Analysis of Influencing Factors of Pine Wood Nematode Disease in Lu an City Based on GIS

[Objectives]The paper was to figure out the distribution of Monochamus alternatus in the stumps of pine wood nematode infected wood in Lu'an City and to provide a theoretical and practical basis for differentiated prevention and control of pine wood nematode disease in the future.[Methods]The factors influencing the number of epidemic small classes and infected plants in all counties and districts of Lu'an City were analyzed by GIS method,and the number of worms and wormholes of M.alternatus inside and outside the stumps of pine wood nematode infected wood in Lu'an City were investigated on the spot.[Results]There were 98,40,54,781,193,268 and 34 epidemic small classes of pine wood nematode disease,and 7241,6099,9532,39161,11079,49876 and 4853 infected plants in Yu'an District,Jin'an District,Yeji District,Shucheng County,Huoshan County,Jinzhai County and Huoqiu County,respectively.Pine wood nematode disease in Lu'an City mostly occurred in Huoshan County,Shucheng County and Jinzhai County,with relatively high altitude,paddy soil,the annual precipitation higher than 2062 mm,and the annual average temperature lower than 16.2℃.The number of diseased plants of pine wood nematode disease was positively correlated with altitude and annual precipitation,and was negatively correlated with annual average temperature.The number of worms and wormholes in pine wood nematode infected wood was very small at different altitudes,stump heights and stump diameters.[Conclusions]The pine wood nematode infected wood can be differentially processed after stump treatment,and stumps can be peeled.The results will provide a theoretical and practical basis for differentiated prevention and control of pine wood nematode disease in the future.

Investigation of beetle species that carry the pine wood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner and Buhrer)Nickle,in China

In order to found new carriers of pine wood nematode(PWN),Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,beetles were collected from pine wilt disease-affected areas in six provinces in China.A total of 8830 beetles of 29 species was collected and examined to determine whether they were PWN carriers.Eight species were identified as carriers.Results included the first worldwide report of Monochamus uigromaculatus,Semanotus siuoauster,and Uraecha angusta being carriers of PWN,and the first report from China of A rhopalus rusticus carrying PWN.Monochamus alternatus was commonly collected in all six provinces and was the dominant species in four inland affected areas and A.rusticus was dominant in two coastal affected areas.The species varied between different neighboring regions in the same province.The distribution of the same species varied considerably over different regions.

Emamectin benzoate 9.7%SL as a new formulation for a trunkinjections against pine wood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

In this study,we investigated the preventive effects of emamectin benzoate 9.7%SL,which was newly developed to reduce the injection volume and number of injection holes required to protect against pine wood nematode.None of the Pinus thunbergii trees injected with emamectin benzoate 9.7%SL at 0.3 mL/cm diameter at breast height(DBH)died within 2 years of inoculation with pine wood nematodes.Emamectin benzoate 9.7%SL injected at 0.6 mL/cm DBH resulted in no tree mortality for 3 years.Mean residue of emamectin benzoate 9.7%SL in pine twigs injected with 0.3 mL/cm DBH was 0.490μg/g at 1 year after injection and 0.303μg/g after 2 years.These residues values are greater than 0.031μg/g,previously determined IC95 value for emamectin benzoate against the pine wood nematode.Our field experiment and residue analysis showed that emamectin benzoate 9.7%SL could be a substitute agent for emamectin benzoate 2.15%EC,which is widely used to prevent pine wood nematode in the field and that injection volume and number of injection holes can be greatly educed using this new formulation,which will reduce injury to the cambium,interruption of water movement,and infection of inoculation wounds by wood-decay or blue stain fungi.

Adaptation of pine wood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,early in its interaction with two Pinus species that differ in resistance

Pine wilt disease(PWD)is one of the most devastating diseases of Pinu s spp.and is caused by the pine wood nematode(PWN),Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner&Buhrer)Nickle.To study adaptation of PWN to survive in hosts that differ in resistance,we examined the self-regulatory characteristics of PWN at the biological and molecular levels early in the interaction.Two-year-old susceptible Pinus thunbergii and resistant Pinus taeda were selected for this experiment,and changes in PWNs after inoculation were assessed.q RT-PCR was used to detect changes in genes related to PWN pathogenicity and detoxification.The results showed that the migration and reproductive abilities of PWNs in P.thunbergii were stronger than those of PWNs in P.taeda.After 7 d,the number of nematodes in P.thunbergii was approximately 3.2-fold higher than in P.taeda.After 15 d,the number of nematodes in P.thunbergii was approximately twofold higher than that in P.taeda.Because PWN can adjust its sex ratio after infection,we compared the sex ratio of uninoculated PWNs,to that in the two pine species.In P.thunbergii,the female to male ratio first decreased and then stabilized over time;in P.taeda first decreased and then increased.Relative fat accumulation in PWNs increased significantly after the PWNs entered the tree body;the accumulation rate in P.thunbergii was higher than in P.taeda at 7 d,but lower after 15 d.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)showed significantly more bacteria on the surface of PWNs in P.taeda compared with PWNs in susceptible P.thunbergii.At 12 h after inoculation,the expression of genes related to cell-wall degradation(Bx Beta1-4 and Bxpel1),effectors(Bx CDP1,Bx Sap B1),and active oxygen metabolism(Bxy-ctl-1 and Bx GST3)was 2–6×higher in the resistant pine than in the susceptible one.In contrast,in PWNs,the expression of autophagy-related genes Bx ATG1 and Bx ATG16 was 1.5–2 times higher in P.thunbergii than in P.taeda.These results indicate that the interaction between PWNs and pine trees with different resistance levels elicits a series of physiological and molecular adaptations that affect nematode reproduction and virulence.This study will help elucidate the adaptive mechanisms of PWN in different pine trees.

Influence of Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary treatments on mechanical properties of blue-stained Lodgepole Pine wood

三集中(2.8% ， 2.0% ， 1.2%) 氨的铜第四级(ACQ ) 被选择为在染色蓝色的木头的机械性能上评估 ACQ 处理对待 Lodgepole 松木头。弹性(MOE ) 的弯曲模块，破裂(粗腐殖质) 的模块，坚韧；砍的力量平行到正切的表面上的谷物，根据标准 GB1927 ～ 1 被测试 943 91。非对待的样品也根据一样的过程被测试。结果证明 ACQ 答案的不同集中使妊娠的三个组标本满足了 AWPA 标准 2003 美洲(UC4A 6.4g/cm [3 ]) 。有在对待的木头之间的坚韧的重要差别；非对待的木头(p=0.01 ) ，但是以坚韧在三集中之中没有统计上重要的差别，；对待的木头的坚韧是约 20% 比低非对待。到谷物的粗腐殖质， MOE 以及砍的力量平行被发现不在对待的木头之间显著地不同；非对待的，；也在 ACQ 的三集中之中没有统计上重要的差别。坚韧，粗腐殖质， MOE；到谷物的砍的力量平行与 ACQ 的集中的减少增加了，但是他们几乎没被 ACQ 防腐剂影响。

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WOOD PROPERTIES BETWEENWHITE WOOD OF DAHURIAN LARCH AND MONGOLIANSCOTCH PINE

The comparative result shows that the physical and mechanical properties of wood between white wood of Dahurian larch (Larix gmelini (Rupr.) Rupr.) and Mangolian scotch pine (Pinus cylvesthe var. mongolica) are different Some differences are very conspicuous,(e. g. compressivc strength parallel to grain, modulus of elasticity in static bending, toughness and bending strength etc. ),and others are slightly conSPicuous or not conspicuous,(e.g. shrinkage, differential shrinkage and shearing strength parallel to grain etc.). The properties of white wood of Dahurian larch are suitable weight and soft texture, median strength,median shrinkage and good in worability, while which of Mongolian scotch pine are light and soft nearly very soft,weak strength, median shrinkage are good in workability. However, the white wood of Dahuran larch is superior to the Mongolian scotch pine in Strength-to-weight ratio.It is a valuable timber tree.

Effects of Pulsed Magnetic Field on Biochemical and Physiological Characters and Ultrastructure of Pine Wood Nematode

In this paper,we employed the pulsed magnetic field(PMF) processing to investigate the effect of different pulse rise time and treatment time on the survival,reproduction,cellulase activity and surface characteristics of the pine wood nematode (PWN).The results showed that the wider pulse and the longer treatment time were able to reduce the survival,and inhibit the cellulase activity and reproduction of PWN.The 4th instar and females had a strong resistance to the pulsed magnetic field. With pulse rise time of 10 ms and the treatment of 60 min,the adjusted mortality of PWN was 100%. After the PMF treatment,the cellulase activity of PWN increased within a short time,and then declined with the treatment time.The observation with a scanning electron micrograph(SEM) revealed that there was no significant change in morphology of PWN,but the quantity of rod-shaped bacteria carried by PWN was reduced.

灰葡萄孢寄生菌Clpse01的杀线活性研究

在用灰葡萄孢菌Botrytis cinerea培养松材线虫的过程中,发掘了一株具有杀线活性的灰葡萄孢寄生菌Clpse01。本文在光学显微镜下对菌株Clpse01的形态和其对灰葡萄孢菌的生长影响进行了观察;采用ITS4/ITS5、LR5/LR0R、Bt2a/Bt2b和EF1-688F/EF1-1251R引物进行了分子生物学鉴定;同时测试了菌株Clpse01对松材线虫的杀线活性及对松材线虫卵孵化能力和繁殖能力的影响;最后测试了菌株Clpse01的胞外蛋白浓度,胞外β-葡萄糖苷酶活性和胞外几丁质酶活性。根据形态学和分子生物学结果,将菌株Clpse01鉴定为假卡鲁卡枝惠霉Clonostachyspseudochroleuca。菌株Clpse01可以缠绕、侵入灰葡萄孢菌的菌丝以获得营养来源,使灰葡萄孢菌的菌丝生长受到抑制。将2000条松材线虫接种到长满菌株Clpse01的培养基上,8 d后仅分离出6条/皿活线虫,而对照灰葡萄孢菌培养基上分离的线虫数为33066条/皿活线虫;菌株Clpse01发酵液处理松材线虫48 h后的校正死亡率为88%,浓度为1×108孢子/mL的孢子悬液处理松材线虫24 h后的校正死亡率为88.33%;菌株Clpse01 2×稀释发酵液24 h对卵的孵化抑制率为100%。发酵培养6 h后,菌株Clpse01胞外蛋白浓度为1782.917μg/mL,胞外β-葡萄糖苷酶为9.99 U/mL,胞外几丁质酶含量为0.8792U/mL,并随发酵时间推移而升高。菌株Clpse01通过寄生松材线虫的食物来源灰葡萄孢菌和影响松材线虫的繁殖、存活和卵的孵化起作用,胞外β-葡萄糖苷酶、几丁质酶是毒杀松材线虫的两个重要生理因子。

氯化锌浸渍处理对樟子松热处理材尺寸稳定性和处理能耗的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究弱酸性氯化锌溶液浸渍对热处理材的尺寸稳定性以及处理能耗的影响。【方法】采用质量分数5%的氯化锌溶液浸渍樟子松试样,并进行不同温度的热处理,通过试样吸湿后的尺寸和质量变化分析,评价浸渍–热处理樟子松试样的尺寸稳定性和吸湿性,并结合红外光谱分析、X射线衍射分析以及能耗计算,阐明浸渍–热处理对试样尺寸稳定性的影响机制和能量消耗情况。【结果】氯化锌浸渍–热处理组的性能提升效果比热处理组更明显;随着热处理温度的升高,木材的吸湿性降低,尺寸稳定性提高,热处理组和浸渍–热处理组的体积湿胀率分别从3.5%、3.4%下降到2.6%、2.1%;两种处理方式下的处理材红外吸收光谱图中均没有产生新的官能团特征峰,但羟基数量均随着温度升高而明显降低;处理材的相对结晶度呈上升趋势,热处理组和浸渍–热处理组分别由36.05%、38.77%提升到48.51%、53.04%;浸渍–热处理组试材在160℃达到的处理效果比仅进行180℃热处理达到的处理效果更好,同时因为前者的处理温度更低,所以能够减少处理过程中的能耗,在所研究的温度范围内最高可减少10%的能耗。【结论】相比樟子松热处理改性,氯化锌浸渍–热处理联合改性可以通过更低的热处理温度使樟子松达到相同的尺寸稳定性,有助于热处理工序的节能减排,对于力学性能方面的影响则需要进一步深入研究。

松材线虫入侵对湖北三峡地区马尾松林水源涵养能力的影响

[目的]为了探讨松材线虫入侵后松林枯落物层和土壤层水源涵养能力的变化趋势。[方法]以湖北三峡地区松材线虫入侵不同年限(0 a(未入侵)、6 a、10 a和16 a)的马尾松林为对象,采用环刀法、烘干法与室内浸泡法对林分地表枯落物和土壤层水源涵养能力进行了测定,并结合枯落物有效拦蓄量和土壤有效蓄水量定量比较林分枯落物层和土壤层的水源涵养能力在松材线虫入侵不同年限间的变化趋势。[结果]表明:(1)松材线虫入侵不同年限间马尾松林枯落物蓄积量、有效拦蓄量和最大持水量均无显著差异(P>0.05),枯落物总厚度为3.47~5.34 cm,总蓄积量为6.11~9.62 t·hm^(−2),枯落物有效拦蓄量为9.71~14.77 t·hm^(−2)。(2)松材线虫入侵不同年限间马尾松林土壤含水量、土壤密度、非毛管孔隙度存在显著差异(P<0.05),毛管持水量为333.42~378.33 t·hm^(−2),饱和蓄水量为386.27~461.20 t·hm^(−2),入侵6 a的马尾松林0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤有效蓄水量(62.08 t·hm^(−2)和50.08 t·hm^(−2))、10~20 cm土层土壤饱和蓄水量(386.27 t·hm^(−2))均最小。(3)综合林分枯落物和土壤层蓄水能力,由大到小依次为入侵10 a(219.72 t·hm^(−2))>未入侵(191.85 t·hm^(−2))>入侵16 a(182.64 t·hm^(−2))>入侵6 a(121.86 t·hm^(−2)),入侵6 a林分综合蓄水量显著低于其他林分。[结论]湖北三峡地区马尾松林受松材线虫入侵的持续危害后,短期内枯落物层和土壤层持水能力下降,随年限增加林分水源涵养能力逐渐恢复。因此,今后应加强松材线虫入侵的防控力度,以维持和尽快恢复三峡地区马尾松林水源涵养功能。

抗松材线虫病马尾松种质资源遗传多样性分析及核心种质构建

【目的】对来自安徽省林业科学研究院和异地保存在浙江省临海市林业技术推广和场圃旅游服务总站的114份抗松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus病马尾松Pinus massoniana种质进行遗传多样性与群体结构分析,构建抗性马尾松核心种质库。【方法】对114份抗性马尾松种质进行检测,使用分子生物学软件计算遗传多样性参数,并进行主坐标(PCoA)和群体结构分析。利用M策略和随机取样策略分别构建核心种质,分析不同核心种质的的遗传多样性参数,确定最适合的构建方法。【结果】114份抗性马尾松种质共检测到115个等位基因,平均有效等位基因数(N_(e))为5.54,平均Shannon’s多样性指数(I)为1.51,平均多态信息含量(P_(IC))为0.90,结果表明其具有较高的遗传多样性水平。群体结构分析将114份抗性马尾松种质分为4个亚群,主坐标分析结果与上述基本一致。根据遗传多样性参数和抽样数量综合考虑,M策略构建的核心种质能以最小的种质数保留原有种质最大的遗传多样性,为最佳的取样策略。利用该策略得到了72份核心种质,其保留了原有种质100%的等位基因数,N_(e)、I、期望杂合度(H_(e))、PIC等遗传参数的保留率分别为95.67%、94.96%、98.12%和100.00%,将构建的核心种质与原有种质进行t检验、PCoA分析和UPGMA聚类分析,结果表明两者间的遗传多样性无显著差异。【结论】114份抗性马尾松种质遗传多样性水平较高,构建的72份抗性马尾松核心种质,去除了遗传冗余,有利于抗性马尾松种质资源的有效保护和科学利用,可为优异基因发掘和新品种选育提供参考。

木醋液对4种蔬菜种子萌发的影响

目的:探究松木屑木醋液对蔬菜作物的化感效应,以期为松木屑木醋液合理种植蔬菜作物提供理论依据。方法:研究不同浓度木醋液对萝卜、韭菜、小白菜和芥菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应。结果:木醋液对4种蔬菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳浓度及化感促进作用不同,2 000倍稀释木醋液处理下,与对照组相比萝卜种子的发芽率、发芽指数和根长及小白菜种子的根长分别提高了20.00%、22.60%、5.90%、19.50%(P <0.05);500倍稀释木醋液处理下,与对照组相比韭菜种子的发芽率和茎长分别提高了8.89%、30.60%(P <0.05);1 000倍稀释木醋液处理下,与对照组相比芥菜种子的发芽率、活力指数和茎长分别提高了8.00%、31.33%、46.70%(P <0.05)。结论:低浓度松木屑木醋液具有促进4种蔬菜作物种子生长的化感作用。

木醋液中苯酚等酚类物质的应用分析

通过乙酸乙酯萃取-旋转薄膜蒸发-丙酮萃取-旋转薄膜蒸发精制松木屑木醋液并进行气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析,结果表明相对含量最高的化合物是苯酚(18.92%)。木醋液的稀释液种子萌发实验结果表明,稀释倍数为2000倍时,萝卜和菠菜的发芽率与对照组差异极显著,分别为96%和97%,而对照组的发芽率分别为82%和83%,处理组的发芽率均比对照组高;稀释倍数为100倍时,萝卜和菠菜的发芽率与对照组差异极显著,均只有3%,均比对照组低。

Resistance genes mediate differential resistance to pine defensive substances α-Pinene and H_(2)O_(2) in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus with different levels of virulence

The pine wood nematode(PWN),Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle,is the pathogen of pine wilt disease(PWD) which can devastate forests.PWN can be of hi gh or low severity and the mechanisms underlying the differences in virulence are unclear.Therefore,it is necessary to study the relationship between differentiation of PWN severity and its resistance to the main defensive substances of pine species(i.e.,α-pinene and H_(2)O_(2)).The feeding rate and fecundity of PWN was examined at different levels of virulence under conditions of a-pinene and H_(2)O_(2) stress.Moreover,the expression patterns of the main resistance genes of PWN with different virulence were determined under conditions of α-pinene and H_(2)O_(2) stress.The feeding rate and fecundity of the high virulence strain AMA3 were higher than those of the low virulence strain YW4.The expression levels of the autophagy gene BxATG5,cytochrome P450 gene BxCYP33 D3,and glutathione S-transferase genes BxGST1 and BxGST3 in AMA3 increased significantly upon exposure to α-pinene for 2 h,while these genes showed smaller degrees of upregulation in YW4.Under conditions of H_(2)O_(2) stress,the expression levels of BxATG5,catalase genes Bxy-ctl-1 and Bxy-ctl-2,and the 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin gene BxPrx in AMA3 were higher than those in YW4.These findings suggest that high virulence PWN has greater resistance to pine defensive substances α-pinene and H_(2)O_(2) than low virulence PWN,and resistance genes mediate the differential resistance of PWN strains.This study will contribute to the clarification of the mechanism underlying virulence differentiation of PWN and will advance understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of PWD.

基于YOLO v4的松材线虫病变色木自动检测

【目的】对受松材线虫病影响的树木进行快速、高效和精确的检测。【方法】利用深度学习技术中的YOLO v4(you only look once version 4)目标检测模型,对高分辨率影像中的松材线虫病变色木进行检测,并与SSD(single shot multibox detector)模型进行对比。【结果】YOLO v4模型的检测精度较高,精确度(P)为0.961 3,召回率(R)为0.764 9,F1分数为0.851 9。【结论】YOLO v4可准确地识别和定位松材线虫病变色木,且精确度比SSD高。

First record of Bursaphelenchus rainulfi on pine trees from eastern China and its phylogenetic relationship with intro-genus species

Bursaphelenchus rainulfi isolated from dead pine trees in Zhejiang, China, is described and illustrated. It also provided some molecular characters of the Chinese population, including the PCR-RFLP and sequences of ITS region and D2-D3 expansion region of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene. Both the morphological characters and ITS-RFLP patterns match with the original description. The phylogenetic trees based on the 13 sequences of D2-D3 expansion region of the LSU rRNA gene and ITS region of Bursaphelenchus species were constructed, respectively, with the results showing the similar clades. The phylogenetic relationship based on the molecular data is similar to that with morphological characters. This is the first report of the species on pine wood in eastern China.

Microwave vacuum drying characteristics of Pinus massoniana wood

Microwave-vacuum (MV) drying characteristics of plantation Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) were studied experimen-tally for various levels of microwave radiation time, initial moisture content (MC), vacuum level and wood thickness. The results show that the process of MV drying for wood can be significantly divided into a short accelerating rate drying period, a long constant rate drying period and falling rate drying period, and the second drying period can extend to levels of mean MC below the fiber satu-ration point. With the increase of initial MC and microwave radiation time, the drying rate of wood increases significantly. The vac-uum level affects the drying rate in a slightly positive way. Within the range of 2 to 6 cm, the effects of sample thickness on the dry-ing rate can be negligible.

Decomposition dynamics of coarse woody debris of three important central European tree species

Background:Coarse woody debris(CWD)is an important element of forest structure that needs to be considered when managing forests for biodiversity,carbon storage or bioenergy.To manage it effectively,dynamics of CWD decomposition should be known.Methods:Using a chronosequence approach,we assessed the decomposition rates of downed CWD of Fagus sylvatica,Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris,which was sampled from three different years of tree fall and three different initial diameter classes(>10 –≤ 20 cm,>20 –≤40 cm,>40 cm).Samples originating from wind throws in 1999 were collected along a temperature and precipitation gradient.Based on the decay class and associated wood densities,log volumes were converted into CWD mass and C content.Log fragmentation was assessed over one year for log segments of intermediate diameters(>20 – 40 cm)after 8 and 18 years of decomposition.Results:Significantly higher decomposition constants(k)were found in logs of F.sylvatica(0.054 year^(-1))than in P.abies(0.033 year^(-1))and P.sylvestris(0.032 year^(-1)).However,mass loss of P.sylvestris occurred mainly in sapwood and hence k for the whole wood may be overestimated.Decomposition rates generally decreased with increasing log diameter class except for smaller dimensions in P.abies.About 74 % of the variation in mass remaining could be explained by decomposition time(27 %),tree species(11 %),diameter(17 %),the interactive effects between tree species and diameter(4 %)as well as between decomposition time and tree species(3 %)and a random factor(site and tree; 9.5 %),whereas temperature explained only 2 %.Wood fragmentation may play a more important role than previously thought.Here,between 14 % and 30 % of the decomposition rates(for the first 18 years)were attributable to this process.Carbon(C)density(mg C · cm^(-3)),which was initially highest for F.sylvatica,followed by P.sylvestris and P.abies,decreased with increasing decay stage to similar values for all species.Conclusions:The apparent lack of climate effects on decomposition of logs in the field indicates that regional decomposition models for CWD may be developed on the basis of information on decomposition time,tree species and dimension only.These can then be used to predict C dynamics in CWD as input for C accounting models and for habitat management.

Relations Between Permeability and Structure of Wood

The permeability and the structure of heartwood and sapwood of the solvent-exchange dried and the air-dried green-wood of Chinese-fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) and masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) were measured inorder to study the relations between the permeability and the structure. The results showed that the permeability of sapwood of boththe air-dried and the solvent-exchange dried wood was higher than that of heartwood, and the permeability of the solvent-exchangeddried heartwood and sapwood was higher than that of the air-dried. A higher permeability of wood was attributed to, on the one hand,a bigger number of flow path per unit area of the wood perpendicular to the flow direction resulted from a bigger number ofunaspirated pits per unit area and a bigger number of effective pit openings per membrane, and on the other hand, a smaller numberof tracheid in series connection per unit length parallel to flow direction resulted from a longer tracheid length and an effectivetracheid length for permeability.