Application of Preservative-treated Pinewood in Garden Timber Architecture and Opuscule

Preservative-treated pinewood is mildewproof, anticorrosive and mothproof, with the long durability and environmental protection as its fine performance. It has become an important material for landscape construction for the wide pine material sources, low price, less deformation, moderate density, good fl exibility and strength, fine texture and good integration with the natural environment. On the basis of introducing pinewood species, preservatives and production process of preservative-treated pinewood, this paper focuses on the application of preservative-treated pinewood used in log cabin, pavilion, service buildings and other garden timber architecture, as well as roads, platforms, bridges, rails, gallery frames, pergolas and other opuscules.

Basic density, extractive content and moisture sorption properties of Pinus pinaster wood infected with the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

The pinewood nematode(PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has become one of the most severe threats to pine forest worldwide. Nematodes, migrating through resin canals and feeding on the living cells, induce rapid metabolic changes in ray parenchyma cells, create cavitation areas, decrease xylem water content and oleoresin exudation, and cause necrosis of parenchyma and cambial cells. This study focused on the impact of PWN infection on technological parameters of wood and evaluated the impact of anatomic and biochemical incidences of tree defense reactions on basic density, extractive content and moisture sorption properties of Pinus pinaster wood.Samples of infected and uninfected wood were studied.The presence of nematodes reduced wood basic density by2 % and decreased the total content of extractives in infected wood as compared with uninfected(5.98 and8.90 % of dry wood mass, respectively). Extractives in infected trees had inverse distribution along the trunk as compared with uninfected trees. The adsorption isotherms for infected and uninfected wood had similar positioning.We recorded differences(some statistically significant) in the equilibrium moisture content of infected and uninfected wood under varying environmental conditions. Despite the verified differences in wood basic density, extractive content and moisture sorption properties, the overall conclusion is that the PWN had a slight impact on these characteristics of wood.

Mechanisms of invasive population establishment and spread of pinewood nematodes in China

This paper summarizes the results of our study of the pinewood nematode(Bursaphelenchus xylophi-lus).By population genetic analysis,it was determined that there was no genetic bottle caused by the founder effect and genetic drift in the Chinese invasive population.Multiple invasions with large amounts of nematodes from different sources led to rich genetic diversity in the invasive population.Keeping high genetic diversity in the invasive process may be one of the genetic mechanisms in its successful invasion.By testing interspecies competition,it was shown that,with high fecundity and a strong competitive ability,B.xylophilus outcompeted the native species B.mucronatus in the natural ecosystem during the invasion process.Competitive displacement may be one of the ecological mechanisms of B.xylophilus's invasion.In addition,an unequal interspecific hybridization with intro-gress was in favor of the invasive species which also accelerated the replacement of B.mucronatus by B.xylophilus.The structures,functions and evolutions of a few important genes that are closely related to the ecological adaptation of pinewood nematodes were studied to explore the molecular mechanism of its ecological adaptations.Further,the resistance and resilience mechanism of the pine ecosystem invaded by pinewood nematodes was also investigated.The results of these studies uncovered a portion of the genetic and ecological mechanisms of PWN's successful invasion and laid a foundation for further study to obtain a comprehensive interpretation of the mechanisms of the nematode invasion.The results also provided a scientific basis for effectively controlling the occurrence and spread of pine wilt disease which is caused by nematodes.Various aspects requiring further investigation are considered.

基于ResNet模型的松材线虫病变色疫木识别方法研究

本文使用配备高分辨率RGB数码相机的无人机,在松林上空捕捉具有高空间分辨率的航空影像,并对获取的可见光正射影像进行高程和地形特征的预处理,提取纹理信息后采用ResNet神经网络进行分类和识别训练。最终,采用深度卷积网络训练的模型对松材线虫病变色疫木进行智能识别。结果显示,平均准确率为92.29%,识别精确率最高可达96.51%,同步验证了基于ResNet模型的松材线虫病变色疫木识别方法研究的可行性,以期为松材线虫病防治提供参考。

A new bacteria-free strategy induced by MaGal2 facilitates pinewood nematode escape immune response from its vector beetle

Symbiotic microbes play a crucial role in regulating parasite–host interactions;however,the role of bacterial associates in parasite–host interactions requires elucidation.In this study,we showed that,instead of introducing numerous symbiotic bacteria,dispersal of 4th-stage juvenile(JIV)pinewood nematodes(PWNs),Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,only introduced few bacteria to its vector beetle,Monochamus alternatus(Ma).JIV showed weak binding ability to five dominant bacteria species isolated from the beetles’pupal chamber.This was especially the case for binding to the opportunistic pathogenic species Serratia marcescens;the nematodes’bacteria binding ability at this critical stage when it infiltrates Ma for dispersal was much weaker compared with Caenorhabditis elegans,Diplogasteroides asiaticus,and propagative-stage PWN.The associated bacterium S.marcescens,which was isolated from the beetles’pupal chambers,was unfavorable to Ma,because it caused a higher mortality rate upon injection into tracheae.In addition,S.marcescens in the tracheae caused more immune effector disorders compared with PWN alone.Ma_Galectin2(MaGal2),a pattern-recognition receptor,was up-regulated following PWN loading.Recombinant MaGal2 protein formed aggregates with five dominant associated bacteria in vitro.Moreover,MaGal2 knockdown beetles had up-regulated prophenoloxidase gene expression,increased phenoloxidase activity,and decreased PWN loading.Our study revealed a previously unknown strategy for immune evasion of this plant pathogen inside its vector,and provides novel insights into the role of bacteria in parasite–host interactions.

Fertilization and clear-cutting effects on greenhouse gas emissions of pinewood nematode damaged Masson pine plantation

Introduction:Management practices are essential for maintaining forest ecological functions under increasing diseases and pest disasters.The effects of nitrogen fertilization(NF)and clear-cutting(CC)on the soil microbial community structure and greenhouse gases emission were investigated of pinewood nematodes(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)-infected Masson pine(Pinus massoniana)plantations.Outcomes:CC increased the soil microbial biomass carbon(SMBC)and soil microbial biomass nitrogen(SMBN)contents relative to the control(CK).NF increased the SMBN but had no significant effect on the SMBC content.The total fungal and bacterial abundances increased in the CC treatment compared with the CK,but there was no significant difference between the NF and CK.The cumulative soil CO_(2)emission(-2.35 t C·hm^(-2))was higher than that of CK(1.65 t C·hm^(-2))in summer,and the cumulative annual N_(2)O emission(16.90 kg N·hm^(-2)yr^(-1))of NF was approximately 47 times of CK(0.36 t N·hm^(-2)·yr^(-1)).CC increased the CO_(2)flux(-2.21 t C·hm^(-2))in summer but have no significantly effects on N_(2)O emission.Conclusion:These results indicated that NF and CC practices changed forest soil microbial community structure and affected soil greenhouse gas emissions in pinewood nematodes-infected Masson pine plantations.The CO_(2)emission rates increased in the NF and CC treatments,which reduced the carbon sequestration function of forests and had a negative impact on climate change.

Review of Pathogen Identification and Diagnosis Technology of Pinewood Nematode Disease

This article briefly introduced the disease incidence and disservice situation in China. The disease is regarded as cancer in pines for its higher spread and death speed and the difficulty in prevention. Strict quarantine is the main measure on countrol of the disease, for there are many difficulties in the prevention. The most important part of the disease study is the early diagnosis and detection.

松材线虫病防控策略与措施

松材线虫病是世界重大检疫性森林病害,该病在中国发生已有40年,且疫情一直处于蔓延状态。针对中国松材线虫病当前防控技术措施面临的挑战,提出松材线虫病防控技术思路,以根除病原为基本措施、媒介天牛防控为辅助措施、新型高效药剂(预防药物常温注干剂、媒介天牛驱避剂、救治药物灭线灵)为支撑的防控模式,具体包括根除小班区域内疫情模式、大幅度降低小班区域内病死树数量模式、毗邻的非疫情小班区域预防模式、重点名松古松预防模式,这些预防模式在中国局部区域应用达到了理想的治理效果,为松材线虫病的防控提供了有力支撑。

黏质沙雷氏菌AHPC29对松树萎蔫病的防治效果及其增菌条件

【目的】从松材线虫的媒介天牛蛹室及其气管中获得的黏质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens AHPC29对松材线虫具有致病能力,本研究旨在探究黏质沙雷氏菌AHPC29对松材线虫引起的松树萎蔫病的防治效果以及该菌株在实验室的增菌条件。【方法】通过对温室内人工感染松材线虫的松树灌溉菌剂,分析黏质沙雷氏菌AHPC29对松树萎蔫病的作用效果;通过单组分筛选和正交实验确定培养基组分和培养条件对其生长的影响,探究黏质沙雷氏菌AHPC29的最佳增菌条件。【结果】对于感染松材线虫的松树,灌溉黏质沙雷氏菌AHPC29菌液的处理组生长状态优于对照组,并且树内松材线虫含量显著降低;黏质沙雷氏菌AHPC29增菌的最佳培养基配比为0.1%乳糖、0.5%复合氨基酸、0.5%KNO_(3)、1.5%MgSO_(4),其中影响最大的组分为氮源;培养时其菌液最佳接种量为7%,最佳装液量为40%,最佳转速为180 r·min^(-1),最佳温度为30℃,最适培养时长为36 h。【结论】本研究获得了黏质沙雷氏菌AHPC29的最佳增菌条件,并证实该菌具有良好的松树萎蔫病防治应用潜力,为其作为生防菌的应用提供了理论基础。

安徽省松材线虫病生态环境影响评价

为探讨松材线虫病生态环境影响评价,本文在掌握安徽省松材线虫病分布情况的基础上,以2021年为研究基准年,设置多项指标,就松材线虫病对生态环境的影响进行定性分析和定量评估。结果表明,2021年松材线虫病对安徽省生态环境影响价值损失为25.69亿元。比照2021年安徽省GDP和林业行业社会总产值,松材线虫病对安徽省生态环境影响的价值分别占前两者的0.060%和0.505%,可见其对安徽省生态环境以及可持续发展均有一定影响。

松木模板法制备CaAl_(2x)O_(3x+1)固体碱催化剂

目的采用松木模板法制备固体碱催化剂旨在改变催化剂结构、提高催化剂性能。方法以一水乙酸钙、二水碱式乙酸铝为原料、松木屑为模板,经浸渍、干燥、焙烧制备CaAl_(2x)O_(3x+1)固体碱催化剂。采用单因素试验考查钙铝物质的量比、焙烧温度及焙烧时间对催化剂活性的影响。对催化剂及前驱体进行TG、XRD及SEM表征。结果制备CaAl_(2x)O_(3x+1)固体碱催化剂的最佳条件:钙铝物质的量比4∶1、焙烧温度900℃、焙烧时间7 h。催化剂前驱体温度超过900℃后分解基本结束。CaAl_(2x)O_(3x+1)固体碱催化剂晶相结构类似松木屑模板,是由大量无定型物质(Al 2O 3、CaO或其复合物)和少量晶体(CaO)构成的表面光滑的亚微米级颗粒组成。结论通过松木模板法可制得类似松木结构且活性较高的固体碱催化剂。

泾县松材线虫病防治现状及防控对策

本文介绍了安徽省泾县松材线虫病的防治现状及采取的防治措施,分析了防治过程中存在的问题,并从强化风险排查与治理同步开展,落实松材线虫病防治各方责任、建立联动监管机制,强化科技创新、解决关键技术难题等方面提出了防控建议。

金寨县松材线虫病防控存在的问题及防控对策

松材线虫病被称为松树“癌症”,是造成松林毁灭性的一种灾害,防控工作至关重要。通过对六安市金寨县松材线虫病防控工作现状的分析,总结该县防控工作中经验做法和存在的主要问题,并针对性地提出防控对策,以期为该县防控工作提供参考。

松墨天牛对寄主树木的产卵选择

在室内采用选择行为方法,研究了松墨天牛Monochamusalternatus对几种松属植物的产卵选择行为。结果表明,松墨天牛对黑松Pinusthunbergii的选择性最强,对马尾松P.massoniana的选择性最弱,二者间差异显著,它们与火炬松P.taeda和湿地松P.elliottii间无明显差异。在黑松和马尾松的被松材线虫危害木与健康木之间,松墨天牛明显选择被害木产卵;具产卵痕枝段和虫粪处理过的枝段,对松墨天牛的产卵有显著抑制作用,松墨天牛明显地选择对照枝段产卵。

以松木为模板研制高比表面积MgO固体强碱

以松木为模板,乙酸镁为前驱物,通过外模板法制备了一系列的MgO固体碱材料,并用XRD、SEM、正己烷吸附、低温液氮吸附、Hammett指示剂法、ICP、IR和TG-DSC等手段对其进行了表征.结果表明,用该方法制备出来的MgO样品具有松木的生物形态,由横截面积比较均一的棒状纳米颗粒构成,不同于乙酸镁直接焙烧得到的MgO样品.松木模板的使用有助于降低形成MgO样品的晶粒直径并明显提高了其比表面积,与此同时,这些具有生物形态的MgO样品仍保持了较高的碱强度,可望用作优良的碱催化剂或催化剂载体.

马尾松KP-AQ未漂浆中金属离子滞留性能的研究

用扫描电镜 能谱仪 (SEM EDAX)及原子吸收光谱仪研究了马尾松的金属离子分布及马尾松硫酸盐 蒽醌 (KP AQ)法未漂浆中金属离子的分布及滞留性能。结果表明 ,原料及未漂浆中都含有复杂的金属离子 ;未漂浆中的金属离子主要来源于原料 ,也受实验用水、金属设备及添加的化学药品等影响 ;不同金属离子由于其自身的性质不同 ,在未漂浆中滞留状态及滞留量不同。

应用TaqMan-MGB探针进行松材线虫的实时荧光定量检测技术研究

松材线虫是国际公认的最重要的检疫性有害生物之一,也是我国2类检疫危险性有害生物,我国口岸多次从货物的木质包装中截获该线虫。由于松材线虫与拟松材线虫在形态上极其相似,难以区分,幼虫更无法用于鉴定。传统的形态学鉴定、生化以及其他分子技术等方法存在费时、准确度不高、灵敏度低等缺点,不易形成标准。我们设计筛选一对引物以及一条MGB探针,对松材线虫进行实时荧光PCR检测。建立了一条从1 pg到104pg标准曲线,相关系数r=0．965。该检测方法省时、准确、快速、无污染。

抗松材线虫病马尾松种源化学成分与抗性机理研究(第Ⅲ报)——接种松材线虫引起抗性马尾松种源中性萜类含量变化关系的研究

通过气相色谱分析研究了高抗、中抗和敏感马尾松种源在接种松材线虫 (PWN)后所引起的中性萜类 (主要是倍半萜类 )组分含量变化规律以及含量变化与种源抗性间相关性变化规律。结果表明 ,接种PWN使抗性马尾松种源中某些萜类组分如长叶烯等增多 ,而某些组分如反式石竹烯等减少 ;接种PWN使高抗种源中长叶烯与反式石竹烯含量比值先减小后增大 ,且超过接种前的水平 ,但是未改变种源的抗病特征 ;树木生长过程对种源抗性及本研究没有造成影响和干扰。

氧量对松木热解特性的影响

基于热重–质谱联用仪上松木在5种不同氧量气氛下(0%、5%、10%、15%、21%)的热解实验研究考察了热解气氛中氧气浓度对热解特性的影响,通过差式扫描量热分析曲线讨论了氧量对反应热效应的影响,并对热解过程的动力学特性进行了分析。结果表明:氧气对松木热解2个阶段都有重要影响,氧气加速了热解反应;所求解的动力学参数能较好的描述反应过程,有氧热解过程存在动力学补偿效应;氧浓度的增大减小了反应放热温度范围,增大了放热峰峰值;除H2外的其他气体随着氧浓度的增大,析出温度范围变窄,析出峰峰值增大。

茯苓棚室代料栽培技术研究初报

以松木屑、松枝碎块、棉籽壳为主要培养料,采用"鲜菌核"作为"诱引",进行菇棚层架菌袋覆土和大田坑穴菌袋覆土两种栽培方式的茯苓栽培实验。其中,以松木屑和松枝碎块为主要原料的栽培料配方栽培效果优于以棉籽壳和松枝碎块为主要原料的配方;菇棚层架栽培和自然露地栽培的产量均低于大田低矮简易棚栽培,在大田搭置低矮简易棚栽培方式获得最好成活率达92.85%,平均生物学效率达18.25%,这一栽培结果与对照的段木茯苓栽培结果接近。