Fiber effects in nutrition and gut health in pigs

Dietary fiber is associated with impaired nutrient utilization and reduced net energy values. However, fiber has to be included in the diet to maintain normal physiological functions in the digestive tract. Moreover, the negative impact of dietary fiber will be determined by the fiber properties and may differ considerably between fiber sources. Various techniques can be applied to enhance nutritional value and utilization of available feed resources. In addition, the extent of fiber utilization is affected by the age of the pig and the pig breed. The use of potential prebiotic effects of dietary fiber is an attractive way to stimulate gut health and thereby minimize the use of anti-microbial growth promoters. Inclusion of soluble non-starch polysaccharides （NSP） in the diet can stimulate the growth of commensal gut microbes, inclusion of NSP from chicory results in changes in gut micro-environment and gut morphology of pigs, while growth performance remains unaffected and digestibility was only marginally reduced. The fermentation products and pH in digesta responded to diet type and were correlated with shifts in the microbiota. Interestingly, fiber intake will have an impact on the expression of intestinal epithelial heat-shock proteins in the pig. Heat-shock proteins have an important physiological role in the gut and carry out crucial housekeeping functions in order to maintain the mucosal barrier integrity. Thus, there are increasing evidence showing that fiber can have prebiotic effects in pigs due to interactions with the gut micro-environment and the gut associated immune system.

Assessment of Pig Disease Prevention of Smallholder Farmers and Village Animal Health Workers in Rural and Peri-Urban Cambodia

Biosecurity measures are essential for protecting pig health, however, these practices are not always utilized by smallholder farmers in Cambodia. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices, in terms of pig biosecurity measures, of individual stakeholders involved in pig production in rural and peri-urban households in Cambodia. A survey tool was developed and administered using Kobotoolbox, an online electronic survey tool. Surveys were conducted in the provinces of Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, and Battambang during December 2017 to September 2018. There were 225 pig farmers, 43 village animal health workers (VAHWs), 3-district veterinarians (DVs), and 81 feed store owners enrolled in the study. Results showed that several biosecurity guidelines are not followed or well understood by farmers. Specific concerning practices included using natural boars, sharing pig equipment (e.g. scales), feeding kitchen waste, managing other livestock, handling manure, and not restricting access by visitors (VAHWs or DVs, boar owners, pig buyers, neighbors, and meat sellers). Thus, education of pig smallholder farmers and VAHWs on pig biosecurity is needed for improving pig health and production, economic value, and livelihood of smallholder farmers in Cambodia.

Healthier Food of Animal Origin and Prevention of Campylobacteriosis

Campylobacter species belong to the most important foodborne bacteria which cause gastroenteritis in humans in both developed and developing countries. Applied hygienic measures result only partially efficient, as demonstrated by the high number of reported cases in the human population. Alternative strategies to prevent the disease though a direct action at primary production level have been explored. Preliminary data showed that cattle and pigs fed with bamboo and olive by-products, respectively, were free from Campylobacter, suggesting potential sustainable prevention strategy. In addition, biochemical analysis showed high levels of unsaturated fatty acids in red meat and meat products, adequate for the application of health claims in line with EU food law.

我国实验用猪的健康管理与应用前景

猪在生理生化指标、解剖结构、系统功能、营养代谢以及疾病发生和发展等方面与人类机体相对应的系统和功能相类似。目前人医和动物医学领域各项研究中,越来越多研究者首选使用猪进行科学试验。本文将着重讨论我国当下实验用猪猪群的健康管理,包括实验用猪猪群生物安全体系建立、生产管理、疫病监测机制、药物保健等,以提升实验用猪在饲养繁育和管理过程中的微生物等级与健康管理水平,减少其在实验过程中对科学实验造成的干扰。

芽孢杆菌在母猪、仔猪生产中应用的研究进展

芽孢杆菌益生菌是常见的微生态制剂,其孢子对温度、压力、养分等均具有高度抵抗力,能够耐受多种饲料的加工工艺,已在畜禽生产中广泛使用。芽孢杆菌益生菌的作用机制包括:分泌抑菌物质或通过群体感应直接抑菌;调节肠道环境,使其利于共生菌和非致病菌在肠道内的定植;调节免疫,使其利于宿主适应性免疫系统的发育;产酶产酸,促进营养物质的消化吸收。在饲粮中添加芽孢杆菌可减少母猪哺乳期失重和背膘损失,降低母猪围产期代谢综合征的发生概率,同时增加仔猪初生重、断奶重和平均日增重。文章就近些年芽孢杆菌益生菌作用机制的研究进展及其对母猪和仔猪生产性能和健康的影响展开综述,为芽孢杆菌在畜禽生产实践中更好地使用提供参考。

母猪精准养殖智能感知技术研究进展

母猪的生长状况、繁殖性能与健康状况是猪场管理的重要生产要素,直接关系到猪场的经济效益。我国母猪养殖还存在生产管理智能化水平低、健康管理效率低、生产力水平低等突出问题,制约了我国养殖业的高质量发展。本文从母猪生长信息感知技术、繁殖行为监测技术、健康状态感知技术等3个方面,总结了母猪精准养殖管理中生长、生理、健康监测的研究和发展现状,分析了母猪精准养殖技术的薄弱环节,对母猪养殖智慧管控系统的建设提出了建议,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为我国养猪业绿色高效智能转型升级与智能养猪工厂的建设提供参考。

霉菌毒素对猪肠道健康的影响及其营养调控

霉菌毒素是真菌产生的次级代谢产物。食品和饲料储存保管不当,极易发生霉菌毒素污染。猪采食霉菌毒素污染的饲粮后,会出现呕吐、腹泻、免疫力降低、生长发育受阻等不良现象。肠道作为霉菌毒素的主要靶器官,深受其危害。本文概述了霉菌毒素对猪肠道营养物质消化吸收和肠道屏障功能的影响,并进一步综述了氨基酸、植物提取物等营养调控物质对霉菌毒素毒性的缓解作用,以期为霉菌毒素防控提供参考。

饲粮中添加复合油脂等量替代大豆油对保育猪生长性能和肠道健康的影响

本研究采用了2个能值体系(代谢能、净能)×2种油脂来源(大豆油、复合油脂)的析因试验,探讨了在保育猪饲粮中添加复合油脂等量替代大豆油的可行性。试验选用了192头初始体重为(8.40±1.04)kg的健康杜×长×大三元断奶仔猪,根据初始体重按照随机区组的原则分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复(栏),每个重复8头猪(公母各占1/2)。根据NRC(2012)推荐,分别采用净能和代谢能2套能值体系,配制7~11 kg和12~25 kg 2个阶段饲粮。对照组为玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验组用2%的复合油脂等量替代2%的大豆油,饲喂35 d。饲养结束后,从饲喂净能体系饲粮的2个组中分别选择6头体重接近重复平均体重的猪屠宰,采集空肠组织做形态学观测,收集空肠黏膜、结肠内容物和新鲜粪便,分别用于检测紧密连接蛋白表达、抗氧化指标、挥发性脂肪酸含量以及微生物组成。结果表明:饲粮中添加2%的复合油脂替代等量的大豆油对保育猪的生长性能和腹泻率没有显著影响(P>0.05);复合油脂代替大豆油有提高血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)(P=0.09)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量(P=0.06)的趋势,但对血清中炎症因子含量没有显著影响(P>0.05),血清中脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05),而且血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P=0.06)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P=0.06)也有升高的趋势。代谢能体系饲粮饲喂的猪的血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和GSH-Px活性以及T-AOC显著高于净能体系饲粮饲喂的猪(P<0.05)。净能体系下,复合油脂等量替代大豆油显著升高了猪肠道黏膜中GSH-Px活性(P<0.05),有升高T-AOC(P=0.09)和CAT活性(P=0.08)的趋势;复合油脂组紧密连接蛋白-1(Claudin-1)和闭锁小带蛋白-2(ZO-2)的蛋白表达显著提高(P<0.05),闭合蛋白(Occludin)的蛋白表达也有升高的趋势(P=0.09);复合油脂等量代替大豆油显著提高了猪结肠内容物中乙酸的含量(P<0.05),而且粪便微生物门水平的Beta多样性显著变化(P<0.05),表现为采食复合油脂显著提高了厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的相对丰度(P<0.05),显著降低了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)的相对丰度(P<0.05)。综上所述,保育猪饲粮中添加2%的复合油脂等量替代大豆油,不影响保育猪的生长性能和健康,而且有助于提高机体免疫力、抗氧化能力和维护肠道屏障功能。

DTS减臭设备对猪舍环境和生猪健康影响的应用效果评价

为了解DTS减臭设备对猪舍环境指标和生猪健康的影响,开展了对比试验研究,试验结果显示:与对照组相比,使用DTS减臭设备猪舍内氨气、硫化氢和臭气浓度均有所降低,其中臭气浓度下降了95%以上。同时,试验组育肥猪的日采食量、日增重、料肉比和母猪的窝产仔数、产活仔数、初生仔猪均重与对照组相比均无显著差异。结果表明,DTS减臭设备可用于降低猪舍内氨气、硫化氢和臭气浓度,改善生猪养殖环境,减少养殖臭气问题。

Potential relevance of pig gut content transplantation for production and research

It is becoming increasingly evident that the gastrointestinal microbiota has a significant impact on the overall health and production of the pig.This has led to intensified research on the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota,factors affecting it,and the impact of the microbiota on health,growth performance,and more recently,behavior of the host.Swine production research has been heavily focused on assessing the effects of feed additives and dietary modifications to alter or take advantage of select characteristics of gastrointestinal microbes to improve health and feed conversion efficiency.Research on faecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) as a possible tool to improve outcomes in pigs through manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome is very recent and limited data is available.Results on FMT in humans demonstrating the transfer of phenotypic traits from donors to recipients and the high efficacy of FMT to treat Clostridium difficile infections in humans,together with data from pigs relating GI-tract microbiota composition with growth performance has likely played an important role in the interest towards this strategy in pig production.However,several factors can influence the impact of FMT on the recipient,and these need to be identified and optimized before this tool can be applied to pig production.There are obvious inherent biosecurity and regulatory issues in this strategy,since the donor's microbiome can never be completely screened for all possible non-desirable microorganisms.However,considering the success observed in humans,it seems worth investigating this strategy for certain applications in pig production.Further,FMT research may lead to the identification of specific bacterial group(s) essential for a particular outcome,resulting in the development of banks of clones which can be used as targeted therapeutics,rather than the broader approach applied in FMT.This review examines the factors associated with the use of FMT,and its potential application to swine production,and includes research on using the pig as model for human medical purposes.

Mycotoxin binder improves growth rate in piglets associated with reduction of toll-like receptor-4 and increase of tight junction protein gene expression in gut mucosa

Background: Deoxynivalenol(DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species in the field, commonly found in cereal grains, which negatively affects performances and health of animals. Mycotoxin binders are supposed to reduce the toxicity of mycotoxins.Method: The effect of a mycotoxin binder(containing acid-activated bentonite, clinoptilolite, yeast cell walls and organic acids) on growth performance and gut health was studied. Hundred and twenty weaning piglets were allocated to 4 treatments, with 5 pens of 6 piglets each, arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design: control diet; control diet with 1 kg/t binder; control diet with DON; and control diet with DON and 1 kg/t binder. From d0–14,the diet of DON-challenged groups was artificially contaminated with a mixture of DON(2.6 mg/kg), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol(0.1 mg/kg) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol(0.3 mg/kg), after which the total contamination level was reduced to 1 mg/kg, until d37. On d14, one pig from each pen was euthanized and distal small intestinal mucosa samples were collected for the assessment of intestinal permeability, and gene expression of tight junction proteins, toll-like receptor 4, inflammatory cytokines and intestinal alkaline phosphatase.Results: After 37 d, there were no differences in growth performance between control and DON-challenged groups(P > 0.05). Nevertheless, groups that received diets with binder had a significantly higher average daily gain(ADG) and average daily feed intake(ADFI) for the first 14 d as well as for the whole period, compared to groups without binder(P ≤ 0.05). Groups with binder in the diet also exhibited lower expression of toll-like receptor 4 in distal small intestinal mucosa at d14, compared to groups without binder(P ≤ 0.05). Interestingly, comparing the two DON treatments, piglets fed DON and binder had significantly higher ADFI and ADG compared to those with only DON for the first 14-d(P ≤ 0.05). Addition of binder to DON contaminated diets, also down-regulated the gene expression of toll-like receptor 4(P ≤ 0.05) and increased m RNA level zona occludens 1(P ≤ 0.10) as compared to DON.Conclusions: The present data provide evidence that the binder improves growth rate in piglets associated with reduction of toll-like receptor-4 and increase of tight junction protein gene expression. However, the current study does not allow to assess whether the effects of the binder are mediated by alterations in the toxicokinetics of the mycotoxin.

Growth and Reproduction and Immune Traits of a New Intermediate Population of Enshi Black Pig

[Objectives] This study was conducted to illustrate the possible effects of heredity on the growth,reproduction and immune traits of Enshi Black pig.[Methods]The main growth,reproduction and immune traits of three populations( Goutou type,Shizitou type and an intermediate type between them) of Enshi Black pig were surveyed,and the correlations among these traits were analyzed.[Results]The health score of pregnant sows,average litter size and weight gain of piglets of intermediate type were all very significantly higher than those of Goutou and Shizitou types( P < 0.01).The percentage of lymphocytes of intermediate type was significantly higher than that of Goutou and Shizitou types( P < 0.05).The number of white blood cells( WBCs) and the number of neutrophils of intermediate type very were significantly higher than those of the other two types( P < 0.01).The percentages of CD3 + CD4 + double positive T cells( helper/inducer T lymphocytes) and CD3 + CD8 + double positive T cells( suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes) and the CD4 +/CD8 + ratio( the ratio of helper T cells/suppressor T cells) of intermediate type were all significantly higher than those of the other two types.Correlation analysis showed that there was a very significant positive correlation between health score and litter size( P < 0.01,R = 0.336),a significant negative correlation between the percentage of lymphocytes and the number of neutrophils( P < 0.05,R =-0.733),and a significant correlation between the percentage of CD3 + CD8 + T cells and the number of platelets( P < 0.05,R = 0.700).[Conclusions] The intermediate type Enshi Black pig inherits the excellent traits of both Goutou type and Shizitou types,and thus has better growth,reproduction and immune traits than the other two types.

智能养猪工厂的研究进展与展望

工厂化养猪是畜牧业现代化的重要组成部分,是中国养猪业发展的必然趋势。中国养猪业面临着能繁母猪生产力水平低、健康管理水平低、智能设备利用率低、养殖成本高等产业突出问题。本文从猪群福利化健康养殖工艺、猪舍空气净化技术、猪只生长与健康状态感知技术、以及猪只精准饲喂和养殖机器人等智能作业装备4个方面,分析了智能养猪工厂建设中工艺、技术、装备的研究和发展现状,并对今后智能养猪工厂建设的重点方向进行了展望,以期为中国智能养猪工厂的创制提供参考。

长期连续施用猪粪的旱地红壤肥力健康与花生产量研究

依托中国科学院鹰潭红壤生态实验站内一个连续施肥23 a的旱地红壤-花生作物体系长期定位试验点,重点研究长期施用猪粪对土壤酸度、有机质含量和主要养分等土壤肥力指标与健康的影响。采用由隶属度值制成的雷达图探讨旱地红壤肥力的制约因素,并采用土壤健康指数面积法定量评估土壤肥力健康指数水平,最后以连续施肥23 a后的花生产量验证土壤肥力健康指数的适用性。结果表明,连续23 a的施肥提升了花生地土壤肥力健康水平;与施用化肥相比,施用猪粪大幅降低了土壤可交换性酸度,同时提高了土壤pH值、有机质和氮磷养分含量,从而将整体土壤健康指数从0.70提高到1.20,施用猪粪处理组的花生植株总生物量与花生果粒产量分别是施用化肥组的2.84和2.28倍。因此,长期施用猪粪可有效改善旱地红壤酸度强、养分少等肥力限制条件,提高土壤肥力健康水平及作物产量。

酸化剂对猪、鸡肠道健康影响的研究进展

畜禽肠道健康与养殖业的生产力水平紧密相关,多发的肠道疾病制约养殖业发展。酸化剂可通过调节肠道健康,提高猪、鸡的生产力。酸化剂调节猪、鸡肠道健康的机制是降低胃肠道pH值,激活消化酶活性,促进营养物质的消化吸收。酸化剂还具有调控肠道菌群结构、抑制病原微生物增殖和定植的作用。文章综述酸化剂对猪、鸡肠道pH值、消化酶活性、组织形态、屏障功能的影响,以期为酸化剂在畜牧养殖生产中的应用提供参考。

饲料加工工艺对猪肠道健康的研究进展

肠道作为畜禽机体主要的消化器官和体内最大的免疫器官,在畜禽生长发育及整个生产过程都发挥重要作用。在当前禁抗的大背景下,畜禽肠道健康技术发展离不开饲料加工工艺技术的创新和突破。饲料在加工过程中会发生一系列物理、化学变化,从而影响饲料中各种营养成分的利用率、畜禽的生产性能及肠道健康。文章综述了饲料加工工艺对猪肠道健康的影响,以期为猪日粮生产中饲料加工工艺及参数的选择提供理论依据。

地衣芽孢杆菌的特性及其在生猪养殖中应用的研究进展

我国是全球猪肉消费量最大的国家之一,生猪养殖行业是关系到人民日常生活的重要行业。随着养殖产业的升级与发展,绿色生态养猪新模式的推进,通过营养调控改善生猪健康、提高生猪生产成绩、提升猪肉品质,成为生猪养殖业重点关注的话题。地衣芽孢杆菌作为革兰氏阳性兼性厌氧菌,具有耐高温、耐酸碱、耐胆盐、产酶、产抑菌活性物质等特点,不仅可以促进生猪生长、改善肠道健康、提高免疫,还可以有效降解毒素、控制猪舍环境,是最具潜力的抗生素替代品之一。本文旨在综述地衣芽孢杆菌的饲料原料预消化、调节肠道菌群、降解毒素、降低氨氮等特性,及其对生猪腹泻控制、肠道健康、机体免疫、生长性能、饲料毒素降解、猪舍环境控制的积极作用,以其为当前生猪养殖提供参考。

脂质对猪肠道健康影响的研究进展

肠道健康是猪生产中重要问题之一。脂质包含长、中、短链脂肪酸及磷脂、胆固醇等营养物质及植物精油等非营养物质,可被添加到饲粮中保护猪肠道健康,提高猪生产性能。文章综述了脂质对猪肠道形态、肠道内分泌功能、消化吸收能力、屏障功能、免疫功能、菌群、抗氧化能力的作用,以期为脂质在猪生产上的应用提供参考。

猪肠道微生物影响因素、作用机制及其对养殖效益影响的研究进展

肠道微生物在维持宿主健康和新陈代谢方面发挥重要作用,关于肠道微生物与宿主的相互作用以及肠道微生物对宿主积极影响的研究越来越多。目前,在大多数畜禽中已经证实肠道微生物与肠道健康、糖脂代谢、疾病之间的相关性,但猪肠道微生物和宿主代谢之间的相互作用仍不明朗。文章从猪生理阶段、肠道环境、饮食因素等方面阐述了肠道微生物的影响因素,概述了肠道微生物及其代谢产物,如短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸、维生素、吲哚类化合物对猪肠道健康的作用机制,探讨添加益生菌调控肠道微生物对养殖效益的影响,为生猪养殖提供参考。

酵母培养物在猪生产上的应用

禁抗大背景下,如何保证动物健康和提高动物的生产性能成为畜牧行业研究的热点。酵母培养物(YC)是一种营养活性物质。它具有调节肠道菌群平衡,提高动物免疫力、抗氧化能力,改善饲料适口性,促进营养物质的消化和提高动物的生长性能等优点。本文阐述了近年来国内外关于酵母培养物对猪生长性能、繁殖性能、肠道健康和免疫功能的影响,为后抗生素时代酵母培养物在猪生产上的广泛应用提供参考。