Pile-soil stress ratio in bidirectionally reinforced composite ground by considering soil arching effect

To discuss the soil arching effect on the load transferring model and sharing ratios by the piles and inter-pile subsoil in the bidirectionally reinforced composite ground, the forming mechanism, mechanical behavior and its effect factors were discussed in detail. Then, the unified strength theory was introduced to set up the elastoplastic equilibrium differential equation of the subsoil under the limit equilibrium state. And from the equation, the solutions were derived with the corresponding formulas presented to calculate the earth pressure over and beneath the horizontal reinforced cushion or pillow, the stress of inter-pile subsoil and the pile-soil stress ratio. Based on the obtained solutions and measured data from an engineering project, the influence rules by the soil property parameters (i.e., the cohesion c and internal friction angle φ) and pile spacing on the pile-soil stress ratio n were discussed respectively. The results show that to improve the load sharing ratio by the piles, the more effective means for filling materials with a larger value of φ is to increase the ratio of pile cap size to spacing, while to reduce the pile spacing properly and increase the value of cohesion c is advisable for those filling materials with a smaller value of φ.

Stress Ratio-Strain Relation of Pile and Soil in Composite Foundation

A series of triaxial compression tests were arried out by means of composite-reinforced soil samples to simulate the interaction between soil and pile. The samples are made of gravel or lime-soil with different length at the center. The experiment indicates that the strength of the composite samples can not be obtained by superimposure of reinforcing pile and soil simply according to their replacement proportion. It also indicates the law for stress ratio of reinforcing column to soil. The stress ratio of reinforcing column to soil increases and reaches peak rapidly while load and strain is small. Then the ratio decreases. This law is in accordance with the measuring resuits in construction site.

Water Deficit Stress Effects on Corn (<i>Zea mays</i>, L.) Root:Shoot Ratio

A study was conducted at Akron, CO, USA, on a Weld silt loam in 2004 to quantify the effects of water deficit stress on corn (Zea mays, L.) root and shoot biomass. Corn plants were grown under a range of soil bulk density and water conditions caused by previous tillage, crop rotation, and irrigation management. Water deficit stress (Dstress) was quantified by the number of days when the water content in the surface 0.3 m deviated from the water content range determined by the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR). Root and shoot samples were collected at the V6, V12, and R1 growth stages. There was no significant correlation between Dstress and shoot or root biomass at the V6 growth stage. At the V12 and R1 growth stages, there were negative, linear correlations among Dstress and both root biomass and shoot biomass. The proportional decrease of shoot biomass was greater than the proportional decrease in root biomass, leading to an increase in the root:shoot ratio as water deficit stress increased at all growth stages. Determining restrictive soil conditions using the LLWR may be useful for evaluating improvement or degradation of the soil physical environment caused by soil management.

Experimental investigation on seismic behavior of single piles in sandy soil

This paper describes a quasi-static test program featuring lateral cyclic loading on single piles in sandy soil. The tests were conducted on 18 aluminum model piles with different cross sections and lateral load eccentricity ratios, e/d, （e is the lateral load eccentricity and d is the diameter of pile） of 0, 4 and 8, embedded in sand with a relative density of 30% and 70%. The experimental results include lateral load-displacement hysteresis loops, skeleton curves and energy dissipation curves. Lateral capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity of single piles under seismic load were evaluated in detail. The lateral capacities and the energy dissipation capacity of piles in dense sand were much higher than in loose sand. When embedded in loose sand, the maximum lateral load and the maximum lateral displacement of piles increased as e/d increased. On the contrary, when embedded in dense sand, the maximum lateral load of piles decreased as e/d increased. Piles with a higher load eccentricity ratio experienced higher energy dissipation capacity than piles with e/d of 0 in both dense and loose sand. At a given level of displacement, piles with circular cross sections provided the best energy dissipation capacity in both loose and dense sand.

Lateral displacement of silty clay under cement-fly ash-gravel pile-supported embankments: Analytical consideration and field evidence

Based on back analysis of lateral displacements measured in situ by using the analytical solution, a useful method for estimating stress concentration ratio of geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported(GRPS) embankments was proposed. In order to validate the proposed method, a full-scale high-speed railway embankment(HSRE) with four instrumented subsections over medium compressibility silty clay was constructed in three stages. The soil profile, construction procedure and monitoring of settlements and lateral displacements of the four test sections were described. The field deformation analysis results show that 1) the combined reinforcement of CFG piles and geosynthetic layer perform well in terms of reducing lateral displacements; 2) the development of lateral displacements lags behind the increase of fill load, which can be attributed to the vertical load transfer mechanism of the pile foundation; and 3) pile length has a dominant effect on the stress distribution proportion between piles and surrounding soils. The comparison between predicted and experimental results suggests that the proposed analytical solution and the back analysis-based method are capable of reasonably estimating the lateral deformation and the stress concentration ratio, respectively, if the appropriate soil elastic modulus is chosen.

Numerical Study of the Interaction between a Reinforced Concrete Pile and Soil

This paper proposes a numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of a reinforced concrete pile foundation under an axial load. In fact, the foundation of a structure represents the essential structural part of it, because it ensures its bearing capacity. Among the types of foundation, deep foundation is the one for which from a mechanical point of view, the justification takes into account the isolated or combined effects of base resistance offered by the soil bed and lateral friction at the soil-pile interface;the latter being the consequence of a large contact surface with the surrounding soil;hence the need to study the interaction between the soil and the pile in service, in order to highlight the characteristics of soil which influence the mechanical behavior of pile and therefore the stability of the structure. In this study, the reinforced concrete pile is supposed to be elastic, and characterized by a young’s modulus (E) and a Poisson’s ratio (ν). The soil obeys to a Camclay model characterized by a cohesion (c), an initial voids ratio (e0), shearing resistance angle (φ) and a pre-consolidation pressure (P0). A joint model with a Mohr Coulomb behavior characterizes the soil-pile interface. The loading is carrying out by imposing a vertical monotonic displacement at the head of pile. The results in terms of stress and displacement show that the bearing capacity of the pile is influenced by various soils characteristics, it appears that the vertical stress and the force mobilized at rupture increase when the initial pre_consolidation pressure, the cohesion and the internal friction angle of soil increase;and when the initial soil voids index decreases.

Fully Stressed Piles and Beams in a Winkler's Medium,End-loaded by an Orthogonal Force,and with Optimum Length

A simplified method of designing fully stressed piles and beams with optimum length in a Winkler's medium,end-loaded by an orthogonal force and without any point constraint,is proposed. A numerical algorithm distributing the mass by means of the Fully Stressed Design ( FSD) method and updating the moment by finite elements has been first implemented. The use of the FSD method is in general quite simple,and allows to obtain optimum,or close to the optimum,solutions. After having distributed the mass through the FSD method,the length has been finally optimised by means of a heuristic procedure.

桩网复合地基离心模型试验中桩顶轴力测试方法研究

桩网复合地基是常见的软土加固措施。在开展桩网复合地基离心模型试验时,为了分析桩土应力比,需要测量桩顶轴力和桩间土压力。微型土压力计在离心模型试验中已经得到广泛应用,但尚无成熟的微型桩顶轴力测试传感器。利用模型桩的桩帽,开发了一种离心模型试验专用桩顶轴力测试方法,标定结果显示该方法测试线性度好。通过某桩网复合地基离心模型试验和数值分析的桩土应力比结果对比分析,验证了该方法的测试效果。

桩网结构路基动静承载性状分析

为研究桩网结构路基在静动荷载作用下的承载性状,采用有限元分析方法对桩网结构路基在静动两种荷载下的承载特性、荷载传递机理、土拱形成及发展规律进行了数值计算。通过分析静动两种工况下桩土应力、桩周土压力分布、桩土应力比及土拱效应,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:静载作用下基桩轴向应力约为400 kPa,最大土压力出现在路基中部,且沿路基横向向外逐渐减小;动载作用下沿路基横向布置的桩体的动应力在埋深方向呈先增大后减小趋势,其竖向应力最大值约为静载下的160%;动载下路基内部土拱效应较静载有大幅削弱,其中削弱最大的为四桩中心处的空间土拱效应,其桩土应力比约为静载的29.3%。

考虑桩土变形协调的复合地基设计方法

目前在复合地基的设计中,由于采用桩体压缩模量计算得到的复合压缩模量偏大,造成复合地基加固区沉降被低估;另外桩和桩间土承载力发挥系数取值主观性较强,导致复合地基承载力计算结果偏大。针对上述两个问题,从复合地基形成机理出发,指出桩及桩间土共同直接承担荷载时必须保证桩土变形协调。桩土变形协调的条件是:(1)桩刺入垫层的深度不能超过垫层厚度;(2)桩宜设置为摩擦桩。在此前提下,分别计算桩及桩间土的沉降,利用桩土变形协调方法得到了桩土应力比和承载力发挥系数理论值,进而得到加固区的沉降计算方法。工程算例证实,从保证复合地基有效设计和工程安全的角度出发,应该根据桩土变形协调来进行复合地基设计计算。

重载码头堆场CFG桩网复合地基离心模型试验研究

CFG桩网复合地基广泛应用于处理软土地基。采用土工离心模型试验研究某码头堆场超大荷载下CFG桩网复合地基的变形和桩土应力特性,试验模拟了地基、CFG桩、树根桩、加筋垫层、防尘网和轨道梁基础、矿石堆载等,分析了超大荷载作用下复合地基表面变形、桩顶轴力、桩间土压力、桩土应力比的变化规律。试验结果表明,复合地基的沉降速率在稳定控制标准之内,沉降量满足堆场使用要求,防尘网基础和轨道梁基础水平位移和沉降均很小,桩土应力比为25.2~43.8,CFG桩网复合地基在350 kPa荷载作用下是稳定安全的,达到了预期加固效果。

盐渍土地区CFG桩水泥土褥垫层性能的研究

利用MIDAS-GTS NX数值模拟软件,针对褥垫层厚度和弹性模量变化对桩的沉降和桩土应力比的影响等问题,通过数值模拟对CFG桩桩顶沉降、桩顶应力、桩土应力比等进行研究,并得出以下结论:随着弹性模量的增大,桩土应力比增加趋于平缓,桩顶沉降增加;随着水泥土褥垫层厚度的增大,桩顶应力变化趋势也随之增大,且趋势基本相似;褥垫层厚度小于600 mm,弹性模量小于100 MPa时,地基沉降与二者参数变化有着较大关联;盐渍地区600 mm的水泥土褥垫层理论上可以有400 mm碎石褥垫层的工作性能。

多频段循环荷载下海洋黏土动力特性试验研究

为探究海洋土的动力特性及动力影响因素,采取原状黄海海洋黏土,利用GCTS动三轴试验系统开展室内试验研究,探讨偏应力水平、动应力幅值和动荷载频率对海洋土动应力应变关系和动孔压的影响规律,分析动剪切模量和阻尼比的变化特征。试验结果表明:海洋黏土的动应变随偏应力水平提高和动应力幅值增大而增大,且具有显著的频率效应,低频段动荷载(0.02~0.1 Hz)引起的动应变累积量高于高频段动荷载(1~10 Hz)的应变累积量;在低频段动荷载作用下,土样内超静动孔压显著上升,而在高频段下,动孔压的累积变化量很小;土样的动剪切模量对动荷载的频率反应不十分明显,仅在低频段,动剪切模量会随动荷载频率的提高略有下降,但是会随动应力幅值增加而显著提高,随偏应力水平提高而显著下降;土样的阻尼比对动荷载频率也很敏感,在低频段,阻尼比随频率的增大而降低,在0.1 Hz时的阻尼比最低;在高频段,土样的阻尼比随动荷载频率增加明显提高,提高幅度可达到1倍以上;阻尼比会随动应力幅值增长而略有减小,随偏应力水平提高而略有增加。

成层土中长桩竖向承载激发规律研究

针对成层土中长桩承载问题,结合试桩数据建立了成层土中长桩-土相互作用特性分析模型,基于分析模型研究了上砂下黏和上黏下砂中砂-黏占比对长桩竖向荷载-位移曲线的影响,分析了成层土中长桩侧阻和端阻承载分担比,揭示了达到极限承载力时成层土中桩基侧阻、端阻激发规律,即黏土层侧阻可完全激发、砂土层侧阻未完全激发,桩底端阻完全激发,为实际工程中长桩承载力计算选取合理参数提供依据。

孔内深层强夯复合地基桩土应力比试验研究

通过开展孔内深层强夯单桩复合地基现场静载试验和桩土应力测试,获取了不同荷载作用下孔内深层强夯复合地基的平均桩顶应力、桩间土应力、桩土应力比、荷载分担比及其变化规律。试验结果表明:孔内深层强夯复合地基的桩间土承担了主要的上部荷载,约占50%~63%,随着荷载增大,桩间土承担的荷载比例逐步增大;对于孔内深层强夯复合地基,随着荷载的增大,桩土应力比随荷载的增大而减小,数值介于2~5之间;对粘性素填土地基,孔内深层强夯复合地基在处理后的桩间土地基承载力比处理前可提高220%。

循环荷载下粉煤灰群桩复合地基承载性能试验研究

在不同的循环荷载比和循环次数下进行循环荷载室内模型试验,从桩顶累积沉降、桩身应力、桩间粉煤灰应力和桩土应力比等方面分析循环次数和循环荷载比等因素对粉煤灰复合地基承载特性的影响。在循环荷载作用下,桩顶累积沉降与循环荷载比呈非线性相关关系,桩顶累积沉降曲线主要分为稳定型和发展型等2种变化形态;随着循环次数的增加,桩身应力和桩间粉煤灰应力均呈现先增大后稳定的趋势;当循环次数超过临界次数时,桩土应力比的减小速率将出现收敛;循环荷载比的增大会导致土拱效应发挥不稳定。

桩-坡结构体系土拱形成演化机制研究

为研究堆积体边坡-h型抗滑桩结构体系的土拱形成演化机制,以某典型堆积体边坡为研究对象,采用有限元软件ABAQUS构建堆积体边坡-h型抗滑桩结构体系三维数值计算模型,分析滑坡推力作用下h型抗滑桩桩间土拱的形成过程及演化规律,探究桩径比和土体性质对h型抗滑桩桩间土拱效应的形成及功能发挥的影响。研究结果表明,在滑坡推力作用下,h型抗滑桩产生双层土拱,且双层土拱的形成并不同步。相较于普通抗滑桩的单层土拱,h型抗滑桩在前、后桩处则分别形成土拱,可有效增加h型抗滑桩的支挡效果。同时,桩径比和土体性质对双层土拱的功能发挥影响显著。当桩径比分别在3~6之间时,h型抗滑桩在前、后桩后侧均会形成发育良好的土拱,可充分发挥支挡作用。此外,在一定范围内增大内摩擦角和粘聚力同样有利于双层土拱功能的发挥。

同步同心旋喷式复合斜撑桩周边底板开裂原因初步分析及预防措施

结合宁波滨海软土地区典型同步同心旋喷式复合斜桩支撑项目的各种底板裂缝情况,分析了复合斜撑桩周边底板出现裂缝的初步原因,并提出了多种预防措施,上述措施在后续项目实践中取得了良好效果,可供今后同类项目设计及施工借鉴。

软土地区基坑长短桩支护及监测数据分析

为研究软土地区基坑长短桩支护的应用效果,以典型软土基坑长短桩支护方案为研究对象,通过地层特性和设计要点分析长短桩支护在该项目中的可行性,利用监测数据和支护桩受力分析在基坑开挖过程中长短桩的受力特性。研究表明:在软土-黏土-软土地层条件下,长短桩支护方式能保证基坑的安全和稳定。通过现场监测可得,长桩承担更多的弯矩,主要起嵌固与抗倾覆的作用;短桩与长短一起承担与传递土压力的作用。研究结果可为类似地层软土基坑支护提供指导。

水载预压下复合地基沉降及桩土受力特性分析

以广东省某高速公路T3标段为研究对象,部分路段采用预制管桩复合地基加固软土地基,采用水袋加载的方法进行等载预压,选取3个典型监测断面埋设传感器,监测分析地基土和桩身的沉降、土压力、桩身轴力的变化规律。结果表明:复合地基中桩体为主要的受荷体,设置褥垫层使其产生刺入变形,可有效调动地基土的承载力;荷载在地基中的传递存在滞后性,提升加载速率可有效改善荷载的传递速率,分级加载有助于达到更好的预压效果;过大的加载速率会导致土压力与桩身轴力出现波动,通过荷载重分配实现桩土共同承担上部荷载。采用水载预压联合预制桩复合地基处理软土路基,可降低30%的施工成本,且可有效提升地基工后的稳定性。