NONLINEAR RESPONSES OF A FLUID-CONVEYING PIPE EMBEDDED IN NONLINEAR ELASTIC FOUNDATIONS

The nonlinear responses of planar motions of a fluid-conveying pipe embedded in nonlinear elastic foundations are investigated via the differential quadrature method discretization （DQMD） of the governing partial differential equation. For the analytical model, the effect of the nonlinear elastic foundation is modeled by a nonlinear restraining force. By using an iterative algorithm, a set of ordinary differential dynamical equations derived from the equation of motion of the system are solved numerically and then the bifurcations are analyzed. The numerical results, in which the existence of chaos is demonstrated, are presented in the form of phase portraits of the oscillations. The intermittency transition to chaos has been found to arise.

ANALYSIS OF COUPLED-MODE FLUTTER OF PIPES CONVEYING FLUID ON THE ELASTIC FOUNDATION

The governing equation of solid-liquid couple vibration of pipe conveying fluid on the elastic foundation was derived. The critical velocity and complex frequency of pipe conveying fluid on Winkler elastic foundation and two-parameter foundation were calculated by po,ver series method. Compared,with pipe without considering elastic foundation, the numerical results show that elastic foundation can increase the critical flow velocity of static instability and dynamic instability of pipe. And the increase of foundation parameters may increase the critical flow velocity of static instability and dynamic instability of pipe, thereby delays the occurrence of divergence and flutter instability of pipe. For higher mass ratio beta, in the combination of certain foundation parameters, pipe behaves the phenomenon of restabilization and redivergence after the occurrence of static instability, and then coupled-mode flutter takes place.

Experiments of Multi-element Composite Foundation with Steel Pipe Pile and Gravel Pile

A set of serf-developed apparatus for foundation physical model were utilized to conduct model tests of the multi-element composite foundation with a steel pipe pile and several gravel piles. Some load-bearing characteristics of the multi-element Composite foundation, including the curves of foundation settlement, stresses of piles, pile-soil stress ratio, and load-sharing ratio of piles and soil, were obtained to study its working performances in silty sand soil. The experimental results revealed that the multi-element composite foundation with steel pipe pile and gravel pile contributed more than the gravel pile composite foundation in improving the bearing capacity of the silty fine sand.

Application of bi-directional static loading test to deep foundations

Bi-directional static loading test adopting load cells is widely used around the world at present, with increase in diameter and length of deep foundations. In this paper, a new simple conversion method to predict the equivalent pile head load-settlement curve considering elastic shortening of deep foundation was put forward according to the load transfer mechanism. The proposed conversion method was applied to root caisson foundation in a bridge and to large diameter pipe piles in a sea wind power plant. Some new load cells, test procedure, and construction technology were adopted based on the applications to different deep foundations, which could enlarge the application scopes of bi-directional loading test. A new type of bi-directional loading test for pipe pile was conducted, in which the load cell was installed and loaded after the pipe pile with special connector has been set up. Unlike the conventional bi-directional loading test, the load cell can be reused and shows an evident economic benefit.

Experimental study on piping in sandy gravel foundations considering effect of overlying clay

The influence of the overlying clay on the progression of piping in the sandy gravel foundation of water-retaining structures is often neglected. In order to study this influence, an experimental investigation was conducted on a laboratory-scale model. It was discovered that the critical hydraulic gradient and the area of the piping tunnel increase when the overlying clay thickens. With a thicker clay layer, erosion of the sandy gravel below the clay layer occurs later, but, once the erosion starts, the erosion rate is very high and the average velocity of water seeping through the cross-section of the sandy gravel increases rapidly due to the low deformability of the thick clay layer. Furthermore, it was found that the progression of piping is a complicated and iterative process involving erosion of fine particles, clogging of pores, and flushing of the clogged pores. Two types of erosion have been identified in the progression of piping: one causes the tunnel to advance upstream, and the other increases the depth of the tunnel. The results show that the overlying clay is an important factor when evaluating piping in sandy gravel foundations of water-retaining structures.

Control of Seepage through Earth Dams Based on Pervious Foundation Using Toe Drainage Systems

Many dangerous effects arise from seepage through earth dams based on pervious layer. Therefore, the dam embankment must be provided with seepage control measures to avoid such effects. In the present work, different control methods were used such as flat slopes, toe drainage systems, and a catch drain in the tail water. The hydraulic performance of each control measure was evaluated using the analytical solutions, previously developed, to estimate the seepage quantity (q), the height of seepage surface (h3), and the coordinates of the free surface (hx). Study was conducted on a physical model for a dam embankment having a top width (b) = 10.0 meter, height (Hd) = 30.0 meter, and slope factor (m) = 1.5. The obtained results were analyzed and presented in dimensionless charts. Results showed that, the used control measures possess a great effect on the characteristics of seepage through earth dams based on pervious foundations. A comparative study was conducted between the studied toe drainage systems to enable the designers the better choice for design purposes.

基坑开挖对管桩竖向承载性状影响研究

针对基坑开挖引起管桩挤土效应的弱化,以及挤土效应弱化对管桩承载性质影响问题,开展了室内模型试验,并通过对模型试验进行数值建模,验证了数值模型的可靠性。在此基础上,从桩长、桩间距、桩侧摩阻力系数对开挖卸荷影响下管桩基础承载性状的影响展开研究。结果表明:开挖卸荷对管桩承载特性造成较大影响,极限承载力对应桩顶沉降量提高54.5%;数值计算发现,卸载前后极限荷载所对应最大沉降差率为9.52%,满足工程精度要求,验证了所提数值模型的可靠性;数值计算结果表明,随桩长提高,最大桩身轴力位置不断上升,而中性点位置却不断下降;桩间距越小,开挖卸荷对桩身轴力影响越大,而对负摩阻力影响越小;摩阻力系数为0.3时,摩阻力系数对桩身轴力及桩侧摩阻力发挥敏感度最高。

Analysis of tunnel face stability with advanced pipes support

To keep the tunnel face stable is very important for tunnel construction.In this paper,the tunnel face stability under the advanced pipe was analyzed using the Winkler foundation model and rigid limit equilibrium.The tunnel face deformation characteristics were also analyzed using the numerical simulation.The influence of parameters on the deflection of the pipe roof and the stability of the tunnel face were discussed.The results show that the tunnel face stability can be improved through increasing the pipe diameter,decreasing the initial displacement at the beginning of the pipe seat,and adopting the short round length and small excavation height.With the increase of tunnel burial depth,the safety factor of tunnel face stability first decreases,then increases,and then remains unchanged.The deformation at the center of the tunnel face is larger than the deformation at the surround sides and at the corner.The horizontal displacement varies little with the increasing of the pipe length.The horizontal displacement at the center of the tunnel face increases with the increase of the pipe ring spacing and the pipe longitudinal spacing.There is an optimum external angle.

A Theoretical Analysis of the Bearing Performance of Vertically Loaded Large-Diameter Pipe Pile Groups

This paper aims to present a theoretical method to study the bearing performance of vertically loaded large-diameter pipe pile groups.The interactions between group piles result in different bearing performance of both a single pile and pile groups.Considering the pile group effect and the skin friction from both outer and inner soils,an analytical solution is developed to calculate the settlement and axial force in large-diameter pipe pile groups.The analytical solution was verified by centrifuge and field testing results.An extensive parametric analysis was performed to study the bearing performance of the pipe pile groups.The results reveal that the axial forces in group piles are not the same.The larger the distance from central pile,the larger the axial force.The axial force in the central pile is the smallest,while that in corner piles is the largest.The axial force on the top of the corner piles decreases while that in the central pile increases with increasing of pile spacing and decreasing of pile length.The axial force in side piles varies little with the variations of pile spacing,pile length,and shear modulus of the soil and is approximately equal to the average load shared by one pile.For a pile group,the larger the pile length is,the larger the influence radius is.As a result,the pile group effect is more apparent for a larger pile length.The settlement of pile groups decreases with increasing of the pile number in the group and the shear modulus of the underlying soil.

Analytical approach and field monitoring for mechanical behaviors of pipe roof reinforcement

Considering the delay effect of initial lining and revising the Winkler elastic foundation model,an analytical approach based on Pasternak elastic foundation beam theory for pipe roof reinforcement was put forward. With the example of a certain tunnel excavation,the comparison of the values of longitudinal strain of reinforcing pipe between field monitoring and analytical approach was made. The results indicate that Pasternak model,which considers a more realistic hypothesis in the elastic soil than Winkler model,gives more accurate calculation and agrees better with the result of field monitoring. The difference of calculation results between these two models is about 7%,and Pasternak model is proved to be a better way to study the reinforcement mechanism and improve design practice. The calculation results also reveal that the reinforcing pipes act as levers,which increases longitudinal load transfer to an unexcavated area,and consequently decreases deformation and increases face stability.

鄱阳湖区某典型圩堤堤基管涌发展过程试验研究

堤基管涌是造成鄱阳湖区圩堤险情乃至溃决的最主要原因之一,从机理上研究并揭示鄱阳湖区圩堤堤基管涌的致灾机制,对于应对管涌险情、科学开展应急抢险具有重要意义。基于鄱阳湖区某圩堤典型堤基结构,采用堤基原型土和自行设计制作的模型槽开展管涌物理模型试验,完整模拟了原型多层复杂堤基管涌发生、发展及致溃的全过程。结合试验现象对管涌发生和发展过程中的水力条件、堤基破坏机理和土体颗粒侵蚀速度等展开分析。研究结果表明,鄱阳湖区圩堤堤基结构中管涌破坏集中于下伏砂层,在渗透压的作用下上覆弱透水层被渗流击穿,于砂层与上覆层的接触面形成管涌通道后加速土体颗粒的侵蚀,最终导致堤基溃决;鄱阳湖区某典型圩堤堤基中夹于黏土层中的壤土层无法起到强弱透水层间过渡层的作用,土体颗粒侵蚀规律与无壤土过渡层的堤基结构相类似,形成表面管涌出口和堤基开裂的土体颗粒累计侵蚀量增长速率均低于0.1 g/s;该圩堤发生管涌的堤基平均总体临界水平坡降约为0.1。

二元堤基结构堤防管涌机理模型试验

为了科学解释二元堤基结构堤防管涌致灾机制并揭示其形成、演化过程和致溃规律,在考虑堤基强、弱透水层之间壤土过渡层作用的基础上,通过室内模型试验完整地模拟了二元堤基管涌从单个泡泉发展至管涌群并最终造成堤基塌陷溃决的全过程。试验结果表明:上部黏土及壤土层在渗流的顶托作用下向上隆起并在堤基内部产生层间水平渗漏通道,导致发生潜层砂沸,最终向上发展为表面砂沸的渗透破坏;二元堤基结构管涌发展可分为裂缝发展、潜层破坏、上覆层破坏、管涌通道上溯、堤基破坏和堤基溃决6个发展阶段;表面砂沸由潜层砂沸发展而来,潜层砂沸是由于土层内竖向坡降所引起的渗流力大于上部土体浮容重时造成的土层结构破坏所致,临界竖向坡降处于0.9~1之间;壤土层的存在会加快堤后自由边界区域管涌群的发展速度,但可以延缓管涌通道的上溯,对堤基具有保护作用。

高边坡下方管廊基坑支护设计方案比选

人工填土高边坡的坡体稳定性差,因其土体未经压实,开挖极易引起坍塌,对周边建(构)筑物的基坑开挖产生严重的安全隐患。根据人工填土高边坡下南宁凤岭管廊基坑开挖的工程地质条件,分析了基坑设计的难点。对钻孔灌注桩、SMW工法桩、钢板桩3种管廊基坑常用的支护形式进行了对比,在综合考虑整体刚度和强度、基坑安全性、费用、施工速度等因素后,最终确定采用具有降低施工成本、可对施工材料重复利用、地下空间资源污染低的SMW工法桩作为该基坑的最佳支护方案。此方案可对今后类似工程的设计施工提供借鉴和参考。

斜撑钢管板桩直立式海堤结构受力分析

某填海工程的实施可能影响邻近桥梁的安全性,拟采用斜撑钢管板桩直立式海堤结构,通过Plaxis 3D岩土有限元分析软件模拟该海堤结构的受力特性及变位,以及其对邻近桥梁桩基变位的影响。结果表明,该直立式海堤结构受力特性较好、变位较小,且对邻近桥梁桩基变位的影响较小。

特殊工况下大型通用门式起重机基础设计可靠性验算

某长江大桥建设工程设置了水上施工平台,用于布置一台180 t通用门式起重机,主要用来吊运钢箱。该起重机的基础较特殊,是全钢管柱架构的施工平台,且位于长江之上。为了确保起重机使用安全,对其基础设计进行了计算,并通过有限元建模,计算整体结构的强度,再对应力最大处的钢管进行稳定性验算,来验证起重机基础的安全性。

富水地层管廊基坑开挖变形及损伤演化分析

富水地层土体较为软弱,管廊基坑施工过程中易产生安全问题,研究富水地层管廊基坑开挖对指导类似工程具有重要意义。文章基于济南市开源路综合管廊工程,构建数值计算模型,考虑桩嵌固深度、钢支撑数量、支护桩类型等因素,研究不同工况对管廊基坑开挖变形的影响,并引入了损伤变量的概念,分析了基坑施工过程的损伤演化情况。结果表明:基坑开挖对于周边地表土体沉降的影响范围要大于对水平变形的,而对水平位移的影响范围约为3倍的开挖宽度;增加钢支撑数量对坑底隆起的改善要比对地表沉降的改善效果好;增加桩嵌固深度,可以明显地改善土体变形,但对于地表土体沉降量的限制作用随土体与基坑距离的增加有所削弱;基坑开挖过程中土体的损伤呈现“快速增长-缓慢增长”两个阶段,施作支护桩对土体的影响最大,土体损伤破坏急剧增加,约大于总体损伤的90.0%,施作支护桩之后土体损伤情况得到缓解。

深基坑斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙数值模拟分析

依托福建某医院的基坑工程实例,采用数值模拟方法,研究斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙支护结构的变形特征及其稳定性。结果表明:坡面水平位移最大变形出现在基坑“腰部”,设计时应适当加强此位置的变形控制;斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙支护体系安全可行,其较双排直立钢管桩复合土钉墙及单一土钉墙有更好的变形控制能力和更高的稳定性。

岩溶区PST管桩复合地基的工程应用

经对某场地高层建筑地基素填土厚度大、下伏基岩岩溶发育、以多层串珠状溶洞为主的地层条件研究,提出一种PST管桩刚性复合地基。采用试验和监测等方法来指导复合地基处理设计与施工,根据场地试桩数据来验证设计的合理性。施工完成后,采用静载荷试验对复合地基进行质量验收检测,并连续进行沉降监测。结果表明:岩溶区PST管桩复合地基是一种处理高层建筑地基很可行的方法,处理后可以满足高层建筑物对地基强度、变形及稳定性的要求。

黄土地基不均匀沉降对现浇管廊影响的试验研究

湿陷性黄土地基浸水后的不均匀沉降会使现浇管廊结构产生附加内力,造成管廊结构开裂甚至破坏,严重威胁其运营安全.为深入研究黄土地层湿陷变形对现浇管廊的影响,开展了黄土地层局部浸水湿陷的模型试验.在试验中,设定局部浸水范围,以地基浸水深度为变量,对管廊结构底部位移、土体接触压力、表面应变和地表沉降进行了监测,并分析了其发展趋势.试验结果表明:当局部基底浸水深度达到20 cm,管廊结构在浸水区出现明显的弯曲变形,结构在湿陷区内的最大下沉达到0.57 mm;结构与土体接触压力变化较大区域为湿陷区边缘的管廊底板处;在管廊底部局部浸水发生不均匀沉降时,结构受力形式表现为底板受拉,顶板受压,且越远离管廊中部,所产生的应变越小,拉压应变在湿陷区边缘发生转变;地表也会发生沉降现象,最大沉降值为2.24 mm.试验结果可为湿陷黄土地区现浇管廊的设计和相关病害的防治提供参考.

杂填土地层深基坑微型桩-锚-撑组合支护体系受力特性原位试验

为深入研究杂填土地层深基坑桩-锚-撑组合支护体系受力特性,依托青岛市某深基坑工程开展微型桩-锚-撑原位试验,分析不同开挖工况下双排微型钢管桩桩身弯矩与预应力锚索轴力的演化规律,揭示该支护体系下前、后排桩的受力性状、预应力锚索应力分布特征,探讨邻近建筑物、基坑暴露时间及钢支撑拆除对该支护体系内力的影响。研究结果表明:1)在基坑开挖过程中,前排桩在受力中起主导作用;当开挖至基底时,桩身最大正、负弯矩极值呈现增大趋势,且极值点不断下移,开挖面以上桩身弯矩均呈正“S”型分布。2)开挖深度增加引起开挖面上、下1.0 m范围内桩身弯矩显著增大,前排桩桩身的反弯点分别位于钢支撑下方0.5 m、开挖面位置。3)在开挖过程中,锚索轴力沿埋深方向呈现减小趋势,锚固段前端1.5 m之后的轴力基本不变或呈微小波动。4)锚索锚固段应力高度集中在锚固段前端4.0 m以内的区域,约为锚固段长度的44%,锚固段末端基本未产生轴力,可对该段长度进行优化处理。5)邻近建筑物对微型钢管桩桩身受力影响较小;随着基坑暴露时间增加,桩身弯矩呈微小增长趋势;钢支撑拆除后,前排桩的弯矩变化集中在0.38H~0.96H(H为基坑开挖深度)。6)桩-锚-撑组合支护体系能够较好地限制基坑变形,选择合理的支撑预应力是该类基坑设计的关键。