Technological Options to Ameliorate Waste Treatment of Intensive Pig Production in China:An Analysis Based on Bio-Economic Model

Ameliorating waste treatment by technological improvements affects the economic and the ecological-environment benefits of intensive pig production. The objective of the research was to develop and test a method to determine the technical optimization to ameliorate waste treatment methods and gain insight into the relationship between technological options and the economic and ecological effects. We developed an integrated bio-economic model which incorporates the farming production and waste disposal systems to simulate the impact of technological improvements in pig manure treatment on economic and environmental benefits for the case of a pilot farm in Beijing, China. Based on different waste treatment technology options, three scenarios are applied for the simulation analysis of the model. The simulation results reveal that the economic-environmental benefits of the livestock farm could be improved by reducing the cropland manure application and increasing the composting production with the current technologies. Nevertheless, the technical efficiency, the waste treatment capacity and the economic benefits could be further improved by the introduction of new technologies. It implies that technological and economic support policies should be implemented comprehensively on waste disposal and resource utilization to promote sustainable development in intensive livestock production in China.

Regional Carbon Emission Performance of Pig Production in China according to Malmquist-DEA Approach

As pig production is a main contributor of greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions from livestock sector,the carbon emissions of pig production are attracting increasing attention,especially in the developing countries. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2001 to 2012,this paper measures the provincial carbon emission performance(CEP) of pig production and we use a Malmquist DEA approach to analyze the decomposition which includes desirable and undesirable output. Furthermore,the regional disparity in carbon emission performance of pig production is also analyzed and finally the convergence is tested. The main results are as follows:(i) there are provincial differences in carbon emission performance changing of pig production in China,and the carbon emission performance of pig production in 30 provinces has a downward trend during this period;(ii) among China’s three major economic regions,in terms of carbon emission performance of pig production,they are ranked in descending order as follows: Western China,Central China and Eastern China;(iii) convergence testing shows that there is a convergence trend for carbon emission performance both nationally and for the three regions.

The role of dietary fibre in pig production,with a particular emphasis on reproduction

Fibres from a variety of sources are a common constituent of pig feeds. They provide a means to utilise locallyproduced plant materials which are often a by-product of the food or drink industry. The value of a high fibre diet in terms of producing satiety has long been recognised. However the addition of fibre can reduce feed intake, which is clearly detrimental during stages of the production cycle when nutrient needs are high, for example in growing piglets and during lactation. More recently, fibre has been found to promote novel benefits to pig production systems,particularly given the reduction in antimicrobial use world-wide, concern for the welfare of animals fed a restricted diet and the need to ensure that such systems are more environmentally friendly. For example, inclusion of dietary fibre can alter the gut microbiota in ways that could reduce the need for antibiotics, while controlled addition of certain fibre types may reduce nitrogen losses into the environment and so reduce the environmental cost of pig production.Of particular potential value is the opportunity to use crude fibre concentrates as 'functional' feed additives to improve young pig growth and welfare. Perhaps the greatest opportunity for the use of high fibre diets is to improve the reproductive efficiency of pigs. Increased dietary fibre before mating improves oocyte maturation, prenatal survival and litter size; providing a consumer-acceptable means of increasing the amount of saleable meat produced per sow. The mechanisms responsible for these beneficial effects remain to be elucidated. However, changes in plasma and follicular fluid concentrations of key hormones and metabolites, as well as effects of the hypothalamic satiety centre on gonadotrophin secretion and epigenetic effects are strong candidates.

An Analysis of Pig Production Efficiency and Regional Differences in China Based on Malmquist-DEA Model and Inter-provincial Panel Data

Pig production efficiency and its regional differences in China have strategic importance to the transformation of pig production mode and optimization of pig production layout in China. In this paper,Malmquist-DEA model is adopted to analyze the statistical data; TFP and its decomposition indicators of different pig breeding scale among the top ten pig producing provinces are calculated; both horizontal and longitudinal comparisons are made. Results show that among different pig breeding scales,free-range breeding scale is dominant in Hunan,small breeding scale is dominant in Sichuan,medium breeding scale is dominant in Sichuan and Hunan,and large breeding scale is dominant in Sichuan,Shandong and Jiangsu; among the provinces,pig production efficiency varies with breeding scale,and small-scale pig breeding in Sichuan,Guangdong and Hebei,free-range and medium-scale pig breeding in Hunan,medium-scale pig breeding in Henan and Yunnan,largescale pig breeding in the rest of the provinces,have significant efficiency advantage.

Association of polymorphisms of Nramp1 gene with immune function and production performance of large white pig

The present research was designed to study the association of polymorphism of natural resistance-associated macrophage proteinl （Nrampl） with some immune function and the production performance in Large White pig. The PCR-RFLP technique was applied to analyze the correlation between the polymorphisms of Nrampl gene and immune function [value of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes （PMN） obtained by Nitroblue Tetrazolium （NBT） Reduction and effect of Cytotoxin in Monocyte] and production performance in 165 Large White pigs. The results showed that there was one Nde I restriction locus in Large White pig, and both values of PMN by NBT Reduction and effect of Cytotoxin in Monocyte in genotype BB were higher than those in genotype AB （P〈0.05）. Simultaneously, the weight of 180-day-old pigs with genotype BB was higher than that with genotype AB （P〈0.05）. The results indicated that there was a significant correlation between different genotypes of Nrampl gene and Immune function and production performance, and it can be regarded as a candidate gene of disease resistance. All these results provide valuable reference to further studies of pig disease resistance.

Effects of Low Protein Diets Supplemented with Ami-no Acids on Production Performance,Carcass Qual-ity and Input-output Ratio of Pigs

[ Objectives ] To study the effects of low-protein diets supplemented with amino acids on the production performance, carcass quality and input-output ratio of fattening pigs and growing-finishing pigs. [ Methods] Two studies were conducted on fattening pigs and growing pigs respectively. Pigs in two experimental groupswere fed with low-protein diets supplemented with amino acids and normal diets respectively, and the initial weight, final weight, feed consumption and car- cass index of the tested pigs were measured. [ Results] The average final weight of fattening pigs in test group was 2.4 kg lower than that in control group, while the difference was not significant （P 〉 0.05 ）. The average daily gain of fattening pigs in test group was 60 g lower than that in control group, indicating that low protein diets had a tendency to decrease the growth rate （P 〉 0.05 ）, and reduction of daily weight gain in low protein diet pigs reached 7.6%. The development of pigs in low protein diet group was poor, however, the difference was not significant. Carcass backfat thickness in low-protein diet group was slightly higher than that in control group, the difference was significant （ P 〈 0.05 ）. There was no significant difference in input-output ratio between low-protein diet group and control group. Finalweight of growing-finishing pigs in low-protein diet group was 3.22 % lower than that in control group, the average daily weight gainwas 6.91% lower than that in control group, feed intake in test group was 5.48% lower than that in control group, and difference between the two treatments was significant （P 〈 0.05 ）. Feed meat ratio in low-protein diet group improved, however, the difference was not significant（P 〉0.05）. [ Conclusions] Production performance of the pigs would be decreasedand the input-output ratio could not be improvedwhen the adding contents of crude protein in diets was reduced 3% -4%. Therefore, it is recommended that the crude protein level should be enough when pigs were fed with low-protein diets.

Determinants of cooperative pig farmers' safe production behaviour in China——Evidences from perspective of cooperatives' services

Farmers＇ production behaviour is a key to ensuring the safety and quality of their final products, and cooperatives play an important role in shaping that behaviour. This paper aims to explore the determinants of pig farmers＇ safe production behaviour, giving special focus from the perspective of cooperatives＇ services. This study adopted cross sectional survey data from 27 pig cooperatives and their 540 farmers in China to test the influence of cooperatives＇ services on farmers＇ safe production behaviour. The hypotheses were tested using a logit regression model. The findings indicated that although the number of services is not a key determinant of farmers＇ safe production behaviour, service quality matters. When a cooperative is strongly capable of involving more farmers in certain services, and provides certain services in more frequency, member farmers behave more safely. The results also show that veterinarian and pig-selling services play an important role in ensuring farmers＇ safe production behaviour. For this study, the quality of cooperatives＇ services is implied to have a positive impact on farmers＇ safe production behaviour. Leaders/managers of cooperatives must try to improve the quality of their services instead of merely attempting to provide a large number of services. For government officials and policy makers, designing policies that encourage cooperatives to improve their service quality is important. This research contributes to the scant literature on how cooperative services could help farmers engage in safer production behaviour, which would improve the safety of pork products in the future.

Effects of Different Antibiotics Substitutes on Production Performance of Fattening Pigs

[ Objective ] The aim was to discuss effects of different antibiotics substitutes on production performance of fattening pigs, and to lay a foundation for development and application of antibiotics-free pig feed. [ Method ] By adding 100 mg/kg compound probiotics, 100 mg/kg compound enzyme preparation, 500 and 1 000 mg/kg eu-commin in the basal diet, binary hybrid pigs weighing about 15 kg were reared for 102 d, and the feed added with 300 mg/kg colistin sul- fate was used as control. [ Result] Using compound prebiotics and compound enzyme preparation to substitute antibiotics had no adverse effects on daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed gain ratio of 15 -90 kg fattening pigs; using eu-commin to substitute antibiotics had no adverse effect on daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed gain ratio of 15 - 30 kg fattening pigs, but had significant influence on daily weight gain of 30 - 90 kg fattening pigs （ P 〈 0.05 ）. [ Conclusion] It is feasible to develop antibiotics-free pig feed by using new type of green environmental-friendly additive instead of antibiotics.

低蛋白质低豆粕多元化饲粮是养猪节粮增效的关键技术

通过补充适宜种类和数量的工业合成晶体氨基酸,低蛋白质饲粮可以精准满足猪快速生长所需的氨基酸营养需求,避免蛋白质饲料浪费及减少粪、尿氮排放。低蛋白质低豆粕多元化饲粮是以低蛋白质饲粮生产技术为基础,依据各种能量饲料和蛋白质饲料的可利用养分等,配制的原料种类多、养分互补性强、营养平衡度高的低豆粕饲粮。低蛋白质低豆粕多元化饲粮可有效增强猪对饲粮中营养物质的消化、吸收和沉积,降低饲粮中豆粕、玉米等原料的用量,对节粮增效及提高养猪效率具有重要意义。本文从研究与应用进展、对生猪养殖效率的影响、合成氨基酸与天然氨基酸效率对比、氨基酸数量需求情况及产能等方面分析,综述了猪低蛋白质低豆粕多元化饲粮技术、应用效果及前景,以期为相关研究及应用工作提供一定的参考和帮助。

Contribution of additives Cu to its accumulation in pig feces: study in Beijing and Fuxin of China

Massive amounts of pig manure are produced by intensive pig farm in China, and the composition of pig manure has changed much due to the use of feed additives. However, little is known about the exact Cu （copper） feed as additives or present as contaminants in pig feed and the residues in feces. One hundred and thirty-seven feeds and one hundred and forty-two fecal samples from 48 pig farms were collected in Beijing and Fuxin cities in 1999 and 2005, respectively. The concentrations of Cu were in the range of 6.86-395.19 mg/kg in the feed samples, and the mean values were in the order of weaner〉 grower-finisher〉 sow＇s feeds. The high concentrations over EU recommendations implied that excessive levels of Cu are fed on many pig farms in Beijing and Fuxin. Cu was also present in high concentrations in feces, and concentrations were highly variable. Cu concentrations in the feces from grower-finisher and weaner pigs were significantly greater than feces of sows. The super-intensive and small-scale farms had higher levels of Cu in feces than the middle farms. Cu concentrations in pig feces were approximately 5-times greater than in pig feeds. Feed management in grower-finisher pigs on super-intensive and small-scale pig farms is needed to reduce high Cu concentrations in feces and risks to soil contamination while feces are land-applied.

地方应用型本科高校动物科学专业行业企业课程建设

地方应用型本科高校人才培养的基本路径包括与企业开展产教融合及校企合作等,以实现应用型人才培养的目标。猪生产学行业企业课程是新时期应用型本科高校发展特色畜牧学专业的重要课程之一,本文分析该课程建设的必要性与合理性,并阐明该课程建设目标,从“双师型”教师团队建设、课程思政资源库及课程体系建立3个方面阐述该课程“双师协同”教学模式的建设及其内容,以提升专业技术型、学术研究型和自主创业发展型动物科学专业人才培养水平。

多酚调控动物肠道健康的作用机制及植物多酚在猪生产中的应用研究进展

多酚作为植物次级代谢产物,具有较好的抗氧化及抗菌等特性。研究表明,多酚可通过增强肠道屏障功能、与肠道微生物互作、调控抗氧化性能以实现对机体的保护作用,作为绿色饲料添加剂在养猪生产中具有广阔的应用前景。本文从多酚的定义及分类、调控动物肠道健康的作用机制及植物多酚在猪生产中的应用等方面进行综述,为其今后在猪生产绿色健康养殖中的应用提供参考。

数字技术驱动生猪养殖户绿色生产的效应与机制

【目的】探索数字技术对养殖户绿色生产的效应与机制。【方法】采用河南省734个生猪养殖户调查数据,实证检验数字技术对养殖户绿色生产的影响效应与作用机制。【结果】数字技术对生猪养殖户绿色生产具有显著的促进作用。数字技术通过提高治污效率降低治污成本和提升防病能力降低兽药成本来提升养殖户绿色生产水平。中小规模养殖户的提升效应大于散户,与农业企业合作的养殖户的提升效应大于未合作的,受到培训较多的养殖户的提升效应大于培训少的。【结论】建议细化支持政策,加快推进数字技术在生猪养殖户中的推广应用,加强数字技术及装备的实用性创新,加大数字技术培训和组织化帮扶,提升生猪养殖户绿色生产水平。

《猪生产》在线开放课程的建设与实践

《猪生产》课程是高职院校畜牧兽医专业开设的一门重要的专业课程。通过该课程的学习,使学生具备养猪基本的知识和技能,具备独立开展岗位工作、解决猪场实际问题、创新创业和继续学习的能力。为了解决在线教学课程中存在的问题,因此,我们团队建立《猪生产》在线开放课程。本文主要从《猪生产》在线开放课程的建设背景、课程概况、教学设计、发展历程及其特色创新等方面进行分析和总结,以期为其他课程建设和应用提供参考。

玉米干酒糟的营养特性及其在猪生产中的应用研究进展

玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(Distiller’s dried grains with solubles,DDGS)是工业乙醇生产过程中的主要副产物,其粗脂肪、粗蛋白等营养成分含量较高,合理利用DDGS能够有效缓解我国养猪业快速发展带来的饲料资源短缺的现状。文章就近年来国内外关于DDGS在猪生产中的应用研究进行整理总结,以期为DDGS在畜禽养殖中的高效利用提供参考。

基因组编辑技术加速猪育种进程

依赖于核酸酶的基因组编辑技术能够在基因组水平对DNA序列进行改造,包括特定DNA片段的插入、敲除、替换以及点突变等遗传修饰。2012年发展起来的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,具有效率高、通量高、安全性高、操作方便、简单易实现等特点,得到了广泛的关注和应用。基于CRISPR/Cas9系统开发的碱基编辑系统(Base Editor,BE)和引导编辑系统(Prime Editor,PE)可以在不需要DNA模板的情况下对基因进行精准的碱基突变。目前,CRISPR/Cas9及其衍生的基因组编辑技术在猪生产性状的改良和抗病育种新材料的创制方面已经取得了良好进展,并展示出了巨大的发展潜力和应用前景。本文重点介绍了CRISPR/Cas9、碱基编辑、引导编辑技术及其在猪育种中的研究进展,并展望了猪基因组编辑育种面临的机遇与挑战。

朝阳市生猪生产形势分析及应对策略

我国是猪肉生产大国,也是消费大国。生猪产业是我国畜牧业的重要支柱产业,与百姓生活密切相关。但当前我国生猪产业正处于低谷修复阶段,面对产能过剩、生猪市场行情低迷的现状,如何有效破解养猪业短板获取收益成为研究热点。文章以辽宁省朝阳市生猪生产现状为例,主要阐述了近年来辽宁省朝阳市生猪生产形势,并进行了原因剖析,针对目前生猪养殖现状,提出切实可行的建议,为生猪生产持续健康发展提供相关参考。

Analysis of Pig Price Fluctuation in Recent Decade Based on the Changes in Breeding Scale

In recent decade, the fluctuation of pig price has become more and more acute with obvious periodicity. Currently, the pig breeding mode dominated by individual households leads to acute fluctuation of pig price to some extent. The scale expansion of recent decade intensified the fluc- tuation of pig price in the short term but will stabilize the price in the long term. Therefore. it is necessary to expand breeding scale for maintaining long-term price stability and the optimal scale should be chosen according to the circumstances to ensure the social benefit maximization.

虚拟仿真技术在《猪生产与管理》实践教学中的应用与探讨

近年来,消费者对于肉类食品的需求随着生活水平的提高而不断增加,全国生猪存栏量和出栏量都有所提高,畜牧兽医专业人才缺口越来越大。《猪生产与管理》作为畜牧兽医专业必修的核心课程,理论性与实践性都比较强,可以为养猪业提供重要的技术支撑。自非洲猪瘟在国内出现已有四年多时间,进入后非瘟时代,养猪企业依然面临很大的防疫压力,《猪生产与管理》课程相关实训内容需要的养猪实验场地无法在校内建设,课程教学急需改革,而虚拟仿真技术为教学带来新的思路和方法。