Phosphate limitation of phytoplankton growth in the Changjiang Estuary

Laboratory experiments of bioassay with Pltaeodaetytum tricornutum, Chatoceros didymus, Chaetoreros calcitraus and Heterogtoea sp. sampled from the Changjiang Estuary in spring and summer, 1986, indicated that both N and P limit phytoplankton growth in the medium with N : P ranged between 8-30, and N limits phytoplankton production in the medium with N: P<8, while P is the limitary nutrient in the N : P>30. Generally, N : P in the Changjiang Estuary waters is 2 times higher than Redfield ratio. The bioassay experiments with high N : P water samples collected from Changjiang Estuary show that phytoplankton production is limited by P. Phytopiankton appears to give priority to the uptake of P at all periods of time. And the optimum N:P for phytoplankton growth is determined to be 18.

Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing in the central and northern South China Sea in the spring intermonsoon season of 2017

Phytoplankton growth rates and mortality rates were experimentally examined at 21 stations during the 2017 spring intermonsoon(April to early May)in the northern and central South China Sea(SCS)using the dilution technique,with emphasis on a comparison between the northern and central SCS areas which had different environmental factors.There had been higher temperature but lower nutrients and chlorophyll a concentrations in the central SCS than those in the northern SCS.The mean rates of phytoplankton growth(μ0)and microzooplankton grazing(m)were(0.88±0.33)d–1 and(0.55±0.22)d–1 in the central SCS,and both higher than those in the northern SCS with the values ofμ0((0.81±0.16)d–1)and m((0.30±0.09)d–1),respectively.Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates were significantly coupled in both areas.The microzooplankton grazing impact(m/μ0)on phytoplankton was also higher in the central SCS(0.63±0.12)than that in the northern SCS(0.37±0.06).The microzooplankton abundance was significantly correlated with temperature in the surface.Temperature might more effectively promote the microzooplankton grazing rate than phytoplankton growth rate,which might contribute to higher m and m/μ0 in the central SCS.Compared with temperature,nutrients mainly affected the growth rate of phytoplankton.In the nutrient enrichment treatment,the phytoplankton growth rate(μn)was higher thanμ0 in the central SCS,suggesting phytoplankton growth in the central SCS was nutrient limited.The ratio ofμ0/μn was significantly correlated with nutrients concentrations in the both areas,indicating the limitation of nutrients was related to the concentrations of background nutrients in the study stations.

Water quality and growth of phytoplankton for the Yellow River estuary reservoirs-The phytoplankton growth potential in reservoirs

In this test,we used phytoplankton assay procedure to carry out determinations of phytoplankton growth potential and limiting nutrients in Gengjing reservoir.The test results revealed that,in Gengying reservoir waters,the phytoplankton growth potential of the autoclaved-filtrates and the filtrates are from 0.2 to 2.1 mg/L and from 0 to 1.0 mg/L,and in waterway waters,those of the autoclaved-filtrates and the filtrates are from 0 to 3.3 mg/L and from 0 to 2.2 mg/L.The phytoplankton growth potential of the autoclaved filtrates is approximately two times higher than those of the filtrates.When phosphorus is adjusted beyond 0.5 mg/L,the growth of the phytoplankton is especially very high.Moreover,the limiting concentration of the phosphorus for the growth of phytoplankton is in the range of 0.025 to 0.05 mg/L;the phytoplankton growth potential of the grit chamber sediment samples is higher than those of the waterway sediment.

Investigating factors driving phytoplankton growth and grazing loss rates in waters around Peninsular Malaysia

In tropical waters where temperatures are relatively stable,we investigated whether the relationship between phytoplankton growth and grazing loss rate across diff erent habitats around Peninsular Malaysia can be attributed to its eutrophication states.We measured phytoplankton growth(μ)and grazing loss(g)rates in waters off Bachok Marine Research Station(BMRS),located northeast of Peninsular Malaysia.Chlorophyll-a(chl-a)concentration ranged from 2.90 to 15.78μg/L and was dominated by nanoand micro-phytoplankton(>2μm in size).Using the Landry and Hassett dilution method,μat BMRS ranged from 1.02 to 1.58/d whereas g varied from 0.07 to 0.88/d.Grazing accounted for 35%of the primary production at BMRS.A systematic review of available data in waters around Peninsular Malaysia,revealed howμfl uctuated over a wide range(0.01–1.80/d)and correlated with chl a distribution(R 2=0.181,P<0.001).However,the relationship was only signifi cant at<9μg/L chl a for mesotrophic waters and<16μg/L chl a for eutrophic waters.In contrast,g ranged from 0.00 to 1.01/d,and correlated withμat all locations.The g/μslope ranged from 19%to 84%,and was generally similar for waters around Peninsular Malaysia.However,all the g/μslopes had a positive y-intercept except for BMRS,and this seemed to suggest the availability of alternative prey supporting grazing at the other stations.

Solar light,seawater temperature,and nutrients,which one is more important in affecting phytoplankton growth?

Based on research results on the impacts of solar light,seawater temperature,and nutrient available to phytoplankton growth and changes in phytoplankton physiology and assemblage,we discussed the order of influence of these factors.By clarifying the mechanisms and processes of the impacts by these factors,we have determined the rising order of the importance as solar light,seawater temperature,and nutrient silicon (Si).Therefore,for human interests in sustaining economic development,the first thing to be considered is the input of nutrient Si into the ocean,followed by seawater temperature change.

Preliminary study on different nutrient pools supplies for the phytoplankton growth in the Jiaozhou Bay in China in the fall of 2004

The source and significance of two nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorous, were investigated by a modified dilution method performed on seawater samples from the Jiaozhou Bay, in autumn 2004. This modified dilution method accounted for the phytoplankton growth rate, microzooplankton grazing mortality rate, the internal and external nutrient pools, as well as nutrient supplied through remineralization by microzooplankton. The results indicated that the phytoplankton net growth rate increased in turn from inside the bay, to outside the bay, to in the Xiaogang Harbor. The phytoplankton maximum growth rates and microzooplankton grazing mortality rates were 1.14 and 0.92 d^-1 outside the bay, 0.42 and 0.32 d^ -1 inside the bay and 0.98 and 0.62 d^-1 in the harbor respectively. Outside the bay, the remineralized nitrogen （Kt = 24.49） had heavy influence on the growth of the phytoplankton. Inside the bay, the remineralized phosphorus（Kt = 3.49） strongly affected the phytoplankton growth. In the harbor, the remineralized phosphorus （Kt = 3.73） was in larger demand by phytoplankton growth. The results demonstrated that the dif- ferent nutrients pools supplied for phytoplankton growth were greatly in accordance with the phytoplankton community structure, microzooplankton grazing mortality rates and environmental conditions. It is revealed that nutrient remineralization is much more important for the phytoplankton growth in the Jiaozhou Bay than previously believed.

基于藻类生长潜力评估调水对藻类生长的影响

为评估水体生态健康,量化和确定供水输入的浮游藻类群落对受水水体浮游藻类生长的影响程度具有重要意义。该研究在不同季节的调水期测定了供、受水水体的理化因子,同时利用藻类生长潜力试验比较和分析了不同比例的供、受水水体混合处理后浮游藻类细胞密度和群落结构变化。结果显示,调水期间受水水库的氮磷营养盐浓度没有显著变化(P>0.05)。不同季节的藻类生长潜力试验显示,夏、冬季处理组的浮游藻类细胞密度峰值时间比对照组提前了4 d,且密度峰值随着混合比例的提高而增大;但夏季培养末期(20 d)处理组的浮游藻类密度均低于对照组,同时夏、秋和冬季处理组的实际藻类密度峰值均低于理论估算值,分别低10%、17%~24%和31%。处理组的群落结构变化表现为夏季受水水库的绝对优势种转变为输入的优势种,秋、冬季绝对优势种的相对丰度随调水比例的提高而增加,明显受到供水优势种生长的影响。供、受水水体的营养盐浓度差异是影响藻类生长的主要因素,持续调水显著影响受水水体浮游藻类的群落结构,但在一定程度上降低了发生藻类水华的风险。

Significance of Different Microalgal Species for Growth of Moon Jellyfish Ephyrae, Aurelia sp.1

The scyphozoan Aurelia aurita(Linnaeus) sp. l., is a cosmopolitan species-complex which blooms seasonally in a variety of coastal and shelf sea environments around the world. The effects of different microalgal species on the growth of newly-released Aurelia sp.1 ephyrae were studied under laboratory conditions. We fed ephyrae with four different microalgal species(diatom, autotrophic dinoflagellate, heterotrophic dinoflagellate, and chlorophyta) plus Artemia nauplii for 12- 24 d at 18℃. Results showed that the growth rate diverged significantly for Artemia nauplii compared to other food types. In addition, there was no significant variation between the growth rates for Skeletonema costatum and Prorocentrum donghaiense, and no significant variation was found in the growth rates for N. scintillans and P. subcordiformis. Artemia nauplii could support the energy requirement for the newly-released ephyrae to develop to meduase, and the ephyrae with Artemia nauplii showed a significant average growth rate of 25.85% d-1. Newly-released ephyrae could grow slightly with some species of microalgae in the earliest development stage. Chain diatom Skeletonema costatum and autotrophic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense, could not support the growth of the ephyrae, while heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans and chlorophyta Platymonas subcordiformis could support the growth of the ephyrae. However, none of the ephyrae fed with the tested phytoplankton could mature to medusae.

Temporal and spatial distribution of phytoplankton functional groups and role of environment factors in a deep subtropical reservoir

Phytoplankton and environment factors were investigated in 2015 and phytoplankton functional groups were used to understand their temporal and spatial distribution and their driving factors in Wanfeng Reservoir. Seventeen functional groups(B, D, E, F, G, J, Lo, MP, P, S1, T, W1, W2, X1, X2, Xph, Y) were identified based on 34 species. The dominant groups were: J/B/P/D in dry season, X1/J/Xph/G/T in normal season and J in flood season. Phytoplankton abundance ranged from 5.33×10~4 cells/L to 3.65×10~7 cells/L, with the highest value occurring in flood season and lowest in dry season. The vertical profi le of dominant groups showed little differentiation except for P, which dominated surface layers over 20 m as a result of mixing water masses and higher transparency during dry season. However, the surface waters presented higher values of phytoplankton abundance than other layers, possibly because of greater irradiance. The significant explaining variables and their ability to describe the spatial distribution of the phytoplankton community in RDA diff ered seasonally as follows: dry season, NH4-N, NO_3-N, NO_2-N, TN:TP ratio and transparency(SD); normal season, temperature(WT), water depth, TN, NH4-N and NO_3-N; flood season, WT, water depth, NO_3-N and NO_2-N. Furthermore, nitrogen, water temperature, SD and water depth were significant variables explaining the variance of phytoplankton communities when datasets included all samples. The results indicated that water physical conditions and hydrology were important in phytoplankton community dynamics, and nitrogen was more important than phosphorus in modifying phytoplankton communities. Seasonal differences in the relationship between the environment and phytoplankton community should be considered in water quality management.

Size-Dependent Growth Rate of Nitzschia closterium at Different Concentrations of Petroleum Hydrocarbon

The maximum growth rate of Nitzschia closterium at various concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon was studied. The influence of petroleum hydrocarbon on cell size as a function of concentration was discussed. The relationship between maximum growth rate of Nitzschia closterium and cell median equivalent spherical diameter (MESD) was also carefully studied. The experimental results showed that the growth rate of Nitzschia closterium was generally suppressed by petroleum hydrocarbon, which had greater effects at both low and high concentrations than at intermediate concentrations. No significant changes in cell size distribution were observed during the growth period of Nitzschia closterium. The Gaussian function could give a clear description of the cell size distribution of Nitzschia closterium, and the MESD value ranged from 2.71 to 6.82 μm. The MESD decreased when the cell was exposed to petroleum hydrocarbon, and the reduction of cell MESD was much more significant at both relatively high and low hydrocarbon concentrations. The presence of petroleum hydrocarbon changed the relationship between μmax and MESD from an allometric function to a U-shaped curve. When the MESD was below 5.07 μm, μmax decreased along with increased MESD, whereas when MESD was above 5.07 μm, μmax increased along with MESD, which deviated from the allometric model.

Growth and fatty acid composition of Nile tilapia <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>L. fed Azolla-diets, in tanks and in earthen ponds: A comparative study

Two 90-day experiments were conducted in the same period in tanks and in earthen ponds to study the effects of culture systems on growth and fatty acid (FA) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fingerlings (mean weight: 16.3 g) fed Azolla, as partial replacement for fish meal (FM). Diets were isonitrogenous (29.2% CP) and isoenergetic (16.9 kJ·g-1) containing 0% (A0), 10% (A10), 20% (A20), 30% (A30), 40% (A40) and 50% (A50) of Azolla meal (AM) respectively. Diet A0, without AM, acted as a control. In both experiments, fish growth decreased as AM level increased in diets (P P 30-A50). Interestingly, those fish were rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Consequently, the n-3/n-6 values decreased in tanks, whereas an increasing trend was found in ponds, and values were significantly higher in ponds than in tanks (0.35 - 0.53 vs. 0.08 - 0.17). The results suggest raising Nile tilapia with Azolladiets in ponds to improve growth and produce fish with a better FA composition, for the wellbeing of consumers.

富营养化水体中N、P浓度对浮游植物生长繁殖速率和生物量的影响

在浮游植物生长繁殖的高峰期(7～10月份)对3个富营养化水体的总氮、总磷和浮游植物生物量进行调查,统计分析了生物量与氮和磷浓度的关系。利用3种水样和梯度稀释的东湖水样培养玫瑰拟衣藻(Chloromonasrosae),研究了氮、磷浓度对生长繁殖速率的影响。结果表明磷是生长繁殖速率的限制因子,求出了生长繁殖速率与磷浓度的对数回归方程y=0.0806lnx+0.4658,当磷浓度小于0.05mgL时,生长繁殖速率随着磷浓度的升高而直线上升,当磷浓度进一步升高,生长繁殖速率仍然随之增加,但增加的幅度越来越小,当磷浓度达到0.2mgL时,生长繁殖速率基本不再随着磷浓度的增加而升高。计算出生长速率为零时磷的浓度是0.003mgL,接近贫营养化湖泊磷浓度的下限,计算结果与坂本的调查统计结果相吻合,说明回归方程具有代表性。在调查的3个富营养化水体中,浮游植物中的氮占全部氮元素的53%,磷占全部磷元素的85%,是氮、磷存在的主要形式,所以,评价水体的营养程度,必须同时考虑水中溶解的氮、磷和生物体内的氮、磷。统计分析表明,3个富营养化水体中浮游植物的生物量由氮(溶解氮+胞内氮)和磷(溶解磷+胞内磷)的浓度共同决定,生物量与氮浓度的直线回归方程y=10.687x-7.8304,生物量与磷浓度的直线回归方程y=122.11x-12.069。实验结果为根据氮、磷浓度以Redfield值判断浮游植物限制性营养元素的相对性和绝对性提供了例证。对3个富营养化水体的比较表明,防止水体富营养的唯一办法是维持水体氮、磷等主要营养元素收支平衡,治理富营养化的根本办法是从水体中移走过量的氮、磷等主要营养元素。

长江口疏浚弃土悬沙对2种浮游植物生长的影响

长江口疏浚弃土悬沙对微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)和牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)的生长有一定的抑制作用。试验结果表明,当水体中含沙量持续96 h 达到3 g/L 时,藻类生长速率降低20%～30%。但当疏浚作业停止,悬沙将迅速沉淀,水体变清,藻类生长可恢复正常。

营养盐对海洋浮游植物生长的影响——数学模型研究

概述了海水中营养盐和细胞体内营养元素含量对海洋浮游植物生长的影响,并阐述了数学模型方法描述海洋浮游植物生长的发展过程,指出在现有生物生长模型基础上,建立重要营养物质迁移、转化等生态学过程与赤潮生物生长关系相结合的数学模型是建立现场环境条件下海洋浮游植物生长数学模型,进而揭示有害赤潮发生的生态学机理等的必要科学基础。

营养盐Si和水温影响浮游植物的机制

分析Si和水温是如何影响浮游植物生长的变化和其集群结构的改变,探讨了Si和水温影响浮游植物生长变化的不同特点和其集群结构改变的不同侧面。本文以胶州湾为例,展示了浮游植物生长的变化和其集群结构的改变的过程,揭示了营养盐Si和水温影响浮游植物生长变化和其集群结构改变的机制,确定了营养盐Si和水温是海洋生态系统的健康运行的动力。

人工神经网络预报浮游植物生长趋势的研究

提出用人工神经网络预报赤潮多发海区浮游植物生长趋势 ,并以 1998年 4～ 5月大亚湾澳头港实际监测数据为对象 ,以采样深度、水温、盐度、pH、DO、COD、浊度、营养盐、叶绿素a、微量元素、总碱度、气温、气压、风速、风向、光照、潮汐、总细胞密度等为参数 ,试验了人工神经网络的效果 .结果表明 。

南海北部浮游植物生长对营养盐的响应

2004年夏季作者在南海北部海域研究了浮游植物生长的营养动力学,结合物理-化学过程对浮游植物生物量分布的影响与机制进行了研究,阐明了水平对流和中尺度涡对营养盐分布的影响及浮游植物生长和现存生物量对其的响应。受西南季风和东向沿岸流作用所形成的Ekman输送的影响,南海北部海岸带表层海水作离岸运动,使深层富含营养盐的冷水爬坡涌升到表层来补充,激发浮游植物生物量迅速增长。海区反气旋涡使海水辐聚下沉,造成水体具高温、低盐、高溶解氧浓度、低营养盐浓度和低浮游植物生物量。同时通过现场营养盐加富试验,发现该海域营养盐是浮游植物生长的主要限制因子,而且是多种营养元素共同限制了浮游植物的生长,添加单一的营养盐并不能促进浮游植物的生长。在生物量出现增长的试验组中,营养盐添加不仅促使浮游植物生物量的增长,而且也改变了浮游植物的粒级结构和群落结构。例如,在站S1008,培养前叶绿素a浓度为0.28 mg.m-3,加富培养60 h后浮游植物生物量在NP和NPSi的试验组中有显著的增加,叶绿素a浓度分别达1.07 mg.m-3和1.19 mg.m-3;培养前粒度分级叶绿素a主要以Pico级份占优势,而加富试验结束后,在NP和NPSi的试验组以Nano级份占优势,其它试验组仍以Pico级份占优势;同时,在培养后生物量出现增长的试验组,浮游植物群落的优势类群从甲藻向硅藻演替。

光照、水温和营养盐对浮游植物生长重要影响大小的顺序

根据光照、水温、营养盐对浮游植物生长影响的研究结果,综合分析光照、水温、营养盐影响浮游植物生长的变化和其集群结构的改变,探讨了上述因子影响浮游植物生长的生理特征和其集群结构的改变特点。本文阐明光照、水温和营养盐对浮游植物生长影响的机理和过程,确定了它们对浮游植物生长重要影响大小的顺序,由小到大的重要影响程度依次为:光照、水温和营养盐Si。这样,在人类的活动中,首先要考虑输入大海的营养盐Si,其次要关注海洋的水温变化,为海洋生态的持续发展做出积极的贡献。

地球生态系统的营养盐硅补充机制

通过海洋生态系统的结构和功能以及海洋生态系统对大气生态系统和陆地生态系统的影响,根据营养盐硅对浮游植物生长的影响过程和浮游植物的生理特征以及其集群结构的改变特点的研究结果,综合分析了硅的生物地球化学过程,探讨了人类对生态环境的影响和生态环境变化对地球生态系统的影响。提出了地球生态系统的营养盐硅的补充机制:近岸的洪水、大气的沙尘暴和海底的沉积物向缺硅的水体输入大量的硅,即由陆地、大气、海底3种途径将硅输入海水水体中,满足浮游植物的生长的需要,保持海洋中浮游植物生长的动态平衡,促进海洋生态系统的可持续发展。

铁限制对浮游植物生长和群落组成的影响研究综述

Fe是浮游植物生长必需的微量元素,其供应对水体中浮游植物的生物量、生长速率以及种群组成均具有重要的影响。从Fe在浮游植物新陈代谢中的作用出发,重点对近年来国内外有关Fe对浮游植物光合作用、营养盐吸收利用以及浮游植物群落组成的影响等方面的研究进展作了较详细的介绍,认为:(1)Fe通常是HNLC海域中初级生产力的主要限制因子之一,Fe限制会导致浮游植物细胞色素密度以及相应的光合叶绿素减少,从而降低其光合作用速率,导致生长缓慢;(2)Fe限制还能改变浮游植物吸收营养盐(N、P、Si等)的速率和比例,影响浮游植物的种间竞争,进而影响其群落结构;(3)Fe加富能够改变水体中浮游植物的优势种群,在海洋中表现为硅藻占优势,而在淡水湖泊中则表现为绿藻和细菌占优势;(4)在淡水湖泊中总Fe含量普遍较高,但浮游植物可利用Fe的含量受水体中有机配体的种类和数量的影响,在一定条件下Fe也可能成为浮游植物生长的限制因子,这对进一步认识湖泊水华暴发的机制具有一定的意义;(5)有学者提出将施加Fe作为一种生态手段,来提高HNLC海域的初级生产力,从而缓解由于大气中CO2浓度增加而导致的全球变暖的趋势;相反地,将降低浮游植物可利用Fe含量作为一种生态手段,来控制富营养化湖泊中藻类的生物量及群落结构,从而缓解日益严重的水华问题,值得进一步研究和探讨。