Influence of pier height on the safety of trains running on high-speed railway bridges during earthquakes

Sudden earthquakes pose a threat to the running safety of trains on high-speed railway bridges,and the stiffness of piers is one of the factors affecting the dynamic response of train-track-bridge system.In this paper,a experiment of a train running on a high-speed railway bridge is performed based on a dynamic experiment system,and the corresponding numerical model is established.The reliability of the numerical model is verified by experiments.Then,the experiment and numerical data are analyzed to reveal the pier height effects on the running safety of trains on bridges.The results show that when the pier height changes,the frequency of the bridge below the 30 m pier height changes greater;the increase of pier height causes the transverse fundamental frequency of the bridge close to that of the train,and the shaking angle and lateral displacement of the train are the largest for bridge with 50 m pier,which increases the risk of derailment;with the pier height increases from 8 m to 50 m,the derailment coefficient obtained by numerical simulations increases by 75% on average,and the spectral intensity obtained by experiments increases by 120% on average,two indicators exhibit logarithmic variation.

Reliability-based life-cycle cost seismic design optimization of coastal bridge piers with nonuniform corrosion using different materials

Reinforcement corrosion is the main cause of performance deterioration of reinforced concrete(RC)structures.Limited research has been performed to investigate the life-cycle cost(LCC)of coastal bridge piers with nonuniform corrosion using different materials.In this study,a reliability-based design optimization(RBDO)procedure is improved for the design of coastal bridge piers using six groups of commonly used materials,i.e.,normal performance concrete(NPC)with black steel(BS)rebar,high strength steel(HSS)rebar,epoxy coated(EC)rebar,and stainless steel(SS)rebar(named NPC-BS,NPC-HSS,NPC-EC,and NPC-SS,respectively),NPC with BS with silane soakage on the pier surface(named NPC-Silane),and high-performance concrete(HPC)with BS rebar(named HPC-BS).First,the RBDO procedure is improved for the design optimization of coastal bridge piers,and a bridge is selected to illustrate the procedure.Then,reliability analysis of the pier designed with each group of materials is carried out to obtain the time-dependent reliability in terms of the ultimate and serviceability performances.Next,the repair time of the pier is predicted based on the time-dependent reliability indices.Finally,the time-dependent LCCs for the pier are obtained for the selection of the optimal design.

Experimental investigation and flow analysis of clear-water scour around pier and abutment in proximity

Local scour around bridge piers and abutments is one of the most significant causes of bridge failure.Despite a plethora of studies on scour around individual bridge piers or abutments,few studies have focused on the joint impact of a pier and an abutment in proximity to one another on scour.This study conducted laboratory experiments and flow analyses to examine the interaction of piers and abutments and their effect on clear-water scour.The experiments were conducted in a rectangular laboratory flume.They included 18 main tests(with a combination of different types of piers and abutments)and five control tests(with individual piers or abutments).Three pier types(a rectangular pier with a rounded edge,a group of three cylindrical piers,and a single cylindrical pier)and two abutment types(a wingewall abutment and a semicircular abutment)were used.An acoustic Doppler velocimeter was used to measure the three-dimensional flow velocity for analyses of streamline,velocity magnitude,vertical velocity,and bed shear stress.The results showed that the velocity near the pier and abutment increased by up to 80%.The maximum scour depth around the abutment increased by up to 19%.In contrast,the maximum scour depth around the pier increased significantly by up to l71%.The presence of the pier in the vicinity of the abutment led to an increase in the scour hole volume by up to 87%relative to the case with a solitary abutment.Empirical equations were also derived to accurately estimate the maximum scour depth at the pier adjacent to the abutment.

Experimental and numerical study on cyclic behavior of a UHPC-RC composite pier

Conventional reinforced concrete piers are vulnerable to severe compressive damage under strong earthquake conditions and are difficult to quickly rehabilitate.This paper develops a new type of composite pier,consisting of ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC)and reinforced concrete(RC).This UHPC-RC composite pier uses a UHPC cover outside of an RC core to achieve a high load-carrying capacity and mitigate compressive damage.An experiment is performed to evaluate the performance of the UHPC-RC composite pier under cyclic deformation.The crack development,ultimate failure modes,and load-carrying capacities of the pier are observed.Because of the extraordinary compressive strength of UHPC,the composite pier suffers little compressive damage under large lateral deformations.The composite pier fails as a result of fracturing of the reinforcement.A numerical model is developed to reproduce the cyclic behavior of the composite pier.On the basis of the verified numerical model,a parametric analysis is used to investigate the influence of the thickness of the UHPC cover and the axial load ratio.Finally,an approach is recommended for designing composite piers.

Regularity classification and corresponding analysis method requirements of horizontally curved bridges with unequal pier heights

The seismic behavior of horizontally curved bridges,particularly with unequal height piers,is more complicated than that of straight bridges due to their geometric properties.In this study,the seismic responses of several horizontally curved single-column-bent viaducts with various degrees of curvature and different pier heights have been investigated,employing three different analysis approaches:namely,modal pushover analysis,uniform load method,and nonlinear time history analysis.Considering the investigated bridge configurations and utilizing the most common regularity indices,the results indicate that viaducts with 45-degree and 90-degree deck subtended angles can be categorized as regular and moderately irregular,respectively,while the bridges with 180-degree deck subtended angle are found to be highly irregular.Furthermore,the viaducts whose pier heights are asymmetric may be considered as irregular for almost all ranges of the deck subtended angles.The effects of higher transverse and longitudinal modes are discussed and the minimum analysis requirements are identified to assess the seismic response of such bridge configurations for design purposes.Although the Regularity Indices used here are useful tools to distinguish between regular and irregular bridges,further studies are needed to improve their reliability.

Time-varying seismic fragility analysis of durability damage of high-tensile reinforcement ECC bridge pier

The deterioration of the performance of offshore bridges is particularly prominent due to the complex natural environment,including the coupling effects of earthquake and seawater erosion.In particular,bridge piers are the main energy-consuming and load-bearing components,so that excellent seismic capacity of bridge piers is the key to avoiding bridge damage.Although earthquake resistant behavior of ordinary reinforced concrete bridge piers(ordinary pier)can be improved by increasing the section size and reinforcement ratio of piers,the improvement of the earthquake resistant behavior is limited.To further improve the earthquake resistant behavior of bridge piers,high-tensile reinforcement engineered cementitious composite(ECC)bridge piers are utilized and time-varying seismic fragility analysis are conducted in this study.The refined model of a bridge pier is built by OpenSees.First,the influence of ECC replacement height on pier curvature is analyzed to determine the reasonable ECC height.Then,the time-varying fragility analysis of high-tensile reinforcement ECC piers(ECC composite piers)with durability damage are evaluated considering the time-varying law of materials.Four damage states,slight damage,moderate damage,extensive damage and complete collapse,are utilized in the study.These fragility curves indicate the durability damage can debase the earthquake resistant behavior of piers continually,the exceedance probability of the same state of destruction increases with the increase of peak ground acceleration(PGA)and service time of pier.The results also indicate that the corrosion level of chloride ion to pier is small during the early service period,and the bridge pier vulnerable curve is similar to that of the new bridge pier.As the level of chlorine ion corrosion deepens,transcendental probability is increased.Compared with the ordinary pier,the exceedance probability in each limit state of ECC composite piers is significantly reduced.The proposed ECC composite pies leads to better realistic time-varying earthquake resistant behavior.

Hysteretic behavior of post-tensioned precast segmental CFT double-column piers

Considering the desirable behavior of concrete filled steel tube(CFT)columns and the complicated behavior of segmental double-column piers under cyclic loads,three post-tensioned precast segmental CFT double-column pier specimens were tested to extend their application in moderate and high seismicity areas.The effects of the number of CFT segments and the steel endplates as energy dissipaters on the seismic behavior of the piers were evaluated.The experimental results show that the segmental piers exhibited stable hysteretic behavior with small residual displacements under cyclic loads.All the tested specimens achieved a drift ratio no less than 13%without significant damage and strength deterioration due to the desirable behavior of CFT columns.Since the deformation of segmental columns was mainly concentrated at the column-footing interfaces,the increase of the segment numbers for each column had no obvious effects on the loading capacity but reduced the initial stiffness of the specimens.The use of steel endplates improved the bearing capacity,stiffness and energy dissipation of segmental piers,but weakened their self-centering capacity.Fiber models were also proposed to simulate the hysteretic behavior of the tested specimens,and the influences of segment numbers and prestress levels on seismic behavior were further studied.

ML and CFD Simulation of Flow Structure around Tandem Bridge Piers in Pressurized Flow

Various regions are becoming increasingly vulnerable to the increased frequency of floods due to the recent changes in climate and precipitation patterns throughout the world.As a result,specific infrastructures,notably bridges,would experience significant flooding for which they were not intended and would be submerged.The flow field and shear stress distribution around tandem bridge piers under pressurized flow conditions for various bridge deck widths are examined using a series of three-dimensional(3D)simulations.It is indicated that scenarios with a deck width to pier diameter(Ld/p)ratio of 3 experience the highest levels of turbulent disturbance.In addition,maximum velocity and shear stresses occur in cases with Ld/p equal to 6.Results indicate that increasing the number of piers from 1 to 2 and 3 results in the increase of bed shear stress by 24%and 20%respectively.Finally,five machine learning algorithms,including Decision Trees(DT),Feed Forward Neural Networks(FFNN),and three Ensemble models,are implemented to estimate the flow field and the turbulent structure.Results indicated that the highest accuracy for estimation of U,and W,were obtained using AdaBoost ensemble with R2=0.946 and 0.951,respectively.Besides,the Random Forest algorithm outperformed AdaBoost slightly in the estimation of V and turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)with R2=0.894 and 0.951,respectively.

Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Water Flow on the Piers of a Bridge for Different Incidence Angles

A two-dimensional mathematical model is used to simulate the influence of water flow on the piers of a bridge for different incidence angles.In particular,a finite volume method is used to discretize the Navier-Stokes control equations and calculate the circumferential pressure coefficient distribution on the bridge piers’surface.The results show that the deflection of the flow is non-monotonic.It first increases and then decreases with an increase in the skew angle.

Ultra-High Performance Concrete: An Advanced Solution for Accelerated Bridge Pier Cap Rehabilitation and Bearing Replacement

The objective of this paper is to propose and illustrate feasibility, approach, validation as per prevailing codes and design standards, specification to rehabilitate bridge pier cap by using Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC). The evaluation of existing pier caps and bearings indicates that the complete removal of existing bearing is undesirable due to 1) massive size of bearing 2) difficulty in cutting through the thick components of existing bearing 3) deeply anchored lower shoe of existing bearings 4) huge cost and time required to erect temporary support system for superstructure to facilitate the construction of new piers. To overcome these difficulties, UHPC could be cast around the lower shoe up to the existing bearing pin. This UHPC cast could be used to support jacks and temporary bearings. The new low height permanent bearing could then be installed after removing the upper shoe of the existing bearing. In the present research, first properties of UHPC are summarized followed by evaluation of case studies to check feasibility of the solution to rehabilitate pier cap by using UHPC. The complex load paths in pier cap are idealized by using validated strut and tie model as per prevailing AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification.

An Important Film: Polychromy in the Pier Luigi Nervi Halls at the Turin Exhibition Center

Hidden by several layers of white paint,the almost forgotten polychromy of Nervi’s exhibition halls emerges from historical images,not necessarily intended to document the complex,but rather as a setting for exhibitions,fairs or film and advertising sets.Historical documentation reveals Nervi’s presence on the building site and his desire to supervise the finishing phases.The first stratigraphic investigations also testify to his attention color,as well as the subsequent transformations of use.Specific theoretical and technical issues regarding the conservation of the pictorial layers in relation to the conservation of the reinforced concrete elements are outlined.Furthermore,the use of polychromy in combination with the original employment of natural and artificial light sources introduces new facets into the analysis of Nervi’s work,offering the opportunity for original reflection.This is particularly true if we consider the impact of the interventions carried out so far,even those considered non-invasive,such as routine maintenance operations and some technological upgrades.

PIER模式在落实大学英语视听说教学课程思政中的应用研究——以《新视野大学英语视听说教程(思政智慧版)》为例

大学英语视听说教学是大学英语教学至关重要的一部分,但对其课程思政的研究还有待完善,本研究以《新视野大学英语视听说教程(思政智慧版)》为抓手,通过深挖教材寻找大学英语视听说教学课程思政的切入点,讨论了PIER模式在视听说课程思政育人中的应用。大学英语视听说课程思政应当以教材为切入点,PIER模式实现了大学英语视听说教学过程与育人过程浑然天成,使学生在习得语言技能的同时收获德育教育。

大跨公铁两用钢桁拱桥边跨施工关键技术

常泰长江大桥天星洲专用航道桥为(168+388+168)m大跨重载公铁两用钢桁拱桥。主梁采用2片主桁双层板桁组合结构,边跨钢梁施工采用架梁吊机悬臂散件拼装。为确保边跨钢梁架设轴线和竖曲线线形,按照最快形成稳定桁片结构原则拼装,上墩前悬臂拼装并形成三角桁片稳定结构后再实施抄垫;在钢梁架设过程中对钢梁标高进行调整,精确控制钢梁上墩标高;为确保边跨钢梁架设结构受力满足要求,通过有限元理论分析比选,确定临时墩最优脱空时机;采用“基于空间六点调位法”对边跨钢梁进行整体精确定位;主墩支座采用重力法灌浆;基于多点变形协调,通过优化杆件安装工艺,解决了超静定结构杆件带力安装难题。

赤壁长江公路大桥主桥4号桥塔墩结合梁墩顶节段施工技术

赤壁长江公路大桥主桥为(90+240+720+240+90)m钢-混结合梁斜拉桥,主梁分为121个节段,由双边箱截面钢主梁、横梁、小纵梁等组成,4号桥塔墩墩顶钢梁共3个节段,考虑枯水期施工边跨侧滩地外露,采用浮吊拼装+墩顶拖拉法施工。桥塔墩设置墩旁支架辅助钢梁架设,墩旁支架采用简易支架,设计为分离直立柱结构,避免了传统斜立柱支架体系结构复杂且受限于围堰尺寸的影响;墩旁支架设置钢梁拖拉系统及钢梁姿态调节装置,以实现钢梁的拼装、纵移和姿态调整。墩顶钢梁利用浮吊在中跨侧依次拼装单节段钢梁杆件后向边跨侧分次拖拉,墩顶钢梁全部就位后,采用竖向调节装置通过“顶落梁”工艺精调钢梁高程和横向调节装置对钢梁横向偏位进行纠偏,保证墩顶节段姿态满足设计要求。借助主梁永久结构简化塔区临时约束设计,抵抗风荷载、施工不平衡荷载和不平衡索力造成的钢梁平动和转动,确保主梁悬臂节段施工安全。

SMA限位对铁路自复位桥墩地震反应的影响

为研究形状记忆合金(SMA)对铁路自复位桥墩地震反应的影响,在已验证的两弹簧模型上增加SMA限位单元,以某铁路桥墩为工程背景,基于OpenSees平台建立数值分析模型,通过输入3条强震记录,采用非线性时程分析方法进行SMA限位的桥墩影响分析。讨论SMA限位装置关键参数初始间隙、初始预加力变化对墩顶位移和墩底弯矩的影响规律,并与预应力钢筋限位进行比较。研究结果表明:在普通地震动El-Centro与Taft波下,自复位桥墩的墩顶位移随限位装置初始间隙δ减小而减小,墩底弯矩随初始间隙δ减小而增大;随SMA限位装置初始预加力增大,自复位桥墩的墩顶位移减小,墩底弯矩增大。在近断层地震动Northridge下,SMA限位对自复位桥墩地震反应的影响复杂。在3条强震记录下,与预应力筋限位相比,SMA限位会减小墩底弯矩,增大墩顶水平位移。

接触爆炸下混凝土墩破坏效应试验与数值模拟

为研究混凝土墩在炸药接触爆炸作用下的破坏效应,分别采用K&C模型、HJC模型、RHT模型和Kong-Fang模型对混凝土墩体的破坏效果进行数值模拟,讨论破坏形态、裂缝数量、块体数量、芯部残高和侧面残高的变化并与试验对比。研究结果表明,4种模型都能有效地预测混凝土墩体的破坏形态:在顶部集团装药爆炸作用下,混凝土墩体上半部分和下半部分表现为不同的破坏形式,上半部分为破碎性破坏,形成大量1~10 cm为主的碎块;下半部分为破裂性破坏,开裂为有限数量的块体;其中Kong-Fang模型能够更加可靠地预测破裂区块体的数量和残高。残留块体破坏特征参数随装药量的变化的研究结果表明,随着装药量从1.0 kg增加到4.5 kg,块体的数量增加到25,块体底面尺寸由40 cm减小为15 cm,约为混凝土底边尺寸的1/5~1/25;装药量从1.0 kg增加到3.5 kg时芯部残高及侧面残高减小较快,在装药量增加到4.0 kg后,分别稳定在40 cm及28 cm左右处,不再明显变化。基于以上研究结果,拟合了块体数量、芯部残高及侧面残高随装药量的变化公式,为有效实施混凝土墩体爆破作业提供了参考。

Experimental investigation on seismic performance of rigid frame tied-arch bridge with split-piers

A novel seismic design method, namely split-pier seismic design, is proposed. A vertical gap and connect elements are set in split-piers. The lateral stiffness of piers is reduced by cracking of the connect elements under severe earthquake, and the seismic response of bridges is reduced by avoiding the site predominant periods. A model of tied-arch rigid frame bridge with split-piers was designed. Seismic performance was investigated by pseudo-static experimentation on the scale model, The failure process of split-piers, the hysteresis characteristic and the effect of split-piers on the superstructure are presented. Results show that the split-pier has better seismic performance than common ductile piers do.

Seismic performance of double- skin steel- concrete composite box piers: Part Ⅰ——Bidirectional quasi-static testing

To study the seismic performance of double-skin steelconcrete composite box（ DSCB） piers, a total of 11 DSCB pier specimens were tested under bidirectional cyclic loading. The effects of the loading pattern, the steel plate thickness, the axial load ratio, the slenderness ratio and the aspect ratio were taken into consideration. The damage evolution process and failure modes of the tested specimens are presented in detail. Test results are also discussed in terms of the hysteretic curve, skeleton curve, ductility and energy dissipation capacity of DSCB pier specimens. It can be concluded that the hysteretic performance of DSCB piers in one direction is affected and weakened by the cyclic loading in the other direction. DSCB piers under bidirectional cyclic loading exhibit good performance in terms of load carrying capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity. Overall, DSCB piers can meet the basic aseismic requirements. The research results can be taken as a reference for using DSCB piers as high piers in bridges in strong earthquakeprone areas.

公路与市政道路下穿高铁桥梁方案设计研究

公路、市政道路的大发展,与高速铁路相互交叉的节点工程急剧增加。如何在保证高铁安全的前提下,快速确定最优方案是前期设计阶段的一大难题。以多个下穿工程为依托,采用有限元软件进行三维数值模拟,分析影响高铁桥梁变位的多重因素,对多种设计方案进行比选分析。综合设计、监测、维修多重控制要求,建议采用监测报警值为限值进行方案设计;路线应尽量选择正交或大角度穿越高铁;路线贴近路面,优选浅挖U型槽方案;开挖较深时,需灵活选择结构形式;顶进工法较开挖现浇更具优势。

FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF SHEAR WALLS WITH SHORT PIERS

The equations of the lateral deflection curve of the short pier shear wall under a lateral concentrated load at any level are derived by employing a continuous approach. Lateral flexibility matrixes for the dynamic analysis are also obtained by repeatedly calculating the lateral unit load on the wall at each level where a lumped mass located. Dynamic analyses are implemented for short pier shear walls with different parameters, called the integrative coefficient and the pier strength coefficient related to the dimensions of walls. The influences of two coefficients on the dynamic performances of the structure are studied. Results indicate that with the increase of the integrative coefficient, the periods of top two modes apparently decrease but the other periods of higher frequency modes show little variation when the pier strength coefficient remains constant. Similarly, if the integrative coefficient is constant, the top two periods of the free vibration decrease with the increase of the integrative coefficient but the other periods of higher frequency modes show less variation.