Improving Supply Chain Strategies towards Mitigating the Effect of Crude Oil Theft and Pipeline Vandalism in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry: A Case Study of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)

Generically, SCM may be said to include all activities carried out to ensure proper functioning of the supply chain. The activities included in proper management of a supply chain broadly include logistics activities, planning and control of the flow of information and materials in a firm, management of relationships with other organizations and government intervention, However, crude oil theft and pipeline vandalism are established products supply chain disruptors in Nigeria which are rendering the task of running an efficient petroleum supply chain onerous. This paper aims to establish the importance of effective supply chain strategies for companies in the oil and gas industry with special focus on the Nigerian oil and gas sector and the strategies by which the state oil and gas corporation in this sector may mitigate disruptions to its supply chain. This study investigates the enhancement of supply chain strategies towards meeting the challenge of crude oil theft and pipeline vandalism, using the Nigerian National Corporation (NNPC) as a case study. Based on this study, data were collected from two sources: A summary of incident reports obtained from NNPC and an interview with personnel in the PPMC Department. Incident report refers to a report produced when accidents such as equipment failure, injury, loss of life, or fire occur at the work site. Content analysis is utilized to evaluate data obtained from interview responses, CBN financial stability reports, NDIC annual reports, circulars, banking supervision reports and implementation guidelines. The study found out that NNPC should endeavor to sustain its value chain and ward of pipeline vandals and crude oil thieves by engaging in community partnership, detailing security outfits to ensure its pipelines’ right of way and bridging. Concluded that the oil supply chain of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation has been plagued by disruptions in the form of crude oil theft and pipeline vandalism which has had debilitating effects on its value.

Supply-based optimal scheduling of oil product pipelines

Oil product pipelines have features such as transporting multiple materials, ever-changing operating conditions, and synchronism between the oil input plan and the oil offloading plan. In this paper, an optimal model was established for a single-source multi-distribution oil pro- duct pipeline, and scheduling plans were made based on supply. In the model, time node constraints, oil offloading plan constraints, and migration of batch constraints were taken into consideration. The minimum deviation between the demanded oil volumes and the actual offloading volumes was chosen as the objective function, and a linear programming model was established on the basis of known time nodes＇ sequence. The ant colony optimization algo- rithm and simplex method were used to solve the model. The model was applied to a real pipeline and it performed well.

An MILP approach for detailed scheduling of oil depots along a multi-product pipeline

Oil depots along products pipelines are important components of the pipeline transportation system and down-stream markets.The operating costs of oil depots account for a large proportion of the total system’s operating costs.Meanwhile,oil depots and pipelines form an entire system,and each operation in a single oil depot may have influence on others.It is a tough job to make a scheduling plan when considering the factors of delivering contaminated oil and batches migration.So far,studies simultaneously considering operating constraints and contaminated oil issues are rare.Aiming at making a scheduling plan with the lowest operating costs,the paper establishes a mixed-integer linear programming model,considering a sequence of operations,such as delivery, export, blending,fractionating and exchanging operations,and batch property differences of the same oil as well as influence of batch migration on contaminated volume.Moreover,the paper verifies the linear relationship between oil concentration and blending capability by mathematical deduction.Finally,the model is successfully applied to one of the product pipelines in China and proved to be practical.

Experimental investigation of hydrate formation in water-dominated pipeline and its influential factors

Blockage in water-dominated flow pipelines due to hydrate reformation has been suggested as a potential safety issue during the hydrate production.In this work,flow velocity-dependent hydrate formation features are investigated in a fluid circulation system with a total length of 39 m.A 9-m section pipe is transparent consisted of two complete rectangular loops.By means of pressurization with gas-saturated water,the system can gradually reach the equilibrium conditions.The result shows that the hydrates are delayed to appear as floccules or thin films covering the methane bubbles.When the circulation velocity is below 750 rpm,hydrate is finally deposited as a“hydrate bed”at upmost of inner wall,narrowing the flow channel of the pipeline.Nevertheless,no plugging is observed during all the experimental runs.The five stages of hydrate deposition are proposed based on the experimental results.It is also revealed that a higher driving pressure is needed at a lower flow rate.The driving force of hydrate formation from gas and water obtained by melting hydrate is higher than that from fresh water with no previous hydrate history.The authors hope that this work will be beneficial for the flow assurance of the following oceanic field hydrate recovery trials.

原油管道内检测作业安全分析与清管技术

在原油管道清管过程中,存在第三方破坏管材卷入、管道斜接、阀门未全开、管道凹陷变形、管道清洁度差、三通无档条等6种作业风险因素。某原油管道清管过程中,泡沫、机械器和磁力钢刷清管器在清管过程中以各自的清管标准和判断原则,经清管作业后管道的输送压力和排量显著提高。研究结果表明:泡沫测径清管器测径板变形量大于25%OD (管道外径)和机械测径清管测径板变形量大于20%OD时,应进行多次泡沫测径清管或机械测径清管,对比测径板变形和皮碗的损伤情况,分析造成测径板变形和皮碗损伤的原因,排除清管过程中的风险。磁力钢刷清管器清管杂质小于10 kg或多次清管杂质量相当时,可进行下一步检测作业。原油管道经多次清管后,管道的输送效能可提高20%左右。原油管道定期实施清管作业可以提高管道输送效能,及时发现超限变形,消除管道隐患,为内检测作业提供理论基础。

成品油管道运输混油界面多传感器融合检测

成品油管道输油是石油行业的重要环节,涉及多种油品的顺序输送。在长距离管道输油过程中,混油界面的检测可以帮助管道运行管理人员及时、准确地判断不同油品的切换时间,避免油品输出错误导致的交叉油品污染,保证油品的品质和安全,提高管道输油过程的经济效益和输送效率。本文提出通过电磁能量吸收、电容介电常数、谐振频率等多个油品特征信号的检测,将多个检测参数信息融合综合分析混油界面,实现管道输油过程中实时混油界面检测。

输汽管道复合式保温及热力参数分布规律

采用技术先进、经济适用的材料和保温结构并开展热力参数对输汽管道蒸汽品质的影响规律研究,是实现稠油高效开采的重要环节。本文针对复合保温中的硬质结构联立求解动量方程和能量方程、建立了输汽管道热力参数计算模型,求解沿程蒸汽干度、温度、焓值等热力参数。结果表明:复合保温结构相对于原保温,管道千米干度提高3.3%、焓值提高50 kJ/kg;提高输汽管道输汽量可以减少沿程焓降、提高末端蒸汽干度,输汽量16 t/h时干度降为3%、焓降38 kJ/kg,相对于8 t/h时输汽量干度提高2.5%、焓值提高39 kJ/kg。输汽管道蒸汽入口焓值随着锅炉压力的提高而降低,降低锅炉出口输汽管道压力可以提高蒸汽焓值、提高末端蒸汽干度,7 MPa时干度降为2%、14 MPa时干度降为4%。

西南某成品油管道增输改造工艺优化设计

随着西南某区域社会经济的快速发展,成品油市场需求量不断扩大,现有成品油管道不能满足输送量的要求。结合已建成品油管道现状及下游市场增输要求,开展水力分析,得出增输水力计算结果,对各个站场输油泵进行校核,对已建管道进行研究分析、优化设计,针对性的提出加注减阻剂和更换输油泵改造方案,在管道安全运行的同时实现管道的增输上量。

成品油输送管道泄漏位置定位及改进方法研究

针对成品油输送管道泄漏位置定位问题,首先对负压波监测技术进行分析,在此基础上,引入流量法和激光监测法,对成品油输送管道泄漏位置定位改进方法进行研究,为及时发现成品油输送管道泄漏问题并对位置进行定位奠定基础。

成品油管道顺序输送航煤及混油界面检测技术的研究进展

航空煤油运输对民航发展至关重要。管道运输因高效和环保被视为未来趋势,但专用航煤管道建设成本高昂、经济效益低。利用现有成品油管道运输航煤成为研究重点,有助于资源优化和技术发展,支撑民航业增长。综述成品油管道输送顺序与混油检测工艺,并分析成品油管道运输工艺发展趋势。

空穴射流清垢技术在德苏输油管线的应用

因油田产量递减,德苏输油管道采用含水油外输,为减缓苏一联污水站运行压力,采用高温低输量的运行模式,导致管道结垢严重,管道有效通径缩减,严重影响管道安全平稳运行。本次利用空穴射流清垢技术成功实现德苏输油管道全线清管通球,有效清除了管线内结垢,降低了德二联外输压力。清垢过程具有安全、速度快、无环境污染等优点,对海拉尔油田输油管道运行管理具有十分重要意义。

一组成品油管道输油泵机组监造实践

在长输成品油行业,输油泵机组是核心设备,因此,保证输油泵机组生产制造过程的安全性和可靠性极为重要。本文通过输油泵机组监造实例,结合输油泵机组的产品特点,以监造计划、监造范围、监造目的和监造流程等主要内容为切入点,简述一组输油泵机组关键点监造实践过程,总结项目监造过程中发现的问题,并着重列举了其中的3个问题进行分析,对同类产品监造质量提升具有一定的实际借鉴意义。

热油管道温度场模拟研究

在热油管道输送过程中,常遇到管道停输、环境温度降低等使得管道内油品冷却的工况,当油品温度低于临界值后,其物性将发生变化,从牛顿流体转变为非牛顿流体,流动性骤然下降,甚至引发油品在管道内凝结的凝管事故。凝管事故严重时会导致整条热油管道无法使用,不仅影响了输油系统的正常运行,还可能引发火灾、爆炸等安全事故,对环境和人员安全构成威胁。热油管道水热力数值模拟是查明原油管道运行规律、安全运行边界及进行可靠性评价的重要手段,而管道径向温度场的计算模型构建是数值模拟的关键。通过构建热油管道流动和停输状态下径向温度场的精细数值仿真模型,实现热油管道内部和外部径向温度场的统一求解。与国内某热油管道现场停输数据对比,该仿真模型的误差范围小于±0.5℃;经与商业软件FLUENT对比,验证了仿真模型的准确性。

中国成品油管道顺序输送混油研究现状与展望

混油是成品油管道顺序输送无法回避的问题。针对管道顺序输送过程中混油成因、混油发展控制方法、混油检测方法、混油计算模型以及油品质量管理等方向开展综述,归纳陈述各方向的发展现状与既有成果,并在此基础上分析未来发展趋势。分析认为:需建立特殊场景混油的数学表征,进一步研发与SCADA系统实时交互的混油仿真软件,发展机制-数据融合混油模型、“软硬”协同混油检测设备,研发有效减少沿程混油的新型隔离材料,开展“管道-储罐”一体化智能化管理油品质量,关注甲醇、液氨与成品油的顺序输送工艺及其中的液体混合与处理问题。

水下增压泵在陆丰22-1油田的应用研究

为了高效开发边际油气田和深水油气田,水下增压已成为全球海上油气田开发的重要技术手段之一。陆丰22-1油田属于二次开发,具有含水率高、井口压力低等特点,为充分利用油田的剩余开采储量和提高油田的商业价值,采用全水下生产系统开发模式,利用水下增压泵将井口流体增压后输送至平台进行处理。应用多相流动态模拟OLGA软件建立了陆丰22-1油田从水下井口至平台的流体输送模型。首先针对单海管工况和双海管运行工况进行了模拟分析,结果表明陆丰22-1油田双海管运行时水下增压泵均在最佳运行区域内,且流体温度高于原油凝点;而单海管运行输量<300 m^(3)/h时,水下增压泵工作点处于最佳运行区域外;然后通过调节水下增压泵转速对双海管在线清管进行了动态模拟,结果表明在平台用200 m^(3)/h的生产水推动清管球对第一条海管清管时,需将水下井口的流量限产至420 m^(3)/h,待清管球通过第一条海管后在平台停止注入生产水,同时水下井口恢复至正常产量,双海管在线清管总时间约11.4 h。研究结果对深水油气田应用水下增压泵解决流动安全问题具有指导意义。

基于CEL的管道清管器90°弯头通过性能分析

在油气管道内检测作业中,清管器通过90°弯头时常面临卡堵风险,进而对检测和清管作业效率造成严重影响。为研究清管器在过弯时的通过性能,选取皮碗外径168 mm的清管器和弯曲半径为3D的90°弯头为研究对象,分别建立了三维准静态和基于欧拉-拉格朗日(CEL)方法的三维流固耦合2种仿真模型,并对仿真结果进行了对比研究。在此基础上,提出了以动力学响应特性和变形状态为依据的清管器弯管通过性评价方法,并分析了皮碗过盈量、夹持率和结构形式对其影响。研究结果表明,为保证清管器良好的过弯性能,过盈量范围应在2%~4%之间,夹持率应在60%左右,皮碗几何非连续特征面设定原则应使皮碗与过盈管道接触位置集中于皮碗唇部。研究结论对于管道清管器防卡堵机械结构设计及内检测施工安全保障具有一定的科学价值和工程指导意义。

融合机制与高斯混合回归算法的成品油管道顺序输送混油长度预测模型

成品油管道顺序输送过程中会出现混油现象,精确预测混油长度对油品批次切割具有重要意义,混油长度机制模型存在精度不高,数值计算量庞杂等问题。当前基于机器学习算法构建的全局预测模型未考虑实际工况多模态特性,预测精度受限;直接引入高斯混合回归算法辨识数据模态难以准确表征变量间复杂非线性关系。采用现有机制计算公式与高斯混合回归算法构建融合机制认知的局部建模算法,基于真实成品油管道顺序输送混油长度数据集进行不同模型预测结果对比试验。结果表明,融合机制认知与局部建模算法能有效表征变量间函数关系,新模型预测精度有明显优势。

成品油管道智能化批次调度研究现状及思考

智能化批次调度是智能油气管道建设的一项重要内容,其主要任务是在管道安全运行基础上,基于历史运行数据,采用实时算法制定出满足现场需求的调度计划。为此,以梳理成品油管道批次调度方法的发展历程为出发点,从信息和决策两个方面分析成品油管道批次调度的技术支持,归纳出智能化批次调度内容,包括趋势预测、主动调度和实时算法;以趋势预测和主动调度为重点,并结合实时算法,对成品油管道智能化批次调度的研究现状进行论述,依次介绍油品托运量预测方法、管道动态调度方法、分解算法及自学习求解算法;最后,对成品油管道智能化批次调度发展进行总结并作出展望,以期能够为其发展提供参考。

高寒地区输油管道生产运行参数模型建立与分析

针对高寒地区某输油管道生产运行能耗费用较高的问题,对输油管道生产运行参数进行优化,结合该条管道实际运行情况,建立以能耗总费用最低为目标的生产运行参数优化数学模型。该模型属于非线性多变量优化问题,使用序列二次规划法对模型进行求解。分别以冬季2月和夏季8月两种典型工况为实例进行优化,结果显示,冬季和夏季运行总费用分别降低16.59%和12.98%,节能效果显著。结合优化模型,给出了该输油管道15000 t/d、18000 t/d、21000 t/d三种输量全年的运行方案,对管道日常生产管理有一定的指导意义。

基于油气田勘探的电解水制氢及天然气掺氢研究

随着各国石油、天然气需求量的增加,其开发力度也不断提高,在油田、气田开展数量和产量提升为中国带来巨大的经济效益的同时,油气田开采所伴随的污水对于周边环境以及人类的生活造成了巨大的影响。通过在油气田开采区域附近建立分布式和集中式并存的新能源项目,可以解决油气田开采用电和用能情况,同时可以将剩余电力用于电解水制氢,一方面氢能可以用于氢燃料电池,解决采油、采气区域用能需求,另一方面可以用于天然气管道掺氢输送,解决氢能终端使用难题。通过在规模庞大的油气田勘探、运输业务上建立新能源发电和电解水制氢,可以有效推动“3060”碳达峰碳中和目标的实现,加快推动新能源发展和氢能发展,全面提升能源开发利用综合效率,努力构建清洁、高效、安全、经济、可持续的现代能源体系建设。