Recent Advances in Structural Optimization and Surface Modification on Current Collectors for High‑Performance Zinc Anode:Principles,Strategies,and Challenges

The last several years have witnessed the prosperous development of zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs),which are considered as a promising competitor of energy storage systems thanks to their low cost and high safety.However,the reversibility and availability of this system are blighted by problems such as uncontrollable dendritic growth,hydrogen evolution,and corrosion passivation on anode side.A functionally and structurally well-designed anode current collectors(CCs)is believed as a viable solution for those problems,with a lack of summarization according to its working mechanisms.Herein,this review focuses on the challenges of zinc anode and the mechanisms of modified anode CCs,which can be divided into zincophilic modification,structural design,and steering the preferred crystal facet orientation.The possible prospects and directions on zinc anode research and design are proposed at the end to hopefully promote the practical application of ZIBs.

Additive manufactured osseointegrated screws with hierarchical design

Bone screws are devices used to fix implants or bones to bones.However,conventional screws are mechanically fixed with thread and often face long-term failure due to poor osseointegration.To improve osseointegration,screws are evolving from solid and smooth to porous and rough.Additive manufacturing(AM)offers a high degree of manufacturing freedom,enabling the preparation of predesigned screws that are porous and rough.This paper provides an overview of the problems currently faced by bone screws:long-term loosening and screw breakage.Next,advances in osseointegrated screws are summarized hierarchically(sub-micro,micro,and macro).At the sub-microscale level,we describe surface-modification techniques for enhancing osseointegration.At the micro level,we summarize the micro-design parameters that affect the mechanical and biological properties of porous osseointegrated screws,including porosity,pore size,and pore shape.In addition,we highlight three promising pore shapes:triply periodic minimal surface,auxetic structure with negative Poisson ratio,and the Voronoi structure.At the macro level,we outline the strategies of graded design,gradient design,and topology optimization design to improve the mechanical strength of porous osseointegrated screws.Simultaneously,this paper outlines advances in AM technology for enhancing the mechanical properties of porous osseointegrated screws.AM osseointegrated screws with hierarchical design are expected to provide excellent long-term fixation and the required mechanical strength.

Wall Conditioning Operation on the HL-2A Tokamak and Conceptual Design for the Device Modification

During the 2006 experiment campaign of HL-2A, about 2000 shots have been implemented, the plasma current of 433 kA and 3.0 s duration have been obtained. The wall conditioning methods such as glow discharge cleating （GDC） , siliconization and Ti sublimation were applied. The experiment results of wall conditioning research will be introduced in this report. At the same time, the conceptual design of modification of HL-2A tokamak has obtained great progress, two modification schemes have been obtained, and the conceptual design results will be presented.

Modification technology for separation of oily sludge

Based on the analysis of the properties of oily sludge samples,the effect of modification parameters,such as liquid to solid (L/S) ratio,agitation temperature,agitation intensity,agitation time and pH on the modification of oily sludge was investigated with the content of oil remnants in dry sludge as a reference index. Remixing experiments were carried out according to a simplex-lattice design,where Sx4056 was used as the demulsifier,petroleum sulfonate as the surfactant and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) as the dispersant. The surface modification reagent formulation was optimized by a regression equation on the modified effect and based on the amounts of surface modification reagents. The results show that the content of the oil remaining in dry oily sludge is 0.28% of 10.15% oily sludge,when the reagent concentration rises to 3.5 g/L under the optimum experimental conditions.

Progress in Physics and Technology Developments for the Modification of JT-60

Recent progress in the physics and engineering design study for themodification programme of JT-60 is presented. In order to achieve a steady state high-βplasmaoperation, which is the dominant issue of this programme, physics design for the MHD control and thestability analysis is investigated. Engineering design and the R & D for the superconducting coils,irradiation shield are performed well towards the mission of programme.

Seismic force modification factor for ductile structures

The earthquake forces used in design codes of buildings should be theoretically determinable. This work examines the seismic force modification factor R based on elastic-plastic time-history earthquake analysis of SDOF systems, wherein the hys-teresis models are elastic-perfectly-plastic (EPP), elastic-linearly-hardening (ELH), shear-slipped and bilinear-elastic. The latter two models are analysed for separating the effect of the ductility and the energy-dissipating capacity. Three-hundred eighty-eight earthquake records from different site conditions are used in analysis. The ductility is taken to be 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, with the damping ratio being 0.02, 0.035 and 0.05 respectively. The post-yield stiffness ratios 0.0, 0.1 and 0.2 are used in the analysis. The R spectra are standardized by the characteristic period of the earthquake records, which leads to a much smaller scatter in averaged numerical results. It was found that the most important factor determining R is the ductility. R increases more than linearly with ductility. The energy-dissipating capacity, damping and the post-yield stiffness are the less important factors. The energy dissipating capacity is important only for structures with short period and moderate period (0.3≤T/Tg<5.0). For EPP and ELH models, R for 0.05 damping is 10% to 15% smaller than for 0.02 damping. For EPP and ELH models, greater post-yield stiffness leads to greater R, but the influence of post-yield stiffness is obvious only when the post-yield stiffness is less than 10% of the initial stiffness. By means of statistical regression analysis the relation of the seismic force modification factor R with the natural period of the system and ductility for EPP and ELH models were established for each site and soil condition.

Design and Performance Analysis of a Modified Vacuum Single Basin Solar Still

Water is essential to life. The origin and continuation of mankind is based on water. The supply of drinking water is an important problem for the developing countries. Among the non-conventional methods to desalinate brackish water or seawater, is solar distillation. The solar still is the most economical way to accomplish this objective. Tamilnadu lies in the high solar radiation band and the vast solar potential can be utilized to convert saline water to potable water. The sun’s energy heats water to the point of evaporation. When water evaporates, water vapour rises leaving the impurities like salts, heavy metals and condensate on the underside of the glass cover. Sunlight has the advantage of zero fuel cost but it requires more space and generally more equipment. Solar distillation has low yield, but safe and pure supplies of water in remote areas. In this context, the design modification of a single basin solar still has been discussed to improve the solar still performance through increasing the production rate of distilled water. The attempts are also made to increase the productivity of water by using different absorbing materials, depths of water, heat storage medium and also by providing low pressure inside the still basin. They greatly improve the rate of evaporation and hence the rate of condensation on the cooler surface. The theoretical results agree well with the experimental ones.

基于PSO-BP神经网络的磨机传动系统模型修正

针对磨机传动系统结构的复杂性、部件间约束条件的不确定性以及非线性等因素,提出了一种基于PSO-BP神经网络的有限元模型修正方法。通过改进BP神经网络逼近设计参数和特征量间的非线性映射关系,结合实际结构响应,利用神经网络的泛化特性,得到了模型设计参数值。修正后频率误差从最高18%降到4%左右,修正系数误差范围均在0.5%以内,明显提高了有限元模型精度;同时,又不需要大量迭代求解步骤,避开了传统反问题模型修正法的复杂非线性优化过程,提升了效率,验证了PSO-BP神经网络法应用于大型磨机传动系统上的可行性,为后续传动系统整体分析奠定了基础。

基于随机森林的导管架海洋平台结构模型修正方法

提出一种基于随机森林的有限元模型修正方法,能够快速、准确地给出导管架海洋平台结构模型的修正参数。选定平台不同的设计参数,对设计参数和基频进行Pearson相关性分析,得到与基频相关系数较大的参数,并重新设计试验参数获得基频。通过随机森林网络增加两者之间的非线性差异,验证网络精度及其泛化能力。结合实测数据,对比分析有限元模型的修正的效果。结果表明:模型的回归分数可达0.998,修正后的有限元模型可更准确地反映真实平台的动力特性。

碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料增韧改性的研究进展

碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer,CFRP)因其高强度、高刚性和低密度等优异性能,在航空航天、汽车、船舶和风能等领域得到了广泛应用。然而,环氧树脂基体的固有脆性限制了CFRP的广泛应用。因此,如何提高其韧性成为研究的热点。综述了近年来碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料增韧改性的研究进展,重点介绍了树脂改性、界面改性及结构设计等方法,对未来研究方向进行了展望。

基于改性PP成型的工控机电路板支撑架注射模设计

针对工控机电路板支撑架大型塑件的成型,选用了一种玻纤改性增强聚丙烯(PP)复合材料用于塑件的注射成型。模具结构为三板模结构,分3次开模打开。为保证塑件模腔充填均衡性、饱满性而设计了两个点浇口用于模腔的浇注。针对塑件二级子特征较多,特别是异型螺柱深筋位较多的特点,设计了多个局部镶件用于这些局部特征的成型,在提高局部成型镶件强度的同时,降低了这些成型件的加工难度。针对模腔局部位置排气难点,设置了多个透气镶件以增强排气。设置了锁扣机构、定距拉杆机构用于模具的开模闭模控制;设计了弹料机构用于流道废料的可靠脱模、定位机构以确保塑件的成型精度和模具工作寿命;3个滑块机构用于塑件侧壁直壁及直壁上侧孔的成型与脱模。模具结构形式合理,成型件便于加工且实用可靠,能为同类模具设计提供有益借鉴。

基于Style 3D针织运动装虚拟设计与应用

基于Style 3D虚拟服装试衣软件,通过对虚拟试衣技术现状的分析,以针织运动装作为虚拟试衣对象,从四个部分进行展开,包含人体建模,版片的三维排布与缝合,运动装面料仿真与试穿效果展示,以及驳样改款与模块组合。借助于三维面料扫描技术获取面料材质纹理和相关辅料配件,进一步丰富针织运动装的装饰效果。3D快速驳样改款和虚拟展示能有效地优化设计过程,针织运动装模块组合模拟应用适应快时尚节奏下改款搭配的需求,根据现有版型快速驳样改款亦是对传统设计与展示模式的一种突破。

半乳糖氧化酶的生物学改造研究进展

半乳糖氧化酶是一种重要的生物催化剂,具有催化效率高和绿色环保的特点,在生物传感器、食品、医疗和化工等领域得到广泛应用。然而,天然的半乳糖氧化酶存在稳定性差、催化效率低、回收成本高等缺陷,限制了其在食品安全和生物医学等领域的应用。随着基因工程和蛋白质工程的发展,人们可以对半乳糖氧化酶进行有目的的改造,以提高酶的性能或者获得新功能的重组酶。因此,追求具有重要催化能力和强大功能的半乳糖氧化酶成为该领域的研究热点。本文综述了半乳糖氧化酶的分子结构、催化机理等基本信息,并分析总结了半乳糖氧化酶进行生物学改造的相关案例,旨在为半乳糖氧化酶相关研究者提供新的思路和方法。

符合人体工学的环境改造方案在办公室慢性腰痛患者治疗中的应用效果

目的 探讨符合人体工学的环境改造方案在办公室慢性腰痛患者治疗中的应用效果。方法 选取2019年9月至2022年10月在广州中医药大学第一附属医院重庆医院(重庆市北碚区中医院)康复科就诊的办公室腰痛患者70例作为受试者。采用随机数字表法将受试者分为对照组和试验组,各35例。对照组采用单纯工作环境下的自我牵伸训练,试验组在对照组基础上由康复治疗师针对患者工作姿势、座椅、键盘及其他键入设备、显示器、工作区域空间、工作附件等各个因素给出合适的改造方案。比较两组临床疗效,两组干预前和干预后1、3个月Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)和视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分。结果 试验组临床疗效优于对照组(P<0.05)。整体分析发现:两组ODI、VAS评分组间、时间点比较及交互作用差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。进一步两两比较:干预后1、3个月,两组ODI、VAS评分均低于干预前;干预后3个月,试验组ODI、VAS评分低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 符合人体工学的环境改造方案可以有效缓解工作者腰痛症状,有助于预防腰痛的发生。

The safety aspect of sodium ion batteries for practical applications

Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)with advantages of abundant resource and low cost have emerged as promising candidates for the next-generation energy storage systems.However,safety issues existing in electrolytes,anodes,and cathodes bring about frequent accidents regarding battery fires and explosions and impede the development of high-performance SIBs.Therefore,safety analysis and high-safety battery design have become prerequisites for the development of advanced energy storage systems.The reported reviews that only focus on a specific issue are difficult to provide overall guidance for building high-safety SIBs.To overcome the limitation,this review summarizes the recent research progress from the perspective of key components of SIBs for the first time and evaluates the characteristics of various improvement strategies.By orderly analyzing the root causes of safety problems associated with different components in SIBs(including electrolytes,anodes,and cathodes),corresponding improvement strategies for each component were discussed systematically.In addition,some noteworthy points and perspectives including the chain reaction between security issues and the selection of improvement strategies tailored to different needs have also been proposed.In brief,this review is designed to deepen our understanding of the SIBs safety issues and provide guidance and assistance for designing high-safety SIBs.

基于固-固反应机制锂硫电池的最新研究进展

锂硫电池具有高的理论能量密度,且单质硫存在环境友好和价格低廉等优势,被认为是发展前景良好的储能器件。然而,硫在常规醚类电解液中进行充放电是基于固-液-固两相转换的反应机制,会生成溶解性较高的中间产物多硫化锂从而引发穿梭效应,导致活性物质不可逆流失和锂负极腐蚀。因此,发展不涉及液相多硫化锂溶解于电解液的固-固反应机制尤为重要。大量研究证明,通过优化正极材料设计、调控电解质体系及其协同设计等策略,可实现硫正极的固-固反应机制,避免多硫化锂溶解于电解液,从而提升锂硫电池的电化学性能。主要综述了硫正极实现固-固机制的可行途径并进行了机理探讨,最后对构筑高能量密度实用化锂硫电池的发展提出了展望,旨在解决贫电解液条件下锂负极腐蚀和硫正极基于固-固反应机制存在反应动力学缓慢的问题。

居家适老化改造的典型特征和常见误区——基于实践的反思

本文从改造目标、内容、方法和范围等角度对居家适老化改造的典型特征和常见认识误区进行分析,结合代表性案例展示不同生活场景下应对多元需求的差异化设计对策。分析结果表明,适老化改造的内容需要围绕特定目标展开,改造需求存在明显的个体差异,实施过程需要划定合理范围。当前实践存在将适老化改造等同于无障碍设计、简化为程式化套路、局限于全屋装修等认知误区,而对老年人的需求缺乏深入理解是造成误区的主要原因。

基于改性剪切增稠胶/芳纶复合材料的低速冲击性能的研究

为了改善传统剪切增稠胶存在的缺陷,从分子结构设计和共混改性两方面出发,通过在分子链上引入苯环结构并共混交联乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA),有效地改善了冷流效应,并利用芳纶织物作为增强材料,热压制备得到新型轻量化抗冲击复合材料。结果表明:复合弹性体内大量动态可逆键和硫化形成的共交联网络,是新型轻量化抗冲击复合材料具有良好抗冲击防护效果的主要原因。PEVA-Kevlar-4复合材料在面对不同冲击能量时(13.4J和26J),能量吸收率分别可达86.6%和90.1%。此外,该复合材料在低速抗冲击防护材料领域,有广泛的应用前景。

汽车EPS斜齿轮蜗杆传动优化设计研究

基于现代先进汽车电动助力转向(Electric Power Steering,EPS)系统对转向传动的特殊要求,传动平稳、噪声小、成本低的尼龙斜齿轮钢蜗杆传动得到大量应用,但由于其材料特殊,传统的蜗轮蜗杆设计方法准则并不适用。通过分析尼龙斜齿轮钢蜗杆传动的特殊情况,综合考虑性能、结构、成本等因素,借助Kisssoft软件对给定条件下的斜齿轮蜗杆传动机构的结构参数、安全系数进行了设计分析;按照易加工、不失效、等强度的原则,提出了其合理变位系数的取值及斜齿轮蜗杆各参数的设计方法,并利用Workbench软件对设计出的模型进行了仿真验证。结果表明,优化后的尼龙斜齿轮钢蜗杆传动满足设计要求,综合性能较优。

基于生物信息学改造天然抗菌肽的研究

抗菌肽(AMPs)是一种小分子多肽,具有广谱抗菌、抗病毒、抗寄生虫、抗肿瘤细胞的作用,可促进动物生长发育,提高生产性能。因此,在替抗背景下,AMPs有望成为新型绿色“抗生素”。但天然AMPs存在抗菌活性低、毒性高、稳定性差等问题,限制了在畜禽生产中的应用。基于生物信息学方法,改造现有AMPs,可有效解决上述问题。文章综述了AMPs分子改造内容,常用的生物信息学分子设计和预测工具及改造AMPs的方法,为获得高活性且稳定的新型AMPs提供理论依据参考。