Highly efficient CO_(2) capture using 2-methylimidazole aqueous solution on laboratory and pilot-scale

To date,the primary industrial carbon capture approach is still absorption using aqueous solutions of alkanolamines.Here,to pursue a substitute for the amine-based approach to improve the CO_(2) capture efficiency and decrease the energy cost further,we report a new carbon capture approach using a 2-methylimidazole(mIm)aqueous solution.The properties and sorption behaviors of this approach have been experimentally investigated.The results show that the mIm solution has higher CO_(2) absorption capacity under relatively higher equilibrium pressure(>130 kPa)and lower desorption heat than the methyldiethanolamine solution.91.6%sorption capacity of mIm solution can be recovered at 353.15 K and 80 kPa.The selectivity for CO_(2)/N_(2) and CO_(2)/CH_(4) can reach an exceptional 7609 and 4324,respectively.Furthermore,the pilot-scale tests were also performed,and the results demonstrate that more than 98%of CO_(2) in the feed gas could be removed and cyclic absorption capacity can reach 1 mol·L^(-1).This work indicates that mIm is an excellent alternative to alkanolamines for carbon capture in the industry.

Effect of C/N Ratio on DHA Production by Schizochytrium sp.JN-3 and Its Pilot-scale Fermentation

[ Objective] This study aimed to explore the effect of C/N ratio on DHA production by Schizochytrium sp. , and the results were verified by pilot-scale fermentation. [ Method] Effect of C/N ratio on DHA production by Schizochytrium sp. JN-3 was explored. The industrial fermentation potential of Schizochytrium sp. JN-3 was investigated by pilot-scale fermentation in a 200 L fermentation tank. [ Result] Results of fermentation in a 7 L fermentation tank showed that the maximum biomass and total lipid content were 34.3 and 20.1 g/L, respectively, when C/N ratio was 10 ; the maximum DHA yield was 46.9% when C/N ratio was 20. When pilot-scale fermentation was conducted in a 200 L fermentation tank, the biomass was 30. 2 g/L, total lipid content was 18.4 g/L, accounting for 63.2% of the dry weight of cells; DHA content was 7.4 g/L, accounting for 40. 2% of the total lipid content. [ Condasion ] Schizochytrlum sp. JN-3 has good industrial fermentation notential.

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch system

To achieve high efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and to investigate the rule of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification phosphorus removal （SNDPR）, a whole course of SNDPR damage and recovery was studied in a pilot-scale, anaerobicanoxic oxidation ditch （OD）, where the volumes of anaerobic zone, anoxic zone, and ditches zone of the OD system were 7, 21, and 280 L, respectively. The reactor was fed with municipal wastewater with a flow rate of 336 L/d. The concept of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification （SND） rate （rSND） was put forward to quantify SND. The results indicate that： （1） high nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were achieved during the stable SND phase, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphate （TP） removal rates were 80% and 85%, respectively; （2） when the system was aerated excessively, the stability of SND was damaged, and rSND dropped from 80% to 20% or less; （3） the natural logarithm of the ratio of NOx to NH4^＋ in the effluent had a linear correlation to oxidation-reduction potential （ORP）; （4） when NO3^- was less than 6 mg/L, high phosphorus removal efficiency could be achieved; （5） denitrifying phosphorus removal （DNPR） could take place in the anaerobic-anoxic OD system. The major innovation was that the SND rate was devised and quantified.

Combination of a crude oil-degrading bacterial consortium under the guidance of strain tolerance and a pilot-scale degradation test

Under the guidance of strain tolerance, a new combination method for crude oil-degrading bacterial consortium was studied. Firstly, more than 50 efficient crude oil-degrading and biosurfactant producing bacteria were isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil and water in Tianjin Binhai New Area Oilfield, China. Twenty-four of them were selected for further study. These strains were identified as belonging Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Brevibacillus brevis, Achromobacter sp., Acinetobacter venetianus, Lysinibacillus macroides, Klebsiella oxytoca, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Rhodococcus sp. and Bacillus thuringiensis. A shake-flask degradation test revealed that 12 of these strains could degrade over 50% of 1% crude oil concentration in 7 d. Of these, 8 strains were able to produce biosurfactants. Furthermore, environmental tolerance experiments indicated that the majority of the strains had the ability to adapt to extreme environments including high temperatures, alkaline environments and high salinity environments. A mixed bacterial agent comprising the strains WB2, W2, W3 and HA was developed based on the environmental tolerance tests and subjected to the pilot-scale degradation test indicating that this bacterial agent could degrade 85.2% of 0.8% crude oil concentration in 60 d. Our results suggest that the application of this mixed agent could remediate crude oil polluted soils in saline and alkaline environments.

Petrochemical wastewater treatment with a pilot-scale bioaugmented biological treatment system

In solving the deterioration of biological treatment system treating petrochemical wastewater under low temperatures, bioaugmentation technology was adopted by delivering engineering bacteria into a pilot-scale two-stage anoxic-oxic (A/O) process based on previous lab-scale study. Experimental results showed that when the concentrations of COD and NH4+-N of the influent were 370~910 mg/L and 10~70 mg/L, the corresponding average concentrations of those of effluent were about 80 mg/L and 8 mg/L respectively, which was better than the Level I criteria of the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996). According to GC-MS analysis of the effluents from both the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the pilot system, there were 68 kinds of persistent organic pollutants in the WWTP effluent, while there were only 32 in that of the pilot system. In addition, the amount of the organics in the effluent of the pilot system reduced by almost 50% compared to that of the WWTP. As a whole, after bioaugmentation, the organic removal efficiency of the wastewater treatment system obviously in- creased.

Chemical characterization and antioxidative properties of Polish variety of Morus alba L. leaf aqueous extracts from the laboratory and pilot-scale processes

White mulberry tree (Morus alba L) is cultivated throughout Asia and Europe, including Poland. The leaves and root bark preparations from Morus alba have been used in traditional phytomedicine. The objective of the present study was to compare chemical composition and antioxidative activity of aqueous extracts prepared from Polish variety of Morus alba leaves at the laboratory (L) and pilot plant scale (PP) conditions. Proximate composition, phenolic acids profile (HPLC/MS), flavonol glicosides (HPLC/ MS), polyphenols (Folin-Ciocalteu assay), and the antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH assay) of the extracts were determined. The main phenolic compounds were identified as gallic, protocatechuic, phydroxybenzoic, vanillic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids. Chlorogenic acid was the main phenolic constituent of both extracts. The flavonols fraction contained rutin, quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, and kaempferol 3-β-D- glucopyranoside. Total concentration of phenolic compounds were 7.9 g and 14.4 g gallic acid equivalent/100 g extract, and antioxidant activity was 137.1 and 214.1 μMol Trolox equivalent/g dry weight for the PP and L extracts, respectively. We concluded that current pilot plant process is less efficient than laboratory process at the aqueous extraction of bioactive components from Morus alba dried leaves. Potential improvements may include increasing efficacy of the extraction, decreasing losses of bioactive components during the process, or both.

Carbon source recovery from waste sludge reduces greenhouse gas emissions in a pilot-scale industrial wastewater treatment plant

Carbon cycle regulation and greenhouse gas(GHG)emission abatement within wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)can theoretically improve sustainability.Currently,however,large amounts of external carbon sources used for deep nitrogen removal and waste sludge disposal aggravate the carbon footprint of most WWTPs.In this pilot-scale study,considerable carbon was preliminarily recovered from primary sludge(PS)through short-term(five days)acidogenic fermentation and subsequently utilized on-site for denitrification in a wool processing industrialWWTP.The recovered sludge-derived carbon sources were excellent electron donors that could be used as additional carbon supplements for commercial glucose to enhance denitrification.Additionally,improvements in carbon and nitrogen flow further contributed to GHG emission abatement.Overall,a 9.1%reduction in sludge volatile solids was achieved from carbon recovery,which offset 57.4%of external carbon sources,and the indirect GHG emissions of the target industrial WWTP were reduced by 8.05%.This study demonstrates that optimizing the allocation of carbon mass flow within a WWTP has numerous benefits.

Insights into influence of aging processes on zero-valent iron modified biochar in copper(II) immobilization: from batch solution to pilot-scale investigation

The zero-valent iron modified biochar materials are widely employed for heavy metals immobilization.However,these materials would be inevitably aged by natural forces after entering into the environment,while there are seldom studies reported the aging effects of zero-valent iron modified biochar.In this work,the hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid solution were applied to simulate aging conditions of zero-valent iron modified biochar.According to the results,the adsorption capacity of copper(II)contaminants on biochar,zero-valent iron modified biochar-1,and zero-valent iron modified biochar-2 after aging was decreased by 15.36%,22.65%and 23.26%,respectively.The surface interactions were assigned with chemisorption occurred on multi-molecular layers,which were proved by the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models.After aging,the decreasing of capacity could be mainly attributed to the inhibition of ion-exchange and zero-valent iron oxidation.Moreover,the plant growth and soil leaching experiments also proved the effects of aging treatment,the zero-valent iron modified biochar reduced the inhibition of copper(II)bioavailability and increased the mobility of copper(II)after aging.All these results bridged the gaps between bio-adsorbents customization and their environmental behaviors during practical agro-industrial application.

Catalytic ozonation in advanced treatment of kitchen wastewater:multi-scale simulation and pilot-scale study

Catalytic ozonation is regarded as a promising technology in the advanced treatment of refractory organic wastewater.Packed-bed reactors are widely used in practical applications due to simple structures,installation and operation.However,mass transfer of packed-bed reactors is relatively restrained and amplified deviations usually occurred in scale-up application.Herein,a multi-scale packed-bed model of catalytic ozonation was established to guide pilot tests.First,a laboratory-scale test was conducted to obtain kinetic parameters needed for modeling.Then,a multi-scale packed-bed model was developed to research the effects of water distribution structure,catalyst particle size,and hydraulic retention time(HRT)on catalytic ozonation.It was found that the performance of packed bed reactor was increased with evenly distributed water inlet,HRT of 60 min,and catalyst diameter of about 3-7 mm.Last,an optimized reactor was manufactured and a pilot-scale test was conducted to treat kitchen wastewater using catalytic ozonation process.In the pilot-scale test with an ozone dosage of 50 mg/L and HRT of 60 min,the packed-bed reactor filled with catalysts I was able to reduce chemical oxygen demand(COD)from 117 to 59 mg/L.The performance of the catalytic ozonation process in the packed-bed reactor for the advanced treatment of actual kitchen wastewater was investigated via both multi-scale simulation and pilot-scale tests in this study,which provided a practical method for optimizing the reactors of treating refractory organic wastewater.

Reaction mechanism of arsenic capture by a calcium-based sorbent during the combustion of arsenic-contaminated biomass: A pilot-scale experience

Large quantities of contaminated biomass due to phytoremediation were disposed through combustion in low-income rural regions of China.This process provided a solution to reduce waste volume and disposal cost.Pilot-scale combustion trials were conducted for in site disposal at phytoremediation sites.The reaction mechanism of arsenic capture during pilot-scale combustion should be determined to control the arsenic emission in flue gas.This study investigated three Pteris vittata L.biomass with a disposal capacity of 600 kg/d and different arsenic concentrations from three sites in China.The arsenic concentration in flue gas was greater than that of the national standard in the trial with no emission control,and the arsenic concentration in biomass was 486 mg/kg.CaO addition notably reduced arsenic emission in flue gas,and absorption was efficient when CaO was mixed with biomass at 10% of the total weight.For the trial with 10% CaO addition,arsenic recovery from ash reached 76%,which is an ~8-fold increase compared with the control.Synchrotron radiation analysis confirmed that calcium arsenate is the dominant reaction product.

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen（NO_3-N） removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated.During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO_3-N was 3.99-4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/（m^2·day）, the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24（mg/L）1/2/min,respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845,5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m^2 at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm^3 at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.

Comparative investigations on pilot-scale anaerobic digestion of food waste at 30℃and 35℃

Parallel pilot-scale anaerobic digestion systems were conducted to evaluate the influence of system temperatures(30℃and 35℃)on digestion performance,greenhouse gas control and economic efficiency.Biogas productions(6.64-12.96 m3/d)and methane yields(0.46-0.61 m3/kg VS)of 35℃digestion system were significantly higher than those of 30℃digestion system with the organic loading rate(OLR)of 2.0-4.5 kg VS/m3·d.Two regression equations of methane yields with increasing OLRs were fitted at 30℃and 35℃to predict the methane production of practical food waste(FW)digestion plants.By analyzing process stability,the optimal operating OLRs of 35℃digestion system(4.0 kg VS/m3·d)was found to be higher than that of 30℃digestion system(3.0 kg VS/m3·d),indicating that the 35℃digestion system had better processing capacity.The greenhouse gas emission under corresponding optimal operating OLR of 35℃digestion system was also calculated to be better than that of 30℃digestion system.Even the system temperature of 30℃was found to be more suitable for the digestion where OLR was less than 3.0 kg VS/m3·d,a higher operational temperature of 35℃was still a better choice for conventional high-solid digestion.

Development and experimental study on a pilot-scale feed pellet mill

Pilot-scale pellet mill has many advantages and great potential application prospect.In this work,a structure of pilot-scale pellet mill was designed and the effects of moisture content(12%-20%w.b.),temperature(55°C-95°C)and ring die speed(160-320 r/min)on the production and physical properties(pellet durability,bulk density and hardness)of the produced feed pellets were determined and analyzed.The results showed that pellet durability ranged from 90.47%to 96.92%,bulk density 537.4 kg/m3 to 62.2 kg/m3,hardness 5.26 kg to 9.65 kg and production 26.51 kg/h to 42.81 kg/h.Pellet durability was found to increase with the increase of temperature and moisture content,but to decrease with the increase of ring die speed.Bulk density showed a monotonic increase with temperature and ring die speed.Hardness increased with the increase of temperature,but exhibited a first ascending and then descending trends with the increase of moisture content.It also indicted that high ring die speed favored production.Due to its fast and cheap production in a suitable scale,the designed pilot scale pellet mill prototype and the comprehensive research would contribute to the production of feed pellets in various processing conditions with different feed formulas,like additive selection and so on,in order to meet diversified demands.

Biochar-supported nano-scale zerovalent iron activated persulfate for remediation of aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil:an in-situ pilot-scale study

Biochar supported nano-scale zerovalent iron(nZVI/BC)for persulfate(PS)activation has been studied extensively for the degradation of pollutants on the lab scale,but it was rarely applied in practical soil remediation in the field.In this research,we developed a facile ball-milling method for the mass production of nZVI/BC,which was successfully applied to activate persulfate for the remediation of organic polluted soil on an in-situ pilot scale.In-situ high-pressure injection device was developed to inject nZVI/BC suspension and PS solution into the soil with a depth of 0-70 cm.The removal efficiency of target pollutants such as 2-ethylnitrobenzene(ENB,1.47-1.56 mg/kg),biphenyl(BP,0.19-0.21 mg/kg),4-(methylsulfonyl)toluene(MST,0.32-0.43 mg/kg),and 4-phenylphenol(PP,1.70-2.46 mg/kg)at different soil depths was 99.7%,99.1%,99.9%and 99.7%,respectively,after 360 days of remediation.The application of nZVI/BC significantly increased the degradation rates of contaminants by 11-322%,ascribed to its relatively higher efficiency of free radical generation than that of control groups.In addition,it was found that nZVI/BC-PS inhibited soil urease and sucrase enzyme activities by 1-61%within 55 days due to the oxidative stress for microbes induced by free radicals,while these inhibition effects disappeared with remediation time prolonged(>127 days).Our research provides a useful implementation case of remediation with nZVI/BC-PS activation and verifies its feasibility in practical contaminated soil remediation.

成型生物质流化床气化及结渣影响因素研究

为提高生物质气化产物的品质,采用成型桉树皮和成型玉米秸秆2种典型农林废弃物,并选取稻壳和木屑作为对比,在中试规模的流化床实验台上进行气化实验,得到成型桉树皮、成型玉米秸秆、稻壳和木屑的最佳空气当量系数,分析了成型生物质在气化中出现结渣现象的原因。结果表明:在实验条件下,成型桉树皮、稻壳和木屑的最佳空气当量系数为0.20,其燃气热值分别为5.5 MJ/m^(3)、5.5 MJ/m^(3)、6 MJ/m^(3),气化效率分别为60%、45%、52%;成型玉米秸秆由于其高灰分、低热值,所需空气量更大,最佳空气当量系数为0.24,燃气热值为4 MJ/m^(3),气化效率为35%;气化温度提高可促进不同生物质的气化反应,碱金属、碱土金属含量较多的成型生物质在气化过程中更易结渣。

基于非粮糖蜜的聚羟基脂肪酸酯发酵培养基优化与中试放大

为促进绿色生物基材料聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)的发展,推进非粮糖蜜发酵等工艺标准化、规模化、绿色化运行,压缩PHA发酵成本,提高生产强度,该研究以盐单胞菌(Halomonos sp.)TD01为发酵菌株,基于非粮糖蜜原料发酵生产PHA。通过单因素试验和响应面法优化确定最佳发酵培养基配方,并调整补料培养基后进行中试放大验证。结果表明,生产PHA最佳发酵培养基配方为糖蜜添加量33.2 g/L,尿素添加量2.5 g/L,硫酸铵添加量2.2 g/L。在此优化条件下,PHA产量为3.12 g/L。通过2 L扩大发酵罐培养得到PHA总产量达到67.36 g/L,较优化前产量增长142.13%;5 kL中试发酵得到PHA总产量为51.16 g/L,较优化前产量增长了83.90%。

铁基颗粒吸附剂固定床处理含砷地下水的中试研究

以农村地区的As污染地下水为处理对象,研发了同步去除水中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的铁基颗粒吸附剂(FMGA),设计并建立了以吸附固定床为核心单元的中试除As装置,对As污染地下水的处理效果进行研究。结果表明:在33 d的连续运行过程中,除As装置出水As浓度始终低于GB 5749—2022《生活饮用水卫生标准》规定限值(10μg/L),吸附固定床首次运行的穿透时间达到786 h;使用0.2 mol/L的Na OH溶液对吸附剂进行原位再生后,吸附固定床再次运行的穿透时间仍可达到750 h,其除As性能的恢复率接近91%;除As装置的出水浊度接近于0,Fe、Mn离子浓度均低于GB 5749—2022的限值(Fe浓度为0.3mg/L,Mn浓度为0.1 mg/L),FMGA可高效再生回用且无二次污染。吸附动力学表明,FMGA吸附As的过程符合准二级动力学模型,As通过化学吸附被去除;吸附等温线表明,FMGA对As的理论最大吸附容量为74.94 mg/g(pH为7.0)。通过表征研究可知,FMGA最大荷载为89.39 N,具有出色的机械强度。

中试脉冲喷动床微波冻干山楂干燥特性与品质特性研究

该文针对传统冻干(conventional freeze-drying,CFD)存在的干燥周期长、能耗大及生产成本高等问题,探究中试脉冲喷动床微波冻干(pulse-spouted bed microwave freeze-drying,PSBMFD)山楂的干燥特性与品质特性,分析代替传统冻干进行商业化应用的可行性。以CFD山楂作为对比,研究了两者干燥时间、能耗、山楂品质及干燥均匀性等方面的差异。结果显示,和CFD相比,中试PSBMFD能耗降低72.49%,干燥周期减少62.39%,较好地保留山楂原有风味,所得山楂产品具有多孔结构和较高质构(硬度20.83 N);在水分含量、色差、收缩率方面,中试PSBMFD实现了山楂产品较高的均匀性(>90%);在营养保留方面,中试PSBMFD山楂具有较高的总酚含量[37.03 mg/g干基,以没食子酸当量(gallic acid equivalent,GAE)计]与抗氧化能力。该中试实验结果为PSBMFD商业化提供了有效的理论基础和技术支持。

中试产业化的理论逻辑、实践困境及优化策略

加快中试产业化发展,建设现代化中试产业体系,有助于加快我国科技成果的形成与转化,促进创新链与产业链深度融合发展,加快实现高水平科技成果产业化发展。我国中试具备产业化的可能性与必要性,中试产业化的有效运行依赖于规范的内部管理机制、良性的外部协作机制和有效的政府宏观调控机制。目前中试产业化面临的现实困境是创新主体与生产主体信息沟通不畅、存在知识泄露和人才流失风险、创新主体积极性不高、市场定位不清晰、监管制度不完善等问题,需在中试信息流通、技术服务保护、人才评聘和收益分配机制、专业化市场建设和监管制度改革等方面持续优化完善。

切制工艺小试与中试的比较及思考——以黄芩饮片为例

目的 采用实验室小试和饮片厂中试工艺对黄芩药材进行切制,比较两种工艺的差异,为黄芩片的生产加工标准化提供参考。方法 采用《中华人民共和国药典》(2020年版)黄芩的浸出物及含量测定方法,对黄芩药材及饮片醇溶性浸出物和黄芩苷的含量进行测定;采用课题组前期建立的黄芩高效液相色谱法(High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HPLC)指纹图谱方法对黄芩药材及饮片进行测定;对小试和中试得到的黄芩片进行饮片得率、外观性状、浸出物和黄芩苷含量、指纹图谱及成分转移率的比较。结果 采用小试和中试工艺得到的黄芩片均为薄片,片型相近,外表皮为黄棕色,具有放射状纹理,且浸出物和黄芩苷含量均符合《中华人民共和国药典》规定。小试工艺的饮片得率、浸出物和黄芩苷转移率比中试工艺略高。结论 小试工艺和中试工艺得到的黄芩片质量相对稳定,切制工艺参数设置合理。在黄芩药材的切制工艺中,环境温湿度、水洗次数和蒸制压力是关键因素。小试研究和中试验证的结合,可降低饮片工业化生产风险,为黄芩片的生产加工标准化提供参考。