. Shortfall in iron intake was tbund in the third trimester whereas some women may be at the risk of excessive iron intake. Intakes of thiamin met RNI in the first trimester but were below EAR in all trimesters. Trimester phasing was positively associated with most nutrients （P 〈 0.05）. Prepregnancy body mass index was inversely associated with energy, tht, Vitamin C, and calcium intake （P 〈 0.05）. Educational level and household income were positively associated with folic acid intake （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusions： Cunent prenatal dietary choices of urban pregnant women in China are imbalanced in the nutrient intake when compared with national DRIs 2013, particularly in intakes of energy derived from fat and micronutrients. Appropriate dietary advice to pregnant women should promote a balanced diet with emphasis on avoidance of foods of high fat content and incorporation of t＇oods that are good sources of the key micronutrients that are usually lacking in a regular pregnancy diet. Further research is needed to understand the eating habits and food patterns that contribute to this imbalanced diet in order to be able to effectively improve prenatal women＇s nutrient intake status.

Host selection by the autoparasitoid Encarsia pergandiella on primary （Bemisia tabacl） and secondary （Eretmocerus mundus） hosts

In autoparasitoids, females are generally primary endoparasitoids of Hemiptera, while males are hyperparasitoids developing in or on conspecific females or other primary parasitoids. Female-host acceptance can be influenced by extrinsic and/or intrinsic factors. In this paper, we are concerned with intrinsic factors such as nutritional status, mating status, etc. We observed the behavior of Encarsia pergandiella Howard （Hymenoptera： Aphelinidae） females when parasitizing primary （3rd instar larvae ofBemisia tabaci Gen- nadius [Homoptera： Aleyrodidae]） and secondary hosts （3rd instar larvae and pupae of Eretmocerus rnundus Mercet [Hymenoptera： Aphelinidae]） for a period of 1 h. Females had different reproductive （virgin or mated younger） and physiological （fed elder or mated elder） status. Virgin females killed a large number of secondary hosts while investing a long time per host. However, they did not feed upon them. Mated females killed a lower number of secondary hosts and host feeding was observed in both consuming primary and secondary hosts. It was common to observe host examining females of all physiological statues tested repeatedly stinging the same hosts when parasitizing, killing or rejecting them. Fed elder females parasitized more B. tabaci larvae than E. mundus larvae or pupae, while investing less time on the primary host than on the secondary host. They also para- sitized more B. tabaci larvae than mated elder females, while investing less time per host. The access of females to honey allowed them to lay more eggs.

Research on Driver Fatigue Early Warning Method Based on ARM

Fatigue driving is one of the important reasons of road traffic accidents, fatigue driving is refers to the driver in a long time continuous driving or physical fatigue condition, and then come into being physiological and psychological function disorder. In order to overcome the limitation of single sensor in the fatigue test, aimed at the requirements of monitoring on the fatigue driving, this article designed an driver fatigue monitor system based ARM926EJ-S as a controller, it is used to determine the driver＇s fatigue and reduce the traffic accident. On the basis of fully considering the source correlation and complementary, it adopts the method of multi-source information fusion; by monitoring the pulse, heart rate, temperature of the human body, steering wheel grip strength to realized the fatigue level. The system of graphical interface adopts UCGUI. Finally, testing the main function modules of early warning system, the feasibility of the proposed early warning system is verified fusion .