Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.

Diversity of Phosphate-Dissolving Microorganisms in Corn Rhizosphere

Rhizosphere and nonrhizopshere soils were sampled during corn growth. Total, inorganic phosphate-dissolving and lecithin-mineralizing bacteria, fungi and actinomyctes were determined by plate counting method. Generally, the rhizosphere soil contained around 5 to 100 times more of these bacteria and fungi than the non-rhizosphere soil. However, the actinomycetes in the rhizosphere soil were significantly lower than those in the non-rhizosphere soil. The numbers of these microorganisms didn't significantly change during corn growth in the soils. However, the proportion of the phosphate-dissolving microorganisms in the total changed markedly during corn growth. Generally there were much higher percentages of phosphate-dissolving bacteria and phosphate-dissolving fungi in the rhizosphere soil than the nonrhizosphere soil. More than 90% of the fungi in rhizosphere dissolved inorganic phosphate at the seedling period, but this proportion declined to 20% at the harvesting time. The community of phosphate-dissolving microorganisms also changed during corn growth. Bacillus was dominant in the nonrhizosphere soil. However, in the rhizosphere, Pseudomonas and Enterobacter became predominant. Penicillium and Streptomyces were the main fungi and actinomycetes capable of dissolving phosphate.

Comparisons of extraction and purification methods of soil microorganism DNA from rhizosphere soil

Microorganism DNA of rhizosphere soil from Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestriformis were extracted by proteinase K based on SDS method, CTAB method, PVP （polyvinylpolypyrrolidone） method, and freezing and thawing method and the crude DNA from rhizosphere soil were purified by dialysis method, silver beads absorption method, and squeezing DNA gel method. The results of different extracting and purifying methods were compared and evaluated. Results indicated that the best method of extraction for microorganism DNA in rhizosphere soil was proteinse K based on SDS method with high salt concentration of 1.0% （w/v） NaCl, which could effectively eliminate humic acids and other impurities. The dialysis method was suitable to purify DNA from rhizosphere soil because of effectively removing brown matters and humic acids and the purified products were suited to PCR amplification. Squeezing DNA gel method was also a good purification method with the advantage of inexpensive in cost and efficient in use.

Influence of rotation system on siderophere-producing microorganism(SPM) in rhizosphere soil of southern China

Soil siderophores are important for crop growth,benefit ferric iron absorption of root,and are affected by cropping patterns.The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantity of siderophores in soil of 2 continuous crop rotation patterns over 30 years in Anren country,China.Quantity and siderophore-producing capability of microorganisms in rice-riceoilseed rape(DDY)rotation and rice-rice(DD)rontinuous cropping rhizosphere soil were tested and analyzed by chrome azurol S method.Isolated strains were used to identify siderophore-producing microorganism(SPM)by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing.Results showed that 9 siderophore-producing bacteria strains were isolated from DDY rhizosphere soil while 7 strains were identified from DD rhizosphere soil.The mean solubility index which representing siderophore-producing capability of strains was 3.05.PCR amplification results indicated that bacterial were the major SPM in soil.This research indicates that crop rotation systems could drive microorganisms to produce siderophores and enrich them in bacterial communities.

间作黄芪对当归根际土壤微生物的影响

目的:探讨根际土壤微生物对中药材种植模式的响应方式。方法:以间作黄芪及单作下当归根际土壤为研究对象,基于高通量测序技术,分析土壤微生物在不同季节及种植模式下群落组成及功能的差异。结果:间作下Chao1指数、ACE指数高于单作,变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门为间作下的优势菌门,芽单胞菌门的相对丰度在间作下高于单作。11月间作下γ变形菌纲、7月间作下全噬菌纲的丰度显著高于单作。KEGG功能预测表明,在不同时间及间作下根际土壤细菌与细胞过程、环境信息处理、遗传信息处理、代谢功能下属的23类二级功能基因的相对丰度存在显著差异;参与氮循环的功能基因K00371(narH/narY/nxrB)、(K00374 narI/narV)等OTU数在间作下显著高于单作;不同门、纲在间作下的共生网络比单作下连接紧密且更复杂。结论:当归间作黄芪影响土壤细菌群落组成,增加其丰富度及功能的丰富性,影响土壤氮循环能力,促进土壤微生物间的交互作用。

Studies on the Microbial Community in the Rhizosphere Soil of Dongxiang Wild Rice

[Objective] The aim was to study the characteristics of microbial community in the rhizosphere soil of Dongxiang wild rice（Oryza rufipogon Griff.）.[Method] The microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen was estimated by the chloroform fumigation extraction method;the microbial community composition and Nitrogen cycling microbial functional groups were investigated by the Dilution plate culture method and the most probable number methods respectively.[Result] The microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen,in rhizosphere soil of Dongxiang Wild Rice was 83.02±18.23 mg/kg soil and 16.98±2.54 mg/kg soil,which was lower than that of ordinary cultivated rice;The relationship between the number of culturable microbial groups was bacteriaactinomycetesfungi,and the Nitrogen cycling microbial physiological groups was as the following：ammonifying bacteriaaerobic azotobacteriadenitrobacteriaanaerobic azotobacterianitrobacterianitrosobacteria.[Conclusion] The microbial community in the rhizosphere soil of Dongxiang Wild Rice was different from that of the ordinary cultivated rice.

外源添加L-脯氨酸对棉花黄萎病发生及其根际土壤微生物群落的影响

【目的】根系分泌物是植物与土壤微生物进行互作的信号媒介,对于植物病害发生和植株生长均具有重要调控功能。论文旨在明确棉花根系分泌物L-脯氨酸抵御棉花黄萎病发生的微生态机制,揭示L-脯氨酸介导的根际微生物与棉花黄萎病发生的互作关系,为构建生物防治土传病害的有益菌群提供新视角。【方法】通过温室盆栽试验,以外源添加不同浓度的L-脯氨酸(0、50、100、200和400 mmol·L^(-1))为试验处理,采用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time qPCR)和宏基因组测序技术分别测定不同处理的土壤中大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)DNA拷贝数量和土壤微生物群落结构及功能,采用主成分分析比较不同处理的根际土壤微生物群落结构,利用冗余分析研究土壤养分因子与微生物群落结构的相关性,利用斯皮尔曼相关分析研究微生物群落结构功能代谢途径的相关性。【结果】与空白对照相比,低浓度(50 mmol·L^(-1))L-脯氨酸处理不能够减轻棉花黄萎病的发生,高浓度(100、200和400 mmol·L^(-1))L-脯氨酸处理的病情指数分别下降22.51%、60.23%和64.23%。qPCR结果表明,L-脯氨酸处理不能够显著降低土壤中大丽轮枝菌拷贝数量。宏基因组测序分析表明,L-脯氨酸处理后细菌多样性Shannon指数显著增加,真菌多样性Shannon指数呈下降趋势。在属水平上,L-脯氨酸处理后类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、Phycicoccus、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和毛霉菌属(Mucor)的相对丰度呈上升趋势。线性判别分析表明,除浓度为100 mmol·L^(-1)的L-脯氨酸外,外源添加L-脯氨酸处理后根际土壤微生物KEGG通路的富集情况发生改变。冗余分析表明,细菌群落组成受pH、电导率、硝态氮、铵态氮和有机质显著影响,而真菌群落组成与铵态氮存在显著相关性。Spearman相关分析表明,细菌的KEGG代谢通路与pH、有机质、铵态氮含量呈负相关关系,而与电导率和硝态氮呈正相关关系;真菌的大部分KEGG代谢通路与土壤养分的相关性较差。【结论】外源添加适量L-脯氨酸通过改变土壤细菌群落结构和功能,增加有益微生物的相对丰度,从而影响棉花黄萎病的发生,但其不能够改变病原菌数量。同时,根际细菌群落组成和功能均与土壤养分存在相关性。

喀斯特石山老龄林檵木根际和非根际土壤微生物群落及酶活性的旱、雨季节变化

为了解喀斯特地区土壤生物活性的季节变化及其影响因素,该文以檵木群落老龄林阶段根际和非根际土壤微生物群落为研究对象,探讨其酶活性变化以及与环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)雨季时,根际土壤pH值、有机质、全碳、全氮、全钾、全磷含量和碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性低于非根际土壤,说明根际土壤养分淋失更严重且影响相关酶活性,旱季变化相反是根际土壤为供植物健康生长所采取的养分富集策略。(2)根际和非根际土壤真菌多样性为旱季显著高于雨季,非根际土壤细菌多样性为雨季显著高于旱季,但根际土壤细菌多样性季节差异不明显;无论旱季还是雨季,根际和非根际土壤优势真菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota),优势细菌门为放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota);季节变化对根际和非根际土壤微生物群落结构影响差异显著。(3)不同季节下根际和非根际土壤微生物群落的主导因子不同,雨季时,根际土壤为pH、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,非根际土壤为过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、纤维素酶活性和全钾含量;旱季时,根际土壤为过氧化氢酶活性和土壤含水量,非根际土壤为纤维素酶和蔗糖酶活性;土壤酶活性与碳、氮、磷、钾及土壤含水量显著相关。(4)与细菌相比,根际和非根际土壤真菌功能对季节变化的响应更敏感。综上表明,根际和非根际土壤微生物群落及酶活性在雨季和旱季时所采取的适应性策略明显不同,这为喀斯特地区植被恢复和土壤演替提供了理论参考。

苦瓜枯萎病抗病与感病品种根际土壤的微生物数量消长动态分析

以28个苦瓜品种为材料,通过苗期人工接种枯萎病鉴定其抗性强弱,结果显示,28个苦瓜品种枯萎病发病程度出现较大差异,共获得高抗材料1份、感病材料11份。苦瓜根际微生物生物数量消长动态差异分析结果表明,土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量与苦瓜抗、感品种枯萎病发生的相关性存在差异,枯萎病的发生与土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量呈极显著正相关。抗病品种土壤微生物数量结构优于感病品种。抗病苦瓜品种根际微生物群落的丰富度和多样性更高,其真菌的Sobs、Shannon和Chao1指数分别高出36.93%、25.89%和38.58%,细菌的Sobs、Shannon和Chao1指数分别高出13.63%、12.91%和26.52%。感病苦瓜品种土壤中的pH、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和有机质含量在幼苗期均高于抗病苦瓜品种,根际微生物组成受pH、氮素、有效磷等因素的综合影响。

Microbial Fertilizer: A Sustainable Strategy for Medicinal Plants Production

Medicinal plants have aroused considerable interest as an alternative to chemical drugs due to the beneficial effects of their active secondary metabolites.However,the extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in pursuit of yield has caused serious pollution to the environment,which is not conducive to sustainable devel-opment in thefield of medicinal plants.Microbial fertilizers are a type of“green fertilizer”containing specific microorganisms that can improve the soil microbial structure,enhance plant resistance to biological and abiotic stresses,and increase the yield of medicinal plants.The root exudates of medicinal plants attract different micro-organisms to the rhizosphere,which then migrate further to the plant tissues.These microbes can increase the levels of soil nutrients,and improve the physical and chemical properties of soil through nitrogenfixation,and phosphorus and potassium solubilization.In addition,soil microbes can promote the synthesis of hormones that increase plant growth and the accumulation of active compounds,eventually improving the quality of med-icinal plants.In 2022,the total value of the global microbial fertilizer market was$4.6 billion and is estimated to reach$10.36 billion by 2030.In this review,we have summarized the types of microbial fertilizers,the coloniza-tion and migration of microorganisms to plant tissues,and the beneficial effects of microbial fertilizers.In addi-tion,the prospects of developing microbial fertilizers and their application for medicinal plants have also been discussed.It aims to provide a reference for the rational application of microbial fertilizers in thefield of med-icinal plants and the green and sustainable development of medicinal plant resources.

基于高通量测序分析拉萨大黄根部内生菌及根际土壤微生物多样性研究

以拉萨大黄根部内生菌和根际土壤微生物为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术对其测序并运用生物信息学和统计学方法进行分析,以探究拉萨大黄根部内生菌及根际土壤微生物多样性。结果表明,经过聚类注释后拉萨大黄根及根际土壤中真菌共有90个OTU(OperationalTaxonomicUnit,OTU),特有OTU分别为452个和635个;根及根际土壤中细菌共有622个OTU,特有OTU分别为982个和5618个。α多样性分析显示,与根部内生细菌相比拉萨大黄根际土壤细菌估计物种数量大,物种丰富度和均匀度高(P<0.05);拉萨大黄根际土壤真菌比根部内生真菌的物种总数更多,但根际土壤真菌和根部内生真菌的群落多样性无明显差异(P>0.05)。基于β多样性分析得到拉萨大黄根部内生菌与根际土壤微生物的菌群结构存在显著差异(P<0.05、q<0.05)。从群落组成来看,在门水平上,真菌群落中拉萨大黄根及根际土壤的优势菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota),细菌群落中根部内生细菌相对丰度最高的为拟杆菌门(Bacteroid-ota),相对丰度为75.44%,在根际土壤中优势门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),相对丰度为44.36%;在属水平上,真菌群落中根部可被分类的相对丰度最高的属为青霉属(Penicillium),相对丰度为21.8%,根际土壤中可分类的相对丰度最高的为截盘多毛孢属(Truncatella),相对丰度为26.16%。细菌群落中根部可被分类出来的相对丰度最高的为JC017,相对丰度为73.44%,根际土壤中可被分类的相对丰度最高的为Ba-cillus_BD,相对丰度为6.7%。

大豆连作根际土壤微生物群落构建特征

研究连作对大豆根际土壤中细菌、真菌群落组成、构建的影响,为大豆连作障碍的生物防治和农田土壤修复提供理论支持。试验于2021-2022年在沈阳农业大学铁西区定位试验站进行,试验站土壤类型为棕壤土。以玉米-大豆轮作(对照)和大豆连作根际土壤为研究对象,利用16SrDNA、ITS高通量测序技术,结合土壤化学性质和土壤酶活性测定,分析连作对大豆土壤化学性质、酶活性以及根际微生物多样性、群落构建特征的影响。结果表明:连作下,土壤全氮、全磷、全钾等土壤化学性质指标含量下降,速效钾、pH值升高;连作显著提高土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,显著降低土壤脲酶、亮氨酸氨肽酶活性和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性。土壤细菌多样性指数连作处理(4.63)低于轮作处理(5.34),细菌属水平下,连作增加鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobacterium)和卡氏伯克霍尔德菌属(Burkholderia,LRR:1.4%;LCR:2.4%)相对丰度;土壤真菌多样性指数连作处理低于轮作处理,真菌属水平下,连作增加病原真菌镰刀菌属(Fusarium,LCR:20.5%;LRR:13.2%)相对丰度。在群落组装过程中,大豆连作根际土壤细菌群落构建主要由确定性过程主导;玉米大豆轮作根际土壤细菌群落构建主要由随机过程主导;大豆连作根际土壤真菌群落构建和玉米大豆轮作根际土壤真菌群落构建由随机过程主导。连作引起大豆根际土壤环境因子、细菌、真菌群落组成及构建的变化,病原菌相对丰度增加,其中镰刀菌(Fusarium)相对丰度的增加可能是导致大豆连作障碍发生的重要因素。

森林根际土壤细菌的分离、鉴定及生物活性筛选

【目的】从无量山国家级自然保护区森林根际土壤发掘具有多种生物活性的功能菌株,探究其开发应用潜力。【方法】采集无量山地区25个区域植物的根际土壤,采用选择培养基,分离鉴定磷酸盐溶解、固氮、溶锌和拮抗等活性菌株,进一步测定菌株分泌铁载体、ACC脱氨酶和吲哚乙酸等生物活性,并验证促番茄种子发芽和生长效果。【结果】分离鉴定得到解磷菌70株,固氮菌27株,解钾菌8株,拮抗镰刀菌的菌株51株。其中,YIM B08401和YIM B08402形态学结合生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列测序,鉴定为白色伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia alba)和青岛假单胞菌(Pseudomonas qingdaonensis),两个菌株均具有磷酸盐溶解、固氮、溶锌和分泌铁载体的活性,最大可溶性磷含量为(455.63±59.65)mg/L和(878.95±64.78)mg/L;两株菌的促种子发芽试验结果接近,施加稀释10倍、10^(2)倍和10^(3)倍的发酵上清液后,发芽率都维持在82%-93%,明显高于对照组的56%和49%,施加菌株发酵液的处理组相较于空白对照组的长度都有显著增加。盆栽实验证明,两株菌株促生效果最明显的处理组在地上部长度、鲜重、干重、茎粗、根长、根鲜重、根干重方面的数据都显著优于对照组,YIM B08401的上述指标相对于对照组分别显著增加了89%、495%、268%、62%、53%、385%和469%,YIM B08402的上述指标相对于对照组分别显著增加了118%、528%、477%、55%、37%、413%和747%。此外,菌株YIM B08401还具有拮抗病原菌和分泌ACC脱氨酶活性,YIM B08402则还具有分泌吲哚乙酸的活性。【结论】无量山森林根际土壤蕴含具有多种生物活性的功能菌株,白色伯克霍尔德氏菌(B. alba, YIM B08401)和青岛假单胞菌(P. qingdaonensis, YIM B08402)具备开发为新型微生物肥料的应用潜力。

盐胁迫下植物根系分泌物的成分分析与生态功能研究进展

盐胁迫是常见的非生物胁迫之一,影响植物的生长发育。根系分泌物是植物与根际环境进行“信息”交换的重要媒介。植物在受到盐胁迫时,根系分泌物的组分和含量会发生改变,对盐胁迫下植物的生长发育产生重要影响。本文综述了根系分泌物的成分、检测方式、作用机制及变化调控。其成分主要包括氨基酸、糖类、有机酸和酚酸等。目前对根系分泌物的鉴定和检测方式主要有高效液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱联用、液相色谱-质谱联用以及核磁共振。结合前人研究总结了氨基酸、糖类、有机酸等分泌物在盐胁迫下组成和含量的变化。然后从根际理化环境、根际微生物等方面总结并提出了根系分泌物在盐胁迫下的作用主要包括:(1)作为信号分子调节植物耐盐能力;(2)维持根细胞内稳态;(3)影响根际环境。总结了氨基酸、糖类根系分泌物在盐胁迫下的变化机理,最后指出目前对根系分泌物成分功能的鉴定以及具体作用机制、通路的研究尚有待深入。本综述旨在分析盐胁迫下植物根系分泌物的生态效应,为今后深入挖掘植物响应盐胁迫机理提供参考依据。

草莓连作根腐病原菌及根际真菌群落变化多样性研究

草莓是一种兼具营养和经济价值的水果,草莓连年栽培导致连作障碍发生严重,发病率逐渐增加,严重影响了草莓的产量。从连作3年且患有根腐病的草莓根际土壤中分离出病原菌,经鉴定分别为Fusarium pseudocircinatum、Fusarium solani、Fusarium luffae、Aspergillus westerdijkiae、Cladosporium oxysporum、Ectophoma multirostrata、Neopestalotiopsis rosae和Neocosmospora rubicola。进一步对连作前后草莓根际土壤真菌变化进行分析,结果表明,连作后真菌总数量下降,在属水平上,Pulvinula、Aspergillus、Acremonium、Funneliformis、unclassified_Cercozoa和unclassified_Pezizaceae等真菌的相对丰度均显著或极显著增加,unclassified_Hypocreales、Mortierella和Rhizophlyctis等真菌的相对丰度均显著或极显著降低。对连作后土壤的理化性质进行检测,结果表明,有机质含量极显著降低,全磷、硝态氮含量极显著增加,pH值显著增加。这说明土壤理化性质的改变和优势菌种的更替都是导致草莓连作障碍发生的原因,可为防治草莓根腐病和连作障碍提供科学依据。

生防菌剂与噻唑膦减量配施对番茄根结线虫及根际土壤微生物的影响

减少化学农药的使用,提高生物农药在田间使用效率对实现化学农药减施及农产品质量安全具有重要意义。本研究以番茄‘新金丰一号’为试验材料,采用盆栽接种根结线虫的方法研究噻唑膦与生防菌剂以不同剂量配施对番茄根结线虫的防效及对根际土壤微生物的影响。结果表明:噻唑膦减量50%配施50%生防菌剂处理后,土壤中的根结线虫数量和番茄根系的根结指数相比单独使用噻唑膦或生防菌剂及清水处理均显著降低,番茄移栽后60 d,根结线虫减退率为49.61%,根结指数为32.50,防治效果达64.77%。与仅用噻唑膦处理相比,噻唑膦减量50%配施50%生防菌剂处理还显著增加了番茄根际土壤中可培养细菌、放线菌数量及微生物的总量,其中细菌和放线菌数量较仅用噻唑膦处理增加76.21%和47.96%,微生物总量增加69.60%。此外,放线菌门、子囊菌门的相对丰度也显著增加,而酸杆菌门和芽胞杆菌门的相对丰度则正好相反。无论使用生防菌剂还是噻唑膦减量配施生防菌剂均显著增加了番茄根际土壤中髌骨细菌门、浮霉菌门和木霉属的相对丰度,但仅使用噻唑膦处理则显著降低了木霉属的相对丰度。综上,噻唑膦减量50%配施50%生防菌剂可通过增加番茄根际土壤中可培养微生物数量及放线菌门和木霉属等有益微生物的丰度来提高对番茄根结线虫的防效。

地黄连作障碍研究进展

总结了连作障碍的危害、形成机制及消减策略,明确连作障碍形成的主要原因为土壤理化性质劣化、土传病虫害加剧和化感自毒作用,是由地黄-土壤-微生物3者共同作用的结果。针对连作障碍,综述了选用抗连作优质品种、强还原土壤灭菌、土壤淹水处理、添加食用菌菌渣、施加修复微生物菌剂等方法进行防控与缓解,以期为解决连作障碍问题提供理论指导。

根际微生物响应再生稻衰老的演变特征及其延效机制

探索根际微生物响应再生稻生育后期植株衰老进程的菌群演变规律及其生态对策是防止作物早衰发生,促进耕地土壤肥力和作物生产力协同提升的关键。本研究选用2个具有亲缘关系的常规再生稻品种黄华占(Huanghuazhan,HHZ)和丰华占(Fenghuazhan,FHZ)为供试材料,采用高通量测序等方法研究再生稻生育后期根际菌群随植株衰老进程而发生的多样变化、菌群演变生态策略和物种间生态位关系。结果表明,2个具有紧密亲缘关系的供试品种其生育后期的自然衰老变化趋于一致。但在同等施肥条件下,丰华占生育后期的所有相关生理指标衰败速度均明显高于黄华占,即呈现早衰现象,并显著影响其头季和再生季稻的干物质积累与籽粒灌浆结实,进而减产。进一步分析结果证实,根际微生物多样性与再生稻植株的衰老进程紧密关联,具体表现在随着再生稻生育后期的推进,FHZ根际微生物多样性Chao 1指数和Shannon指数下降幅度更大,根际微生物生态位宽度变小。进一步分析发现,HHZ头季稻成熟期较FHZ头季稻成熟期根际土壤显著提高了地杆菌属(Geobacter)、卤囊菌属(Haliangium)、亚硝酸盐氧化菌属(Candidatus_Nitrotoga)以及硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)的相对丰度(0.61%、0.17%、0.42%和0.045%);而在慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)以及芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)上HHZ较FHZ显著下降了0.29%、0.76%和0.15%;HHZ根际上调的微生物在土壤的营养循环和有效性转化上起到重要功能作用,其根际土壤微生物生态位宽度比FHZ高36.81%,反映了根际微生物对资源利用的差异,是微生物适应土壤胁迫环境的生物印迹。本研究认为植物早衰发生是根际微生物生态对策的结果,再生稻头季植株根际土壤微生物群落结构差异对其再生季具有显著的延效作用。因此,加强再生稻头季后期的根际调控,强化根际土壤微生物菌群的合理构建,促进根际正效应形成,是活化土壤营养环境,防止再生稻早衰发生,进一步提升再生季稻产量的关键。

青海野生中国沙棘根际解钾菌的分离、鉴定及其促生能力比较

【目的】从青海野生中国沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides subsp.sinensis)根际土中筛选出具有解钾能力的菌株,并比较其促生能力,为高原地区高效生物菌肥的研发提供依据。【方法】利用纯化培养方法从中国沙棘根际土中分离解钾菌;通过形态观察、生理生化检测及16S rDNA序列比对鉴定菌株;对解钾菌的解有机磷、解无机磷、解钾、降解纤维素的能力进行测定;将解钾菌接种于空心菜幼苗以验证其促生效果。【结果】K15、K50和K65三株解钾菌均为乙酸钙不动杆菌(Acinetobacter calcoaceticus)。培养3 d后,3株解钾菌溶解有机磷的浑浊圈直径为3.75~7.13 mm,解有机磷菌液中磷的质量浓度为5.12~11.33μg·mL^(-1);溶解无机磷的透明圈直径为3.25~5.31 mm,解无机磷菌液中磷的质量浓度为3.39~6.63μg·mL^(-1);解钾的黄色光圈直径为17.53~25.17 mm,解钾菌液中K^(+)质量浓度为4.87~7.15μg·mL^(-1);降解纤维素的透明圈直径为8.37~12.07 mm。3株解钾菌均可提高空心菜种子的萌芽率(表现为K65>K50>K15)。施用解钾菌菌液可提高空心菜幼苗的生长发育速度(表现为K65>K50>K15)。其中,K65对幼苗的促生作用最显著,K65处理的幼苗鲜质量达到0.24 g,比CK提高33.3%。【结论】3株解钾菌均具有解有机磷、解无机磷、解钾、降解纤维素的能力;施用解钾菌菌液后空心菜幼苗的生长状况均得到一定程度的改善,种子发芽率显著提高,其中,K50和K65的促生效果均比K15好。

中国沙棘根际固氮菌的分离、鉴定及促生能力比较

【目的】对青海野生中国沙棘根际固氮菌进行分离、鉴定及促生能力比较,为挖掘具有潜在应用价值的根际促生菌提供依据。【方法】利用纯化培养方法从中国沙棘根际土中分离固氮菌;通过形态观察、生理生化检测和16S rDNA序列比对鉴定菌株;对固氮菌的解有机磷、解无机磷、解钾、固氮、种子萌发的能力进行测定;将固氮菌接种空心菜幼苗以验证其促生效果。【结果】鉴定出1株哈夫尼菌(N5)、1株不动杆菌(N6)、4株沙雷氏菌(N1、N2、N3、N4)。培养7 d后,6株固氮菌固氮透明圈直径与菌落直径的比值(D/d)为1.23~1.83,N3的D/d最大,较N5提高48.8%;培养3 d后,6株固氮菌溶解有机磷圈直径为6.43~9.65 mm,溶解无机磷圈直径为3.13~5.50 mm,解钾圈直径为8.18~22.17 mm。平板促生试验结果表明,固氮菌可提高空心菜种子萌芽率,并且可显著促进空心菜生长发育。其中,菌株N3和N6促生效果显著,其鲜质量分别为0.24 g和0.26 g,较对照组(CK)增加了33.3%和44.4%。【结论】固氮菌N3和N6分别为沙雷氏菌和不动杆菌,具有较强的解磷、解钾、固氮能力,且均能提高空心菜种子发芽率,促进空心菜幼苗生长发育。