Structural traits of woody plants and geomorphological conditions to the vegetation recovery at Ksudach caldera(Southern Kamchatka) since the explosive eruption in 1907

This study considers the restoration of the plant cover destroyed by a catastrophic volcano eruption in the south of Kamchatka Peninsula(the Ksudach caldera,Shtyubel cone),with a particular attention to the role of woody plants.It aims to qualitatively estimate(at a qualitative level)the rate of the primary succession development depending on the microrelief and the modern relief-forming processes.The vegetation recovery in the caldera after the Shtyubel cone eruption 109 years ago proceeds slowly and irregularly.It proceeds most slowly on a thick tephra mantle continuously disturbed by water and wind erosion,lahars,debris flows,landslides,etc.Such conditions are most typical of the western part of the caldera dominated by pumice fields with occasional patches of pioneer herbs and dwarf shrubs.Alpine tundra communities with gradually expanding patches of shrub alder develop in the southern,eastern and northeastern parts of the Ksudach caldera.Since 1997 the area of the shrub alder communities has increased by 1.9 times,while the alpine tundra–by 1.3 times only.The woody plants(dwarf shrubs and prostrate shrubs)are of particular importance in the process of the vegetation recovery on pumice fields.We suggest that the bark thickness of woody plants is an integrated indicator,which may serve for estimating the state of ecosystem in the course of the primary succession development on juvenile sediments.The extremely inhospitable environments cause changes in physiological processes in the plant body and in its bark in particular.The results show that woody plants have a"thin"bark and develop some structural-functional arrangements for keeping bark tissues at their minimum.So,the woody plant structure and the rate of changes in plant communities are under control of the geomorphic conditions and primarily–of physicochemical features of the pyroclastic cover.

Effects of light availability on leaf attributes and seedling growth of four tree species in tropical dry forest

Background:In tropical dry forests,variation in understory light availability due to season and canopy tree density could be a governing factor in establishment and growth of tree seedlings.Species with varying life history traits are expected to respond differentially to such heterogeneity.We investigated the response of seedlings of four tree species in a tropical day forest in relation to spatiotemporal variability of light.We attempt to explore the role of leaf attributes in explaining intra-and inter-specific variations in relative growth rate.Four study sites,each with three contrasting canopy conditions,were selected along a soil moisture gradient.Seedlings of four tree species(viz.,Acacia catechu,Bridelia retusa,Lagerstroemia parviflora,and Shorea robusta),varying in life history traits,were monitored for seasonal variations in growth traits across canopy condition and sites for 2 years.Results:We observed a larger variation in leaf attributes for pioneer species.A.catechu showed highest mean values for leaf dry matter content,leaf nitrogen concentration,leaf phosphorus concentration,net stomatal conductance,net photosynthetic rate,and relative growth rate in high light conditions.S.robusta and B.retusa demonstrated highest mean values for all the leaf attributes(except leaf dry matter content)in low light conditions.However,intermediate values for leaf attributes were observed in L.parviflora which preferred moderate light conditions.Conclusions:Seasonal variations in light availability at the forest floor appear to play an important role in the establishment and growth of tree seedlings in seasonal dry forests.Leaf attributes can be used to explain intra-and inter-specific variation in response to light availability.Leaf attributes in combinations can be used to predict relative growth rate of tree species in tropical dry environment,which apart from soil moisture is also determined by light availability due to seasonal changes and canopy tree density.

Mangrove Restoration in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a deltaic country with a 710 km coastline and numerous newly accreted offshore islands in the central and eastern coastal regions. Natural mangrove forest (the Sundarbans) occupies about 100 km of coastline in the southwest, which protects the lives and properties of the coastal population of that area. The depletion of the forest stock of the Sundarbans was reported in 1875 due to the large-scale clearings by the woodcutters and uncertainty in natural regeneration. The restoration of the Sundarbans in the name of enrichment plantation and assisted natural regeneration was formally introduced in 1959 with Excoecaria agallocha followed by the introduction of mangrove and mainland (non-mangrove) species in the moderate to high saline zone and raised lands in the freshwater zone, respectively in 1975. Chakaria Sundarbans, the second largest natural mangrove forest on the east coast, was highly degraded with the rapid expansion of aquaculture between 1976 and 1989. Tremendous human interferences significantly altered the site condition, interrupting natural recovery. Coastal afforestation was initiated in 1966 with two pioneer mangrove species (Sonneratia apetala and Avicennia officinalis). Some afforested sites require attention for restoration due to natural and manmade causes. Bangladesh Forest Department adopted restoration activities with the technical support of the Bangladesh Forest Research Institute and other agencies. However, all the restoration activities for the Sundarbans, Chakaria Sundarbans, and coastal afforested sites had some success and failure stories. The success and failure of a mangrove restoration activity depends on planning (active or passive restoration), selection of suitable sites and species, planting materials, local community involvement, monitoring, evaluation and plantation management.

Quantifying the contribution of the root system of alpine vegetation in the soil aggregate stability of moraine

One fifth of the world's population is living in mountains or in their surrounding areas.This anthropogenic pressure continues to grow with the increasing number of settlements,especially in areas connected to touristic activities,such as the Italian Alps.The process of soil formation on high mountains is particularly slow and these soils are particularly vulnerable to soil degradation.In alpine regions,extreme meteorological events are increasingly frequent due to climate change,speeding up the process of soil degradation and increasing the number of severe erosion processes,shallow landslides and debris flows.Vegetation cover plays a crucial role in the stabilization of mountain soils thereby reducing the risk of natural hazards effecting downslope areas.Soil aggregate stability is one of the main soil properties that can be linked to soil loss processes.Soils developed on moraines in recently deglaciated areas typically have low levels of soil aggregation,and a limited or discontinuous vegetation cover making them more susceptible to degradation.However,soil structure can be influenced by the root system of the vegetation.Roots are actively involved in the formation of water-stable soil aggregation,increasing the stability of the soil and its nutrient content.In the present study,we aim to quantify the effect of the root system of alpine vegetation on the soil aggregate stability of the forefield of the Lys glacier,in the Aosta Valley(NW-Italy).This proglacial area provides the opportunity to study how the root system of ten pioneer alpine species from different successional stages can contribute to soil development and soil stabilization.To quantify the aggregate stability of root permeated soils,a modified wet sieving method was employed.The root length per soil volume of the different species was also determined and later correlated with the aggregate stability results.The results showed that soil aggregate stability was significantly increased by the presence of roots.The lowest soil aggregate stability was found with Epilobium fleischeri followed by Minuartia recurva and Leucanthemopsis alpina.The highest aggregate stability was found with the graminoid species.These results show a close relationship between the development of root systems of the studied species and soil aggregate stability,a factor which can be taken into consideration in order to improve the accuracy of existing susceptibility mapping for early warning and civilian protection.