STUDY ON OPTIMIZATION OF DESIGN PROPOSALFOR HOT WAXY ORUDE OIL TRANSMISSIONPIPELINE AND ITS APPLICATION

A mathematical model for optlmization design of the hot waxy crude oil transmission IZipelineis studied. The dimension-reducing method is selected to solve problems raised from multivariable,restricted and non-linear planning. And the optimization design model is applied to the practical design ofHejian Shijiazhuang oil transmission pipeline. outstanding economic and social benefits have beengained.

Strain-based design for buried pipelines subjected to landslides

Landslides are one of the key problems for stability analysis of pipelines in the western region of China where the geological conditions are extremely complicated. In order to offer a theoretical basis for the pipe-soil interaction, the general finite element program ABAQUS is used to analyze the distribution of pipe strain caused by landslide through which the pipeline passes. In this paper the Ramberg-Osgood constitutive equation is used to study the strain-based mechanical characteristics of pipelines. Different calculation schemas are designed by considering the change of spatial relationship between pipeline and landslide, and the change of D/t, diameter-thickness ratio of pipeline. The results indicate that the pipeline is primarily subjected to tension stress when the landslide crosses the pipeline perpendicularly, the pipe strain is a maximum along the central axis of the landslide, and reverse bending occurs on pipeline at both edges of the landslide. The pipeline is primarily subjected to friction force caused by the downward movement of the landslide, and the friction force is relatively small when the landslide is parallel to the pipeline. The pipe strain is in proportional to D/t, and this means decreasing D/t can help to improve security of pipelines subjected to the landslide.

Impact of Improving Design Factor over 0.72 on the Safety and Reliability of Gas Pipelines and Feasibility Justification

Many years experience of the operation of high stress (>72% specified minimum yield strength, SMYS) gas pipelines and statistical analysis results of pipeline incidents showed that the operating pipelines at stress levels over 72% SMYS have not presented problems in USA and Canada, and design factor does not control incidents or the safety of pipelines. Enhancing pipeline safety management level is most important for decreasing incident rate. The application history of higher design factors in the U.S and Canada was reviewed. And the effect of higher factors to the critical flaw size, puncture resistance, change of reliability with time, risk level and the arrest toughness requirements of pipeline were analyzed here. The comparison of pipeline failure rates and risk levels between two design factors (0.72 and 0.8) has shown that a change in design factor from 0.72 to 0.8 would bring little effect on failure rates and risk levels. On the basis of the analysis result, the application feasibility of design factor of 0.8 in China was discussed and the related suggestions were proposed. When an operator wishes to apply design factor 0.8 to gas pipeline, the following process is recommended: stress level of line pipe hydro test should be up to 100% SMYS, reliability and risk assessment at the design feasibility or conceptual stage should be conducted, Charpy impact energy should meet the need of pipeline crack arrest; and establish and execute risk based integrity management plan. The technology of pipeline steel metallurgy, line pipe fabrication and pipeline construction, and line pipe quality control level in China achieved tremendous progresses, and line pipe product standards and property indexes have come up to international advanced level. Furthermore, pipeline safety management has improved greatly in China. Consequently, the research for the feasibility of application of design factor of 0.8 in China has fundamental basis.

Experimental Investigation and Optimization Design of Multi-Support Pipeline System

The design of aircraft hydraulic pipeline system is limited by many factors,such as the integrity of aviation structure or narrow installation space,so the limited clamp support position should be considered.This paper studied the frequency adjustment and dynamic responses reduction of the multi-support pipeline system through experiment and numerical simulation.To avoid the resonance of pipeline system,we proposed two different optimization programs,one was to avoid aero-engine working range,and another was to avoid aircraft hydraulic pump pulsation range.An optimization method was introduced in this paper to obtain the optimal clamp position.The experiments were introduced to validate the optimization results,and the theoretical optimization results can agree well with the test.With regard to avoiding the aero-engine vibration frequency,the test results revealed that the first natural frequency was far from the aero-engine vibration frequency.And the dynamic frequency sweep results showed that no resonance occurred on the pipeline in the engine vibration frequency range after optimization.Additionally,with regard to avoiding the pump vibration frequency,the test results revealed that natural frequencies have been adjusted and far from the pump vibration frequency.And the dynamic frequency sweep results showed that pipeline under optimal clamp position cannot lead to resonance.The sensitivity analysis results revealed the changing relationships between different clamp position and natural frequency.This study can provide helpful guidance on the analysis and design of practical aircraft pipeline.

A Seismic Design Method for Subsea Pipelines Against Earthquake Fault Movement

As there are no specific guidelines on design of subsea pipelines crossing active seismic faults, methods for land buried pipelines have been applied to. Taking the large seismic fault movement into account, this paper proposes improved methods for seismic designs of subsea pipelines by comprehensively investigating the real constraining of soil on the pipelines, the interaction processes of soil with the pipeline, the plastic slippage of the soil, and the elastic-plastic properties of the pipeline materials. New formulas are given to calculate the length of transition section and its total elongation. These formulas are more reasonable in mechanism, and more practical for seismic design of subsea pipelines crossing active faults.

Some Considerations in Design and Construction of the Wei-Liu Water Supplying Submarine Pipeline

The Wei- Liu water supplying submarine pipeline is at present the longest one of the kind in China. It is about 4 kilometers long from Weihai City to Liugong Island in Shandong province. It took only half a year to design and construct it. The project was of a high economic efficiency and some practical experiences were achieved. In this paper a general introduction to the design and construction of this pipeline is presented and such problems as the stability of the pipeline in very soft clay, design of curved slide for launching and estimation of dragging forces are expounded.

Application of the Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment Technique to Optimal Selection of Pipeline Design Alternative

s: Regarding the influencing factors in an optimal selection of pipeline design alternative as fuzzy variables with different weights, a fuzzy comprehensive assessment was applied to an optimal selection of the design alternative. Giving the Lanzhou-Chengdu pipeline as an example to explain the process, the result shows that this method is acceptable.

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF A PIPELINED FORWARDING ENGINE

Recent advances in broadband technology have caused forwarding engines to handle pack- ets with over 10 gigabit per second. In this paper, we present a high-speed forwarding pipeline which can finish all of the routing and forwarding tasks in the way of pipelining. We also establish the analysis model of the pipeline with which one can evaluate some key performance parameters of the forwarding engine such as forwarding rate and forwarding delay. We find that the pipeline is of good scalability and can forward unicast packets up to the speed of 40Gbit/s.

Stability Design System of Submarine Pipelines

This paper introduces a stability design system of submarine pipelines. The system can provide a reasonable design procedure for users with reference to domestic and foreign methods and in the light of home engineering experience.

Flow Assurance in Subsea Pipeline Design for Transportation of Petroleum Products

Transportation of petroleum products through pipeline presents considerable risks including wax formation and deposition as a result of heat loss of fluids, which is harmful to the flow due to the reduced inner diameter or totally blocked pipelines in extreme cases. The production interruption due to blocked pipelines can cause colossal financial loss. Therefore, in order to diminish those adverse effects, it is critical that pipeline design for flow assurance should be considered. Flow assurance is a relatively new field in oil and gas industry, it means that the flow of hydrocarbon stream from one point to another must be ensured successfully and economically. Although flow assurance is extremely diverse, encompassing many discrete and specialized subjects and bridging across the full gamut of engineering disciplines, our work concentrated principally on the study of wax deposit in the pipelines. The main purpose of this paper is to focus on the aspect of material in pipeline design and the selection of thermal insulation coatings. Furthermore, operating parameters such as pressure, temperature and flowrate will be examined to achieve optimum results. For the case study in this paper, the pipeline connecting Ca NguVang Oilfield’s Wellhead Platform (WHP) to the Central Processing Platform of Bach Ho Oilfield (CPP-3) in Vietnam will be studied. Hence, this work covers several aspects, namely the theoretical study, the modeling using Excel as well as using specialized software OLGA, and finally the application for a real case in the petroleum industry in Vietnam.

Computational Tools to Support Ethanol Pipeline Network Design Decisions

This paper considers the pipeline network design problem (PND) in ethanol transportation, with a view to providing robust and efficient computational tools to assist decision makers in evaluating the technical and economic feasibility of ethanol pipeline network designs. Such tools must be able to address major design decisions and technical characteristics, and estimate network construction and operation costs to any time horizon. The specific context in which the study was conducted was the ethanol industry in Sao Paulo. Five instances were constructed using pseudo-real data to test the methodologies developed.

A C-Based Variable Length and Vector Pipeline Architecture Design Methodology and Its Application

The size and performance of a System LSI depend heavily on the architecture which is chosen. As a result, the architecture design phase is one of the most important steps in the System LSI development process and is critical to the commercial success of a device. In this paper, we propose a C-based variable length and vector pipeline (VVP) architecture design methodology and apply it to the design of the output probability computation circuit for a speech recognition system. VVP processing accelerated by loop optimization, memory access methods, and application-specific cir- cuit design was implemented to calculate the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) output probability at high speed and its performance is evaluated. It is shown that designers can explore a wide range of design choices and generate complex circuits in a short time by using a C-based pipeline architecture design method.

Engineering Design of Shaanxi-Beijing Gas Pipeline

ＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＤｅｓｉｇｎｏｆＳｈａａｎｘｉ－ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＧａｓＰｉｐｅｌｉｎｅＸｉａｎｇＢｏａｎｄＭｅｉＳａｎｑｉａｎｇ（ＳｕｒｖｅｙａｎｄＤｅｓｉｇｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｉｃｈｕａｎＰｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍＡｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ）Ｋ...

Strategies for the Application of BIM Technology in the Collaborative Planning and Design of Urban Roads and Pipelines

Urban road construction and the laying of underground pipelines are both important elements in the improvement of urban infrastructure,while the construction of the two may affect and restrict each other if they are not planned systematically.Therefore,a synergistic design of urban roads and pipelines is needed to ensure the synergy of urban road construction and underground pipeline laying.This paper mainly analyzes the necessity of building information modeling(BIM)technology application in the collaborative planning and design of urban roads and pipelines,and explores the application strategy of BIM technology.

A Low-Power-Consumption 9bit 10MS/s Pipeline ADC for CMOS Image Sensors

A low-power-consumption 9bit 10MS/s pipeline ADC,used in a CMOS image sensor,is proposed. In the design, the decrease of power consumption is achieved by applying low-power-consumption and large-output-swing amplifiers with gain boost structure, and biasing all the cells with the same voltage bias source, which requires careful layout design and large capacitors. In addition,capacitor array DAC is also applied to reduce power consumption,and low threshold voltage MOS transistors are used to achieve a large signal processing range. The ADC was implemented in a 0.18μm 4M-1 P CMOS process,and the experimental results indicate that it consumes only 7mW, which is much less than general pipeline ADCs. The ADC was used in a 300000 pixels CMOS image sensor.

New Architecture of Pipeline CORDIC

Aim To design an ASIC based on CORDIC(coordinate rotations digital computer) to meet the requirement of coordinate conversion in high speed radar signal processing. Methods A new pipeline CORDIC architecture easily realized in VLSI was introduced. Results and Conclusion The results of hardware simulation with FPGA show that the pipeline CORDIC architecture meets the requirement.

基于g_(m)/I_(d)方法的Pipelined-SAR ADC高性能余量放大器设计

基于g_(m)/I_(d)查找表方法,设计了一种用于14位100MS/s流水线逐次逼近寄存器模数转换器(Pipelined-SAR ADC)的余量放大器。该余量放大器采用高增益宽带宽的增益自举运算放大器(OTA)结构。该方法通过lookup函数查找器件直流工作点,克服了传统方法对短沟道器件参数无法准确设计的问题。通过迭代算法来选择核心器件的g_(m)/I_(d),使电路在满足性能要求的同时实现功耗的优化设计,且具有很好的工艺移植性。基于SMIC 55nm CMOS工艺,对设计的OTA性能进行了仿真验证,实现了在92dB直流增益、180MHz闭环-3dB带宽、1.44mVrms噪声等多维约束条件下电路功耗为1.9mW的最优化设计。

纯氢与掺氢天然气管道摩阻系数预测

纯氢与掺氢天然气管道是实现氢气长距离、大规模输送的最佳方式之一,其中摩阻系数是气体管道水力计算的关键参数,现有的经验公式不能满足预测掺氢天然气的摩阻系数要求。为改进传统的摩阻系数计算公式在纯氢与掺氢天然气管道系统的适用性,搭建了纯氢和掺氢天然气管输调压综合实验平台,开展纯氢和不同比例的掺氢天然气管输流动实验,根据实验采集的流量、温度、压力和管道的长度、管径等参数计算管道的摩阻系数,同时建立了摩阻系数与雷诺数、粗糙度之间的关系,并修正了传统摩阻系数公式,最后利用湖南省巴陵—长岭纯氢气管道的实际运行数据进行了验证。研究结果表明:①由于氢气与天然气物性差异较大,掺氢比会影响流动摩阻系数,相同条件下掺氢比越大摩阻系数越小;②传统摩阻系数计算公式存在30%左右的误差,创新提出的适用于纯氢和掺氢天然气的3段式摩阻系数经验公式,相对误差最大11.84%,能够有效降低误差;③与巴陵—长岭纯氢气管道实际的运行数据相比,修正后摩阻系数预测公式的平均误差为0.62%,该公式可以满足实际工程的误差要求。结论认为,得到的纯氢与掺氢天然气管道摩阻系数修正公式可应用于纯氢与掺氢天然气管道工程设计,具有重要的工程应用价值和前景。

深海采矿柔性管力学性能及加工工艺研究综述

海洋蕴藏着储量丰富的矿产资源,深海矿产资源开发逐渐成为学术界和工程界的研究热点。管道提升式开采方案是目前公认的最具商业前景的海洋矿产开发方案。矿产输运管道作为连接海底中继舱和海上采矿平台的纽带,需要承受恶劣的风、浪、流环境载荷和复杂作业工况的工作载荷,其设计制造和力学性能分析一直备受关注。相比于刚性管道,柔性管道的弯曲刚度小、便于安装与回收、使用寿命较长。然而,柔性管道的结构复杂,各层之间相互影响,金属柔性管道由于自身结构的限制,在深海采矿行业中难以广泛应用,人们开始把目光放在非金属柔性管的设计与应用上。本文回顾了柔性管的发展历程,总结阐述了柔性管设计及加工制造中的力学性能分析方法和力学特性,并对柔性管设计制造的未来发展提供力所能及的展望。

发动机燃油泵附件的管路动力学等效设计及实现

燃油泵附件的管路空间构型复杂,在振动环境试验中直接模拟难以实现。为满足试验要求,采用系统等效缩减/扩展过程(SEREP)方法对管路进行动力学等效设计,选取管路上特定结点为主自由度,并将原管路模型缩减至主自由度模型上,得到缩减质量和刚度矩阵;对子振型矩阵采用SVD分解,使得缩减质量和刚度矩阵进一步简化,得到低阶管路模型的新缩减质量和刚度矩阵参数;提出“质量球—梁弹簧”结构模型,分别用“质量球”和“梁弹簧”来映射缩减的质量和刚度矩阵,进而确定等效设计加工参数;通过实例验证等效设计方法的可行性。结果表明:等效管路与原管路的第一阶频率误差大多在10%以内,满足工程应用要求。