Spatiotemporal variations in ecosystem services and their trade-offs and synergies against the background of the gully control and land consolidation project on the Loess Plateau,China

Studying the spatiotemporal variations in ecosystem services and their interrelationships on the Loess Plateau against the background of the gully control and land consolidation(GCLC)project has significant implications for ecological protection and quality development of the Yellow River Basin.Therefore,in this study,we took Yan'an City,Shaanxi Province of China,as the study area,selected four typical ecosystem services,including soil conservation service,water yield service,carbon storage service,and habitat quality service,and quantitatively evaluated the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services from 2010 to 2018 using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.We also analysed the relationship between the GCLC project and regional ecosystem service changes in various regions(including 1 city,2 districts,and 10 counties)of Yan'an City and proposed a coordinated development strategy between the GCLC project and the ecological environment.The results showed that,from 2010 to 2018,soil conservation service decreased by 7.76%,while the other three ecosystem services changed relatively little,with water yield service increasing by 0.56% and carbon storage service and habitat quality service decreasing by 0.16% and 0.14%,respectively.The ecological environment of Yan'an City developed in a balanced way between 2010 and 2018,and the four ecosystem services showed synergistic relationships,among which the synergistic relationships between soil conservation service and water yield service and between carbon storage service and habitat quality service were significant.The GCLC project had a negative impact on the ecosystem services of Yan'an City,and the impact on carbon storage service was more significant.This study provides a theoretical basis for the scientific evaluation of the ecological benefits of the GCLC project and the realization of a win-win situation between food security and ecological security.

Long-range electron synergy over Pt_(1)-Co_(1)/CN bimetallic single-atom catalyst in enhancing charge separation for photocatalytic hydrogen production

The development of novel single-atom catalysts with optimal electron configuration and economical noble-metal cocatalyst for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production is of great importance,but still challenging.Herein,we fabricate Pt and Co single-atom sites successively on polymeric carbon nitride(CN).In this Pt_(1)-Co_(1)/CN bimetallic single-atom catalyst,the noble-metal active sites are maximized,and the single-atomic Co_(1)N_4sites are tuned to Co_(1)N_3sites by photogenerated electrons arising from the introduced single-atomic Pt_(1)N_4sites.Mechanism studies and density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the 3d orbitals of Co_(1)N_3single sites are filled with unpaired d-electrons,which lead to the improved visible-light response,carrier separation and charge migration for CN photocatalysts.Thereafter,the protons adsorption and activation are promoted.Taking this advantage of long-range electron synergy in bimetallic single atomic sites,the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity over Pt_(1)-Co_(1)/CN achieves 915.8 mmol g^(-1)Pt h^(-1),which is 19.8 times higher than Co_(1)/CN and 3.5 times higher to Pt_(1)/CN.While this electron-synergistic effect is not so efficient for Pt nanoclusters.These results demonstrate the synergistic effect at electron-level and provide electron-level guidance for the design of efficient photocatalysts.

Regulating the synergy coefficient of composite materials for alleviating self-discharge of supercapacitors

Supercapacitor is an efficient energy storage device,yet its wider application is still limited by self-discharge.Currently,various composite materials have been reported to have improved inhibition on self-discharge,while the evaluation of the synergistic effect in composite materials is challenging.Herein,pairs of intercalation type pseudocapacitive niobium oxides are pre-lithiated and coupled to construct conjugatedly configured supercapacitors,within which the cathode and anode experience identical reaction environment with single type of charge carrier,thus providing ideal platform to quantify the synergistic effect of composite materials on the self-discharge process.By using titanium dioxide as the stabilizer,we have compared how the modes of forming composite would influence the selfdischarge performance of the active composite materials with similar ratio of the constituent materials.Specifically,core@shell Nb_(2)O_(5)@TiO_(2) composite using TiO_(2) as the shell shows significantly higher synergy coefficient(μ=0.61,defined as the value that evaluates the synergistic effect between composite materials,and can be quantified using the overall performance of the composite,performance of individual component as well as the ratio of the component.) than other control group samples,which corresponds to the highest retained energy of 63% at 100 h.This work is expected to provide a general method for quantifying the synergistic effect and guide the design of composite materials with specific mode of forming the composite.

Trade-off and Synergy of Rural Functions Under County Depopulation in the Typical Black Soil Region of Northeast China

As the population continues to shrink in the black soil region of Northeast China since 2000,it is critical to master the impact of population shrinkage on rural functions to realize rural revitalization and sustainable development.In this study,we focused on the impacts of depopulation on the evolution and interrelationship of rural subfunctions.Based on the rural function indexes system,the TOPSIS(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution)method,spatial analysis method,and mathematical statistics analysis method were used to summarize the spatial and temporal characteristics of rural function development,as well as the effect of population shrinkage in the typical black soil region of Northeast China.The results showed that depopulation varied in the extent and duration between the forested region and plain areas,which both impacted the trajectories of rural subfunctions evolution.For the economic development function and ecological conservation function,the effect of continuous slight depopulation was beneficial,while the effect of rapid depopulation was adverse,which was exactly opposite to the agricultural production function.All forms of population shrinkage were conducive to the development of the social security function.With the deepening population shrinkage,depopulation mainly promoted the collaborative development between subfunctions in this study,except the relationship between agricultural production and social security function.But effects of depopulation on the interrelationship of rural subfunctions varied between the forested region and plain areas in some cases.The results provided evidence for the cognition that population shrinkage had complicated effects on rural subfunctions.

Recycling Spent LiCoO_(2)Battery as a High-efficient Lithiumdoped Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Co_(3)O_(4)Composite Photocatalyst and Its Synergistic Photocatalytic Mechanism

The ever-increasing quantity of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is both a potential environmental pollutant and a valuable resource.The spent LIBs recycling mainly aimed at the separation of valuable elements.Some issues still exist in these processes such as high energy consumption and complex separation procedures.This study avoided element separation and proposed a facile approach to transform spent LiCoO_(2) electrode into a lithium(Li)-doped graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))/Co_(3)O_(4) composite photocatalyst through one-pot in situ thermal reduction.During the thermal process,melamine served as the reductant for LiCoO_(2) decomposition and the raw material for g-C_(3)N_(4) production.Li was in situ doped in g-C_(3)N_(4) and the generated Co_(3)O_(4) was in situ integrated,forming a Li-doped g-C_(3)N_(4)/Co_(3)O_(4) composite photocatalyst.This special composite exhibited an enhanced photocatalytic performance,and its photocatalytic H2 production and RhB degradation rates were 8.7 and 6.8 times higher than those of g-C_(3)N_(4).The experiments combined with DFT calculation revealed that such enhanced photocatalytic efficiency was ascribed to the synergy effect of Li doping and Co_(3)O_(4) integrating,which extended the visible light absorption(450-900 nm)and facilitated the charge transfer and separation.This study transforms waste into a high-efficient catalyst,realizing high-valued utilization of waste and environmental protection.

Synergies and trade-offs of climate-smart agriculture(CSA)practices selected by smallholder farmers in Geshy watershed,Southwest Ethiopia

Studies on mainstreaming climate-smart agriculture(CSA)practices can increase smallholder farmers’capacity and awareness to improve food security and establish sustainable livelihoods through resilient agricultural systems,while achieving adaptation and mitigation benefits.Hence,valuable insights can be obtained from smallholder farmers in responding to present and forthcoming challenges of climate change impacts.However,there is little research work on trade-off and synergy assessments.Taking Geshy watershed in Southwest Ethiopia as a case study area,both quantitative and qualitative data analysis were undertaken in this study.The data were collected from 15 key informant interviews,6 focus group discussions,and 384 households to answer the following questions:(1)what are the top 5 preferred CSA practices for smallholder farmers in Geshy watershed when coping with the impacts of climate change?(2)What is the performance of the preferred CSA practices?And(3)which trade-offs and synergies are experienced upon the implementation of CSA practices?The study came up with the most preferred CSA practices such as the use of improved crop varieties,small-scale irrigation,improved animal husbandry,the use of efficient inorganic fertilizers,and crop rotation with legumes.The selected CSA practices showed that the productivity goal exhibit the best synergy,while the mitigation goal has trade-offs.The study also indicated that the use of improved crop varieties causes high synergies in all 3 goals of CSA practices;small-scale irrigation provides a medium synergy on productivity goal but high synergy for adaptation and mitigation goals;improved animal husbandry shows a high synergy with the adaptation goal,a relatively lower synergy with the productivity goal,and a trade-off with the mitigation goal;the use of efficient inorganic fertilizers shows maximum synergy for the productivity and adaptation goals;and crop rotation with legumes exhibits high synergy with the productivity and mitigation goals but a relatively lower synergy with the adaptation goal.These results can provide evidence to various stakeholder farmers in the value chain that the impacts of climate change can be addressed by the adoption of CSA practices.In general,CSA practices are considered indispensable.Smallholder farmers prefer CSA practices that help to increase crop productivity and household resilience to climate change impacts.The results generate a vital foundation for recommendations to smallholder farming decision-makers.It also sensitizes actions for innovative and sustainable methods that are able to upscale the preferred CSA practices in the agricultural system in Geshy watershed of Southwest Ethiopia and other regions.

Conjugated polymerized bimetallic phthalocyanine based electrocatalyst with Fe-N_(4)/Co-N_(4) dual-sites synergistic effect for zinc-air battery

The bifunctional oxygen catalyst is essential for zinc-air batteries(ZABs).Here,an efficient bifunctional oxygen catalyst,PPcFeCo/3D-G,is obtained throughπ-πinteraction between the conjugated polymerized iron-cobalt phthalocyanine(PPcFeCo)with excellent thermal stability and three-dimensional graphene(3D-G).The bimetallic synergistic effect of PPcFeCo,verified by DFT(Density functional theory)calculation,andπ-πinteractions enhances the catalytic activity and durability of the PPcFeCo/3D-G.Regarding electrochemical performance,the PPcFeCo/3D-G with a high electron transfer number(3.98,@0.768 V vs.RHE)has excellent half-wave potential(E_(1/2)=0.890 V vs.RHE)and exhibits outstanding reversibility(ΔE=0.700 V,ΔE=Ej=10-E_(1/2)).The liquid ZAB(LZAB)employed PPcFeCo/3D-G displays a high power density(222 m W cm^(-2)),a specific capacity(792 m A h g-1),and excellent durability(120 h).This work has guiding significance for the preparation of high-efficiency bifunctional catalysts.

Synergistic Effect of Nonionic Surfacants(Nonethoxylated Sorbitan Esters)on Herbicides in Paddy Fields

An uneven herbicide distribution can lead to reduced efficacy,and the release of herbicide residues and their transformation products into the environment through runoff increases their potential use risk.Understanding the water distribution dynamics of commonly used paddy field herbicides,for example,oxadiazon,is imperative for the long-term management of weeds in paddy fields.To clarify the diffusion and sedimentation ability of oxadiazon with the addition of a nonionic surfactant—diffusion and settling agent(DSA)for subsequent commercial use in paddy field water layers,the synergistic mechanisms of DSA with butachlor and bensulfuron-methyl in paddy fields were studied.Bioassays,instrumental analysis and field experiments were conducted in this research to provide a relevant basis for improving the efficacy of paddy field herbicides.The field experiment results indicated that DSA could increase the plant and fresh weight control effects of oxadiazon(450 g a.i.·hm^(-2)),butachlor and bensulfuron-methyl to different degrees.These findings demonstrated that DSA could not only effectively improve oxadiazon diffusion and settling in water layers and significantly increase the control effects of butachlor and bensulfuron-methyl,but also promote crop growth and development to different degrees.

Multimodal Synergistic Strategies in High School English Teaching

This paper focuses on the multimodal synergistic strategy in high school English teaching.It first briefly reviews the relevant concepts and theories of multimodality and multimodal teaching.On this basis,it employs cases from text books published by People’s Education Press to illustrate how to exert the synergistic effect of multimodal teaching to guide English teaching practice from the perspectives of the English core qualities-listening,speaking,reading,viewing,and writing.The introduction and application of multimodal theory into English teaching practice is conducive to further promoting the“student-centered”English teaching reform,and plays a positive role in the cultivation of high school students’thinking and the improvement of core literacy.

Evaluation of Disk Potentiation Test (DPT) and Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST) for The Detection of Metallo-β-Lactamases (MBLs) in Clinical Isolates of Bangladesh

Objective: Increasing the emergence of Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) producing gram-negative bacteria and their dexterous horizontal transmission demands rapid and accurate detection. This study was conducted to determine a suitable method to promptly detect MBL-producing gram-negative bacteria. Methods: A total of 103 gram-negative bacteria were identified from various clinical samples at a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city. MBL producers were detected by two phenotypic methods, the Disk Potentiation Test (DPT) and the Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST) based on β-lactam chelator combinations where EDTA/SMA has been used as an inhibitor and Imipenem, Ceftazidime as substrates. Results: 103 isolates which were identified as Escherichia coli spp, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas spp, Acinetobacter spp, Proteus spp, Providencia spp were found to be multidrug-resistant in antibiogram test. Isolates showed complete resistance (100%) to Imipenem, Meropenem, and Amoxiclav. The highest carbapenem-resistant etiological agents were Acinetobacter spp 40 (38.8%) followed by Pseudomonas spp 27 (26.2%), Klebsiella spp 26 (25.2%), Escherichia coli 8 (7.8%), Proteus spp 1 (1%) and Providencia spp 1 (1%). DPT method detected significantly (p = 0.000009) a higher number of MBL-producers (Imipenem with 0.5 M EDTA n = 61, 59.2% & Ceftazidime with 0.5 M EDTA n = 56, 54.4%) compared to the DDST method (Imipenem -0.5 M EDTA n = 43, 41.7%, Imipenem – SMA n = 38, 36.9% & Ceftazidime -0.5 M EDTA n = 15, 14.6%). Conclusion: Pieces of evidence suggest that DPT is a more sensitive method than DDST and could be recommended for identifying MBL-producing bacteria in Bangladeshi hospitals for the proper management of patients, to reduce time constraints and treatment costs.

Synergistic Treatment of Low-concentration Organic Waste Gas by Micro-nano Bubble Coordinated with Peroxymonosulfate

Continuous dynamic experiment was conducted for the treatment of low-concentration organic waste gas with xylene as a representative, using micro-nano bubble and peroxymonosulfate working in synergy. The degradation rule of xylene under different conditions such as the ORP value of the spray liquid, pH value of the spray liquid, liquid-gas ratio of the spray liquid, residence time of xylene, and initial concentration of xylene was investigated. The results showed that at a low concentration, the pH value of the spray liquid had little effect on the degradation rate of xylene. The degradation rate of xylene rose with the increase of the ORP value of the spray liquid, the liquid-gas ratio of the spray liquid, the residence time of xylene, and the initial concentration of xylene.

Exploring the Goal Synergy between the Ecological Carrying Capacity of Miyun District and the Development of the Ecological Home-stay Industry in Beijing

Green construction in culture and environmental protection will be the development trend in a long run,the urban and suburban area will be ecologically developed as well.Rural revitalization must adhere to the position of historical progress theory and modern concepts,innovate spatial layout,optimize ecological resources,and appropriately determine its historical significance and sustainable development responsibility with reasonable value orientation and environmental ecological carrying capacity for local ecological construction.In order to achieve this responsibility,the authors must expand the dimensions to consider more relevant factors.The guarantee of ecological carrying capacity is an important means to ensure the promotion of ecological civilization.This paper aims to integrate and regulate the goal synergy of the cultural development of the home-stay industry in Miyun District of Beijing by means of the innovative model of sustainable economic development of cultural ecology,ecological people,ecological health preservation and rich home-stay ecological elements.Assuming that the role of the former in promoting the latter can be expanded,then in the range of ecological and cultural towns(conceptual model)that maintain a certain tolerance of ecological carrying capacity,as a characteristic home-stay industry in Miyun,there will be some effective growth,so the integration and development of multiple cultural genes and elements must be the ecological and cultural town model under the enhanced multi-factor aggregation effect,(See the ecological environment carrying capacity development goal A:A=B12345+C1234567 later).This article will explain that the development goals of Miyun's ecological culture and the ecological homestay industry are coordinated,and the two are mutually raised in the same direction.

Tunnel Support Structure System and Its Synergy

The tunnel support system is composed of lining,bolt,and steel frame.It is of great significance to effectively control the deformation of the surrounding rock of the tunnel,make full use of the characteristics of different support methods,and formulate an economical and effective support plan to ensure the safe operation of the tunnel structure.This paper clarifies the synergistic relationship between the support structure and the surrounding rock based on their fundamental characteristics and functions.Various support structures and components are also discussed in this paper.Additionally,the paper presents an optimized design of the tunnel support structure system.

Novel patterns for drug synergistic mechanism research

Drug combination based on synergistic effect is commonly used in clinical practice,especially in the application of traditional medicine.Exploring the combination mechanism could help to better utilize this synergistic advantage.However,current research focuses more on the efficacy enhancing of drugs,while ignoring the toxicity reducing effects.Here,we established two drug synergy patterns based on the different situations of drugs and targets,in order to better illuminate the synergistic mechanism of drugs.

聚均苯三甲酸丁二醇酯/甘油对淀粉的协同增塑作用

经甘油增塑的淀粉对湿度敏感、易老化。本研究采用一步法制备超支化聚均苯三甲酸丁二醇酯(H),并与甘油(G)作为玉米淀粉(CS)的共增塑剂混合制备淀粉薄膜。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和核磁共振氢谱(^(1)H NMR)证实了超支化聚均苯三甲酸丁二醇酯的结构,并研究了共增塑剂对淀粉相互作用、结晶度、拉伸性能、抗老化性、热稳定性、透光率和吸湿性的影响。结果表明,聚均苯三甲酸丁二醇酯/甘油对淀粉薄膜的韧性、抗老化、透光性和吸湿性有协同作用。聚均苯三甲酸丁二醇酯/甘油配比为5/25的淀粉薄膜(CS/H5G25)具有最大的断裂伸长率、最高的透光率、最佳的抑制淀粉重结晶的能力以及最低的吸湿率(RH>68%)。CS/H2G28薄膜储存3、15和30 d的断裂伸长率分别为85.9%、103.1%和77.2%,分别是CS/G薄膜的2.8倍、2.3倍和3.7倍。这不仅取决于各组分之间的相互作用,还可能与组分之间的相容性有关。聚均苯三甲酸丁二醇酯/甘油在增塑淀粉方面具有潜在的应用价值。

“项目进村”对村庄治理机制的重构

“项目进村”是实现乡村产业振兴与集体经济可持续发展的关键,基于交易成本理论和治理机制的协同效应理论,结合安徽省YQ乡的案例分析,解读“项目进村”何以成功,并分析生产型治理对乡村治理机制的重构。研究发现:生产型治理通过发挥科层机制与合约机制的协同效应,能够降低项目的交易成本,实现“项目进村”;当合约机制的交易成本更低时,就会引致对科层机制的替代,但是当交易的非市场化程度较高时,就会不可避免地选择科层机制。科层机制是村庄“有项目”的基础,而合约机制的嵌入能够避免科层机制治理目标的异化,使得进村项目“得以落地”;合约机制是项目内生性嵌入村庄的过程,而通过与科层机制间的协同,能够避免合约机制治理能力的弱化,使得落地项目“得以持续”;通过生产型治理,可以从治理主体、产权结构、分配结构等方面打通乡村治理的关键痛点,为“项目进村”打下坚实的治理基础。

构建智慧型群众体育运动的实践研究

开展智慧型群众体育运动,能够推动群众体育运动发展更为科学化、高效化、便捷化、智能化。文章从充分提升科学决策能力、有效均衡分配平台资源、多方协同优化服务结构三方面,探讨智慧型群众体育运动的着力点;从“丰富路径,推进智慧型群众体育运动开展”“拓宽平台,夯实智慧型群众体育运动保障”“完善体系,促成智慧型群众体育运动合力”等方面,分析智慧型群众体育运动的落脚点。

绿色水处理药剂的合成及其与静电场协同性能研究

采用不含磷氮的药剂衣康酸(IA)和甲基丙烯磺酸钠(SMAS)合成了环保型的两元共聚物药剂,并系统研究了合成工艺条件对共聚物性能的影响。最终得到最佳合成条件如下:原料质量比(IA∶SMAS)为2∶1,聚合温度为95℃,聚合时间为6 h;此外,引发剂和链转移剂的添加量均为原料总质量的5%。经静态阻垢实验研究表明,合成的共聚物具有优异的阻垢性能和分散性能。将该共聚物与静电场结合用于阻垢性能研究,结果表明静电场的存在使IA/SMAS的阻垢性能提高了17%,静电与IA/SMAS共聚物具有协同增效作用。

大模型融入云平台,信息化走向数智化

随着人工智能的快速发展,大模型已逐渐发挥其关键作用,成为驱动企业数字化转型的重要力量。主要探寻了大模型崛起引发的众多变革,回溯了人工智能的发展轨迹,分析了自建基础大模型所面临的挑战,强调引入基础大模型提供方需要与垂直行业企业联手,合作开发行业大模型。针对中小型企业在开发行业大模型时所面临的困扰,提出“模型即服务”及其相关工具链可以通过协助微调形成专有企业模型的观点;探讨了大模型兴起对云服务产生的变革;对云网协同、算网融合以及人工智能加速数智化发展进行了深入分析。在数字经济时代的背景下,进一步分析了人工智能如何赋能新一代信息技术创新。目前正处于国际经济发展调整期、信息化向数字化的演进期及网络技术创新的加速期,大宽带、大连接、大数据、大平台、大模型、大智能正在快速地融合发展。

杀虫(螨)剂协同抗药性捕食螨对柑橘全爪螨的防治研究

通过研究田间杀虫(螨)剂协同抗药性捕食螨(巴氏新小绥螨,Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes)对柑橘全爪螨(Panonychus citri)的防治效果,为田间捕食螨和化学药剂的使用,达到农药减量、防效增效、时效增长提供理论指导。以高效氯氟氰菊酯、阿维菌素、黎芦碱、螺虫乙酯、联苯肼酯、啶虫脒、吡虫啉和矿物油8种田间常用杀虫(螨)剂为试验药剂,配合抗药性捕食螨的释放,跟踪调查田间抗药性巴氏新小绥螨、柑橘全爪螨的种群数量,并统计分析不同防控措施下柑橘全爪螨的防治效果。结果表明:不同防控措施下,捕食螨种群数量增长较快的为单一使用抗药性捕食螨和矿物油+抗药性捕食螨处理,其次为阿维菌素+抗药性捕食螨、黎芦碱+抗药性捕食螨和联苯肼酯+抗药性捕食螨处理;柑橘全爪螨种群数量较低的为阿维菌素+抗药性捕食螨、黎芦碱+抗药性捕食螨、螺虫乙酯+抗药性捕食螨和联苯肼酯+抗药性捕食螨4个处理。防治效果显示,黎芦碱+抗药性捕食螨、阿维菌素+抗药性捕食螨、联苯肼酯+抗药性捕食螨和螺虫乙酯+抗药性捕食螨4个处理的防治效果较好,其中悬挂捕食螨第35 d和第42 d黎芦碱+抗药性捕食螨处理的防治效果均在90.61%以上,阿维菌素+抗药性捕食螨和联苯肼酯+抗药性捕食螨处理的防治效果均在86.32%以上。调查结果还表明,黎芦碱+抗药性捕食螨和阿维菌素+抗药性捕食螨处理从悬挂捕食螨第14 d开始一直具有较好的防治效果,尤其以黎芦碱+抗药性捕食螨处理防治效果好、防控持效性长。综上,使用阿维菌素、黎芦碱、螺虫乙酯和联苯肼酯等杀虫(螨)剂协同抗药性捕食螨可以有效防控柑橘全爪螨,可以在大田推广应用。