Seismic response of tall building considering soil-pile-structure interaction

The seismic behavior of tall buildings can he greatly affected by non-linear soil-pile interaction during strong earthquakes.In this study a 20-storey building is examined as a typical structure supported on a pile foundation for different conditions:(1) rigid base,i.e.no deformation in the foundation:(2) linear soil-pile system;and (3) nonlinear soil-pile system. The effects of pile foundation displacements on the behavior of tall building are investigated,and compared with the behavior of buildings supported on shallow foundation.With a model of non-reflective boundary between the near field and far field, Novak's method of soil-pile interaction is improved.The computation method for vibration of pile foundations and DYNAN computer program are introduced comprehensively.A series of dynamic experiments have been done on full-scale piles, including single pile and group,linear vibration and nonlinear vibration,to verify the validity of boundary zone model.

Shake table test of soil-pile groups-bridge structure interaction in liquefiable ground

This paper describes a shake table test study on the seismic response of low-cap pile groups and a bridge structure in liquefiable ground. The soil profile, contained in a large-scale laminar shear box, consisted of a horizontally saturated sand layer overlaid with a silty clay layer, with the simulated low-cap pile groups embedded. The container was excited in three E1 Centro earthquake events of different levels. Test results indicate that excessive pore pressure （EPP） during slight shaking only slightly accumulated, and the accumulation mainly occurred during strong shaking. The EPP was gradually enhanced as the amplitude and duration of the input acceleration increased. The acceleration response of the sand was remarkably influenced by soil liquefaction. As soil liquefaction occurred, the peak sand displacement gradually lagged behind the input acceleration; meanwhile, the sand displacement exhibited an increasing effect on the bending moment of the pile, and acceleration responses of the pile and the sand layer gradually changed from decreasing to increasing in the vertical direction from the bottom to the top. A jump variation of the bending moment on the pile was observed near the soil interface in all three input earthquake events. It is thought that the shake table tests could provide the groundwork for further seismic performance studies of low-cap pile groups used in bridges located on liquefiable groun.

Experimental investigation on seismic behavior of single piles in sandy soil

This paper describes a quasi-static test program featuring lateral cyclic loading on single piles in sandy soil. The tests were conducted on 18 aluminum model piles with different cross sections and lateral load eccentricity ratios, e/d, （e is the lateral load eccentricity and d is the diameter of pile） of 0, 4 and 8, embedded in sand with a relative density of 30% and 70%. The experimental results include lateral load-displacement hysteresis loops, skeleton curves and energy dissipation curves. Lateral capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity of single piles under seismic load were evaluated in detail. The lateral capacities and the energy dissipation capacity of piles in dense sand were much higher than in loose sand. When embedded in loose sand, the maximum lateral load and the maximum lateral displacement of piles increased as e/d increased. On the contrary, when embedded in dense sand, the maximum lateral load of piles decreased as e/d increased. Piles with a higher load eccentricity ratio experienced higher energy dissipation capacity than piles with e/d of 0 in both dense and loose sand. At a given level of displacement, piles with circular cross sections provided the best energy dissipation capacity in both loose and dense sand.

Seismic Evaluation of Steel Moment Resisting Frames (MRFs)—Supported by Loose Granular Soil

Soil underneath a structure might affect the behavior and the overall response of the structure in seismic events. The role of loose soil conditions and the inclusion of soil-structure interaction (SSI) in the analysis are important issues that need to be addressed. Since steel structures are light, two configurations designed as spatial and perimeter are considered to study the effect of soil on the steel structural frames for the same building. The paper provides a parametric analysis on the influence of SSI on the overall performance of MRFs (Moment Resisting Frames) according to the provisions of Saudi Building Code (SBC) [1]. A case study has been developed in which spatial and perimeter moment resisting frames of 12, 6 and 3 stories residential buildings are designed using Saudi Building Code (SBC) prescriptions. A modal response spectrum analysis has been carried out to see the influence of SSI on the fundamental period of vibration, top story displacement and inter-story drift limitations. Moreover, a static non-linear analysis has been performed to investigate the performance of frames, thus allowing to identify the influence of SSI on the structural design of steel MRFs.

考虑桩-土相互作用的超大型单桩式海上风机结构地震响应

为了解决桩-土相互作用对超大型单桩式海上风机结构地震响应影响的问题,基于IEA 15 MW的固定式单桩海上风机原型,使用Abaqus建立考虑桩-土相互作用与泥面固定2种风机结构模型,桩-土相互作用通过一组非线性弹簧模拟。考虑风-波浪与地震联合作用,分析桩-土相互作用对超大型固定式单桩海上风机结构动力响应的影响。结果表明:针对超大型海上风机,桩-土相互作用效应使风机支撑结构的特征频率降低3%~6%;考虑桩-土相互作用的大兆瓦风机动力响应远大于泥面固定风机模型的动力响应;海上风机尺寸越大,桩-土相互作用引起的海上风机结构动力响应偏差越显著。

地震作用下桩-土-核电结构相互作用的异步分析方法

为拓展核电厂的选址范围,有必要对非基岩场地桩基情形的核电结构进行地震安全性评估。在目前的桩-土-结构相互作用分析方法中,Winkler地基梁模型以及p-y法都将桩-土-结构相互作用问题进行了简化,难以反映复杂地基情形。整体有限元法可考虑复杂地基情形,但计算量较大,效率较低。本文基于高效的三维时域土-结构相互作用分区分析(Partitioned Analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction,PASSI)方法,实现桩基与土体分别采用不同时间步距的计算方法,避免土体采用桩基相对较小的时间步距而增加不必要的计算量。本文以AP1000核岛结构作为研究对象,建立了桩-土-核电结构相互作用的三维有限元模型并对其进行分析。通过输入脉冲波验证了该异步算法的有效性,并结合运动相互作用和惯性相互作用,分析了桩身最大剪力和最大弯矩的特点。分析了桩-土-核电结构在地震波输入下的响应。由于桩的自由度数相对于土体的自由度数可以忽略不计,采用桩-土异步算法时,桩附加的计算量可以忽略,这种高效方法有望用于大型核电结构的桩-土-结构动力相互作用分析中。

基于桩-土相互作用的软土地区结构抗震影响分析

从兰州市某医院的桩-土-结构耦合体系出发,使用有限元软件ABAQUS建立与该建筑所对应的桩-土-结构耦合的三维有限元模型,其中混凝土柱、梁、桩及土体皆使用实体单元(C3D8R)进行模拟,土体使用Drucker-Prager本构模型,桩土接触之间采用主从接触面法来模拟,通过对三种不同地基土工况的整体模型及仅考虑上部结构地基刚接模型进行模态分析与地震时程响应分析,研究了上述四种工况在3条地震波激励下的上部结构动力响应特征。计算结果表明:在考虑桩-土-结构相互作用后其模型自振周期均大于仅考虑上部结构刚接;随着土体弹性模量的降低,其自振周期会有所提升;框架结构的医院虽然楼层较低,但在考虑桩-土-结构相互作用后,对结构的地震响应表现出放大效应;其顶点加速度、顶点位移、层间位移角、基底剪力均大于仅考虑基底刚接;并且随着土体弹性模量的减少,土体的软化,其上部结构的地震响应均有不同程度的放大。

土-承台动力相互作用对砂土场地桩基桥梁地震反应的影响

在桩基桥梁的地震反应分析中,桩-土动力相互作用是个重要的问题,而对于采用低桩承台基础的桥梁,承台埋在土面以下,还存在土与承台之间的动力相互作用。目前,地震反应分析中一般不考虑土-承台动力相互作用的影响,相关研究也很少。为此,利用OpenSees有限元分析程序,基于p-y曲线建立了土-结构一体化桩基单墩模型,选择40条实际岩石场地地震记录作为输入,开展了考虑土-承台动力相互作用的桩基桥梁地震反应分析。结果表明,考虑土-承台动力相互作用后,结构的基本周期会减小,墩底曲率会明显增大,桩顶曲率会大幅减小,但墩顶位移的减小可以忽略。

考虑桩-土相互作用的深水桥墩地震响应分析

深水桥梁往往为桩基础形式,其地震作用下桩-土相互作用效应显著,掌握桩-土相互作用对深水桥墩地震响应的影响,有助于指导深水桥梁结构的抗震设计。该文通过附加质量方法考虑动水压力作用,采用精细化模型模拟桩-土相互作用,引入动力松弛技术完成初始地应力平衡,建立了考虑桩-土相互作用的深水桥墩地震响应数值模拟方法,并通过离心机振动台试验验证了其正确性。利用已验证的数值模拟方法分析了不同地震强度和不同场地土体强度对深水桥墩地震响应的影响,结果表明:随着场地土体强度提高,桥墩的地震位移响应减小,水体的存在不会改变此规律;软弱土场地的动水压力对桥墩和桩基的地震响应影响较小,最大影响程度在10%左右;中硬土场地的动水压力明显增大桥墩和桩基的地震响应,且地震强度越大,增大效应越明显,因此强震作用下处于硬土场地的动水压力作用在桥梁结构抗震设计中必须予以考虑。

路基支挡结构之锚固桩的“方”与“圆”

从截面抵抗能力、桩土相互作用机理、经济效益和施工角度等多方面,充分论证方形桩与圆形桩的优缺点,改进方形桩成桩工艺并应用于3个施工项目。结果表明:用于边坡支挡的锚固桩,无论从受力性能还是经济性上,方形桩均具有优势,仅是施工工法和施工机具落后于圆形桩;目前方形桩的成孔技术和机械机具已在研发与应用中,并有较成功的经验;相较于圆桩,方桩依然是边坡支护的首选。

Seismic performance of an existing bridge with scoured caisson foundation

This paper presents in-situ seismic performance tests of a bridge before its demolition due to accumulated scouring problem. The tests were conducted on three single columns and one caisson-type foundation. The three single columns were 1.8 m in diameter,reinforced by 30-D32 longitudinal reinforcements and laterally hooped by D16 reinforcements with spacing of 20 cm. The column height is 9.54 m,10.59 m and 10.37 m for Column P2,P3,and P4,respectively. Column P2 had no exposed foundation and was subjected to pseudo-dynamic tests with peak ground acceleration of 0.32 g first,followed by one cyclic loading test. Column P3 was the benchmark specimen with exposed length of 1.2 m on its foundation. The exposed length for Column P4 was excavated to 4 m,approximately 1/3 of the foundation length,to study the effect of the scouring problem to the column performance. Both Column P3 and Column P4 were subjected to cyclic loading tests. Based on the test results,due to the large dimension of the caisson foundation and the well graded gravel soil type that provided large lateral resistance,the seismic performance among the three columns had only minor differences. Lateral push tests were also conducted on the caisson foundation at Column P5. The caisson was 12 m long and had circular cross-sections whose diameters were 5 m in the upper portion and 4 m in the lower portion. An analytical model to simulate the test results was developed in the OpenSees platform. The analytical model comprised nonlinear flexural elements as well as nonlinear soil springs. The analytical results closely followed the experimental test results. A parametric study to predict the behavior of the bridge column with different ground motions and different levels of scouring on the foundation are also discussed.

Stochastic Response Analysis of Piled Offshore Platforms to Earthquake Load

In this paper, using the theory of stochastic analysis of the response to earthquake load, a stochastic analysis method of the response of piled platforms to earthquake load has been established. In the method, the strong ground motion is considered as three dimensional stationary white noise process and the pile-soil interaction and water-structure interaction are considered. The stochastic response of a typical platform to earthquake load has been computed with this method and the results compared with those obtained with the response spectrum analysis method. The comparison shows that the stochastic analysis method of the response of piled platforms to earthquake load is suitable for this kind of analysis.

Earthquake damage potential and critical scour depth of bridges exposed to flood and seismic hazards under lateral seismic loads

Many bridges located in seismic hazard regions suffer from serious foundation exposure caused by riverbed scour. Loss of surrounding soil significantly reduces the lateral strength of pile foundations. When the scour depth exceeds a critical level, the strength of the foundation is insufficient to withstand the imposed seismic demand, which induces the potential for unacceptable damage to the piles during an earthquake. This paper presents an analytical approach to assess the earthquake damage potential of bridges with foundation exposure and identify the critical scour depth that causes the seismic performance of a bridge to differ from the original design. The approach employs the well-accepted response spectrum analysis method to determine the maximum seismic response of a bridge. The damage potential of a bridge is assessed by comparing the imposed seismic demand with the strengths of the column and the foundation. The versatility of the analytical approach is illustrated with a numerical example and verified by the nonlinear finite element analysis. The analytical approach is also demonstrated to successfully determine the critical scour depth. Results highlight that relatively shallow scour depths can cause foundation damage during an earthquake, even for bridges designed to provide satisfactory seismic performance.

基于动力p-y曲线法的曲线梁桥抗震性能研究

受空间耦合效应影响,国内外考虑桩-土-结构相互作用的曲线梁桥抗震性能的相关研究略显不足。基于此,文中以某匝道桥为工程背景,基于OpenSees平台,采用空间动力p-y曲线法开展了5种不同曲率半径、3种典型下部结构形式的15组动力非线性有限元数值模型对比研究,探讨了考虑桩-土-结构相互作用影响下曲线梁桥的地震响应规律。研究表明:曲线梁桥的法向结构响应量大于直线梁桥,切向结构响应规律相反;随着曲率半径的增加,曲线梁桥的各结构响应规律与直线梁桥逐渐接近;与考虑桩土效应的直线桥相比,在法向和切向上,曲线梁桥边墩和中墩的结构响应量差异大,随着曲率半径的增加,差异显著减小;对同一曲率半径的桥梁来说,下部结构中墩为独柱墩刚接体系时,该墩内力响应最大、位移响应最小,中墩为双柱加支座结构时,动力响应规律相反,直线梁桥的规律与此类似。文中研究结果可为曲线梁桥地震反应规律提供指导和建议。

考虑土体非线性的核岛结构桩基础三维地震反应特性

以某沿海拟建的AP1000核岛结构为背景,用3D集中质量-梁杆模型模拟核岛结构,考虑土体的非线性滞回特性,建立非均匀地基-群桩-厚筏-核岛结构体系的3D有限元模型,选用近场中强震、中-远场强震和远场大地震的三分量记录作为基岩输入地震动,分析群桩基础的地震反应特性。非线性场地效应和土-桩-结构动力相互作用效应的耦合作用会显著增大核岛结构的基础输入运动,不论基准运行地震或安全停堆地震,基础输入运动的水平向和竖向上包络加速度反应谱(5%阻尼比)的谱值显著大于对应的AP1000标准设计反应谱谱值;桩顶累积绝对速度和地震峰值内力的大小受基岩输入地震动特性的影响显著,与场地反应的非线性程度正相关,其复杂的空间分布特征也受土-桩-结构动力相互作用效应和桩的几何布置的综合影响,桩-筏交界处的桩身地震内力反应最大,中-远场和远场强震作用对核岛桩基础的潜在破坏风险可能远大于近场中强地震作用。

土的次非线性对桩基核岛结构三维地震反应的影响

随着核电厂工程建设快速发展,核电厂选址不可避免地要面临土质场地。土-桩-结构动力相互作用对核岛结构的抗震安全性评价具有重要影响。以国内某拟建的AP1000核岛工程为背景,建立土质场地-群桩-筏板基础-核岛结构动力相互作用体系的3D模型,考虑场址的区域地震环境与历史地震活动性,选用近场中强震、中-远场强震和远场大地震的三分量记录作为基岩输入地震动。使用一步法和二步法分别实现对土体真非线性和主非线性的模拟,通过对比这两种方法计算的核岛结构地震反应的差异,可知土的次非线性(soil secondary nonlinearity,简称SSN)对核岛结构地震反应的定量影响,也即SSN效应。发现SSN效应对核岛结构水平向地震反应的影响明显大于对竖向地震反应的影响,SSN效应会导致土质场地-群桩-核岛结构体系变得更“柔”;SSN效应与基岩输入地震动的特性强相关,近场中-强地震作用时SSN效应最强;SSN会显著增大核岛结构的峰值加速度和峰值相对位移反应,在核岛结构的抗震设计中不应忽视SSN效应。

考虑桩基础柔性的地震风浪作用下海上风力机结构耦合响应机理研究

基于FAST海上风力机整体耦合分析理论和桩基线性化理论,建立包含桩基础柔性的海上风力机基础结构的整体耦合运动方程。进而,通过对FAST v8进行二次开发,同时考虑桩基础柔性,建立包括转子机舱组件-风力机塔筒-基础结构的海上风力机在地震、风、浪荷载作用下的结构耦合仿真模型。根据建立的整体耦合数值仿真模型,开展地震、风、浪荷载联合作用下海上风力机动力响应研究,着重探讨桩基础柔性对于海上风力机结构在地震组合工况下的动力特性及耦合响应机理的影响。结果表明,桩基础柔性对于海上风力机结构动力特性有显著影响。与耦合弹簧边界相比,当忽略桩基础柔性时,会低估整体结构二阶频率对于地震作用下塔顶位移响应的影响,并在基底倾覆力矩响应中激发高阶模态,造成海上风力机结构动力响应变化规律的显著差异。因此,在海上风力机结构抗震设计与研究中必须考虑桩基础柔性的影响。

空间弧形抗滑桩支护结构模型试验及参数分析

为充分利用边坡滑体周围的稳定土体,改善抗滑桩受力状态,本文通过室内模型试验,对空间弧形抗滑桩支护结构的受力状态、荷载传递规律和桩前土压力进行分析;并建立有限元模型,考虑冠梁刚度和桩位对抗滑桩受力状态和边坡整体稳定性的影响。结果表明:在整个支护结构中,冠梁可约束抗滑桩,改善抗滑桩受力状态,协调桩间位移,并将荷载向两侧桩体传递;通过增大冠梁刚度可进一步改善桩体受力状态,但无法进一步约束桩顶位移;边桩桩前土压力最大,其峰值是其他桩体土压力峰值的2倍以上,沿桩身高度不断增大,抗滑结构中的边桩位于坡脚时,可最大程度利用稳定土体的抗力,边坡整体稳定性最强。研究结果可为滑坡的治理方法以及抗滑桩支护结构的优化提供一种基本可行的新思路。

大型液化天然气储罐桩基抗震设计中桩-土动力交互作用的影响

大型液化天然气储罐通常采用群桩基础。国内群桩基础抗震设计中,桩体水平及抗弯承载力计算采用的m法仅考虑了上部结构在地震作用下产生的惯性力与桩体及桩侧土的交互作用。而群桩基础抗震设计相关国际标准针对软土地基,还将桩-土动力交互作用的影响纳入了设计考虑。以某220000 m^(3)预应力混凝土全容罐的桩基设计为例,对比分析了m法设计与考虑桩-土动力交互作用设计的桩身内力计算结果,认为在埋深较大的软土地基或存在深层软弱土夹层的地基中,考虑桩-土动力交互作用设计时,桩体下段确实存在较大弯矩和剪力,不应予以忽略。

地震荷载作用下深厚饱和砂土中桩动力特性试验研究

以某工程为依托,进行1∶20比例缩尺2×1桩基模型振动台试验,输入与当地地震设计反应谱接近的3种地震波,研究深厚饱和砂土场地条件下砂土-桩基-结构动力相互作用响应规律。试验再现液化宏观现象,研究表明:深厚饱和砂土场地对地震波高频部分过滤作用显著;随着地震动强度增大,场地液化程度提高,结构水平运动由高频向低频移动,频带范围变宽。同时,上部结构水平运动放大系数由4.56降低至2.75,但该效应对承台不明显;上部结构及承台在加载过程中相互影响,上部结构对承台的影响较大;砂层中部(距土体表面8D处)桩身弯矩相对于桩顶弯矩对输入地震波峰值加速度敏感度更高,随砂层液化程度增大而显著增大。