Microstructure evolution and corrosion resistance in simulated CGHAZ of X80 high-deformability pipeline steel

In this study, the microstructure evolution and corrosion resistance in O. 5 M Na2CO3 - 1 M NaHCO3 solution of X80 high-deformability （ X8OHD ） pipeline steel coarse-grained heat-affected zone （CGHAZ） with several heat input levels were investigated. It is shown that the microstructure of CGHAZ changes from bainite ferrite to granular bainite as the heat input increasing. In addition, the corrosion resistance and the stability of passive film of base material are better than those of CGHAZ with several heat input levels. Too small or too big heat input is inadvisable and better corrosion resistance of CGHAZ is attained when heat input is 30 kJ/cm.

5.5Al-AFA耐热钢高温蠕变行为研究

面向超超临界发电机组用钢,设计、制备了5.5Al-AFA耐热钢材料,基于不同加载应力条件的蠕变实验与微观组织分析,研究了该耐热钢的蠕变特征与蠕变损伤机理。结果表明,该耐热钢具有典型金属材料的蠕变特征,加载应力对蠕变断裂时间影响显著,在温度为750℃、加载应力为120和250 MPa下的蠕变断裂寿命分别为1711和1.5 h,材料表观应力指数达5.18,蠕变机制为位错攀移,蠕变激活能为418.44 kJ·mol^(-1)。蠕变过程中析出的脆性σ-FeCr相导致应力集中与材料断裂,失效形式为微孔密集型韧性断裂。

我国长输天然气用管线钢的发展现状与趋势

随着国内天然气管道的大规模建设,我国长输天然气用管线钢及钢管的生产制造技术也迅速发展并达到世界先进水平。天然气管道仍将朝着高强度、大口径、高压力、大壁厚、低温服役等方向发展,对高钢级管线钢特别是抗大变形管线钢、低温环境用管线钢等提出了更高的要求。本文着重从管线钢的合金成分体系、组织类型、轧制工艺的演变及其与管线钢的性能间的关系等角度,对高钢级管线钢、抗大变形管线钢及低温环境用管线钢的发展现状进行了综述,并结合目前应用中存在的一些问题对我国长输天然气管道用钢的发展趋势进行了探讨。

Development of High Deformation X70 Pipeline Steel Plates in NISCO

A series of trial tests for high deformation (HD) X70 pipeline steel plates were performed in NISCO,and the technical routes as thermal mechanical controlled rolling process (TMCP),TMCP + Quenching (Q) and TMCP +Q & tempering (T) were studied systematically through the plate shape quality,properties and microstructure characters.The results show that problems as plate shape and inhomogeneous microstructures are for finish rolling at low temperature and high cooling rate after the rolling by the route of TMCP.By the route of TMCP+Q,the yield strength (YS) of the trial steels is not sufficient.By the route of TMCP+QT,the YS is enhanced,as well as good toughness and plasticity due to the martensite decomposition at low temperature tempering process,and 4 sheets of HD X70 pipeline steel plates by the route TMCP+QT with superior plate shape quality,microstructure and comprehensive properties were successfully developed in NISCO.

高钢级山地管道设计及安全性评估的再认识

永久性地面变形(permanent ground deformation,PGD)是造成山地管道屈曲断裂泄露并导致重大生命、财产损失的主要原因之一。现有PGD区山地管道“基于应变”的设计及安全性评估方法和技术标准对在役高钢级管道安全性评估偏于危险,亟待对其进行进一步的研究。针对山地复杂PDG工况下的“许用应变”及“计算应变”,从山地管道的主要失效模式着手,对山地管道管–土相互作用的应变计算方法(解析法、数值分析法及试验法)及安全性评估方法的技术现状及存在问题进行了分析,并结合我国山地管道未来的发展趋势及生产需要,提出了考虑在役管道的实际工况,进行基于管–土相互作用规律的设计及安全性评估方法的研究路径和内容。

Effect of Microstructure on Hydrogen Induced Cracking Behavior of a High Deformability Pipeline Steel

The hydrogen induced cracking （HIC） behavior of a high deformability pipeline steel was investigated with three different dual-phase microstructures, ferrite and bainite （F＋B）, ferrite and martensite/austenite islands （F＋M/A） and ferrite and martensite （F＋M）, respectively. The HIC test was conducted in hydrogen sulfide （H2S）-saturated solution. The results showed that the steels with F＋B and F＋M/A dual-phase microstructures had both higher deformability and better HIC resistance, whereas the harder martensite phase in F＋M microstructure was responsible for the worst HIC resistance. The band-like hard phase in dual-phase mi- crostructure was believed to lead to increasing susceptibility to HIC.

Effect of Cooling Start Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of X80 High Deformability Pipeline Steel

The effect of cooling （laminar cooling） start temperature on the phase constitution was analyzed by quanti- tative metallography. The martensite/austenite （M/A） island distribution was fixed by colour metallography. The strength and uniform elongation of the steels were tested with quasi-static tensile testing machine. The in-coordinate deformation of the soft and hard phases was analyzed using FEM. The results indicate that when the cooling start temperature is 690 ℃, the mechanical properties are the best, meeting the requirements of X80 high deformability pipeline steel.

Modeling of γ→α Transformation Temperature Ar_3 for High-Nb Pipeline Steel During Cooling Process

According to the research on the deformation resistance and the ferrite transformation behavior of X80 pipeline steel by using Gleeble 3500 thermal simulator, a mathematical model of the α-phase start transformation temperature for high-Nb pipeline steel was established, based on the transformation kinetics and thermodynamics. The influence of deformation and cooling rate as well as Nb content on the α-phase starting temperature was thor- oughly investigated. The results given by the model were in good agreement with the experimental results, which showed that the model could predict the α-phase starting temperature for high Nb pipeline steel during cooling process.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nb-Microalloyed X100 High Deformability Pipeline Steel

A low carbon Nb-microalloyed high deformability pipeline steel with X100 grade has been processed by TMCP and followed two-stage cooling process.The microstructure is characterized by ferrite/bainite multiphase.The effective grain size is 1.85μm in average.The volume of ferrite is about 10-15% and the grains sizes are mostly less than 5μm.The bainite consists of granular-bainite and lath-bainite,with M/A islands finely dispersed.The longitudinal tensile yield strength,uniform elongation,yield ratio are 647MPa,7.6% and 0.78,respectively.Ferrite/bainite multiphase have large strain hardenability that resulting high strength and high deformability combination.Precipitation of Nb also improves the strength and uniform deformability by precipitation strengthening and grain refinement.

Development of High Deformability Pipeline Steel

Based on strain-based design, high deformability X70 high strength pipeline steel with dual-phase microstructure has been developed, which can be laid in the seismic, the cold or the deepwater region. The results illustrated that the developed X70 steel has the stress-strain curve like round house and it shows good anti-transformation characteristic, high uniform deformation(≥10%), enhanced n-value(≥0.10), and the low yield-tensile ratio Y/T(≤0.85). The dual-phase microstructure of ferrite and bainite contained in the steel can be obtained by the advanced thermo-mechanical control process.

轧后冷却制度对X80级抗大变形管线钢组织和屈强比的影响

利用SEM和TEM原位拉伸方法研究了轧后冷却制度对X80级抗大变形管线钢组织的影响及低屈强比的微观机理.结果表明:采用轧后弛豫+控制冷却的工艺可以获得铁素体+贝氏体双相组织,弛豫终止温度是影响铁索体体积含量和晶粒大小的决定因素.当弛豫终止温度区间为690—705℃时,试样的强度和塑性达到了较好的匹配,满足X80级抗大变形管线钢的性能要求.弛豫终止温度越低,铁索体体积含量越高,晶粒尺寸越大,屈强比越低.对拉伸过程进行动态原位观察的结果表明,铁素体(软相)和贝氏体(硬相)的协调变形机制是屈强比降低的原因.

高钢级管线钢变形抗力模型

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机,对两种不同成分的高钢级管线钢进行单道次压缩实验的塑性变形抗力进行研究。分析了变形温度、变形速率、变形程度对变形抗力的影响,建立一种适合X70、X80高钢级管线钢的变形抗力模型。通过多元非线性进行回归分析,证明模型具有良好的曲线拟合特性。模型成功的应用于轧制生产的现场,计算出的轧制力值误差控制在11%以内。

高韧性热轧管线用钢轧制压力模型

在热模拟机上进行高温压缩试验，测定了热轧管线用钢在单道次、多道次等不同条件下的变形抗力，并研制了相应的变形抗力模型及残余应变率模型。综合测定了此种钢在１７００ｍｍ热连轧机上试轧时的轧制力及有关数据，利用实测压力逆算应力状态影响系数，建立了精轧各机架应力状态影响系数经验模型。

X100管线钢的高温变形力学行为

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对X100管线钢进行单道次压缩试验,研究其变形抗力与应变量、应变速率和变形温度的关系,利用回归分析确立合适的变形抗力数学模型,并将模型预测值与试验值进行比较。结果表明,变形温度对X100管线钢变形抗力影响显著;高温低应变速率更有利于X100管线钢回复和再结晶的发生;应变速率过高会引起非稳态变形,不利于X100管线钢轧制过程的控制;利用回归分析确定的变形抗力模型能够准确预测X100管线钢的变形抗力,相关系数为0.986。

X70管线钢管件制造热过程中的形变规律

采用Gleeble-1500热／力模拟压缩试验机研究了X70管线钢在管件制造热过程中的形变规律。结果表明:X70管线钢在管件制造热过程中存在动态回复型和动态再结晶型两种真应力-应变曲线。在高的形变温度和低的应变速率条件下,发生动态再结晶,其热变形方程式为ε=4×10-8σp10.27 exp(-Q/RT);峰值应力σp、峰值应变εp与Zener-Hollomon因子Z的关系分别为lnσp=1．869+ 0．093lnZ、lnεp=-1．291+0．021 ln Z;动态再结晶体积分数Xd=1-exp[-1．51(ε／εp—O．83)1.22]。

半固态高碳工具钢的变形特性

采用Gleeble 1500热/力模拟机,对电磁搅拌法制备的高碳(碳含量大于1%)工具钢半固态坯料进行压缩实验,研究半固态高碳钢在不同变形温度、不同变形速率下的应力 应变关系,同时与相同冷却条件下的常规铸态坯料进行了对比分析。结果表明:在固 液两相区变形时,半固态坯料的流变应力明显低于常规铸态坯料,且随温度的升高而降低;当变形速率降低时,应力峰值升高,同时热软化现象明显。

X100抗大变形管线钢焊接热影响区的显微组织与冲击功

采用部分再结晶区加速冷却的方法获得了X100抗大变形管线钢,利用焊接热模拟技术制备了不同热影响区试样并研究了其冲击功和显微组织。结果表明:X100抗大变形管线钢具有较强的极限应变能力,其组织为粒状贝氏体和多边形铁素体;模拟热影响区试样的冲击功随热循环峰值温度的升高而下降,当峰值温度为1 300℃时,冲击功为247.9J,比母材的降低了17.3%,冲击断裂方式也从韧性断裂转为解理断裂;热循环峰值温度升高使热影响区组织发生再结晶,并且晶粒粗化,降低了其韧性。

T91钢高温变形特性研究

利用Ｇｌｅｅｂｌｅ－１５００热模拟试验机，研究了９Ｃｒ－１Ｍｏ－Ｖ－Ｎｂ－Ｎ铁素体耐热钢在８５０℃～１２５０℃，接近实际生产变形速率时的高温塑性，做出塑性图和再结晶图。并通过分析真应力—真应变曲线。

高等级管线钢的发展现状

回顾总结了近年来国际上高等级管线钢的发展。现代管线钢向高强度、大厚度、抗应变和抗HIC方向发展。为降低长距离天然气管线的建设成本,开发了X100和X120超高强度管线管,并进行了X100和X120管线试验段建设,取得了显著的进展。开发了以双相显微组织为特征的满足“基于应变设计”的抗大应变高强度管线钢,强度等级从X65至X100,可应用于冻土带、地震区和水土流失区域的管线建设。海底管线用钢和抗HIC管线管的强度等级已从以往的X65提高到X70,X70管线管的最大壁厚可达34.1 mm,并已批量在工程中应用。新型的HTP高强度管线钢采用超低碳高铌含铬的成分设计,具有十分优良的性能,用铬替代钼可显著地降低成本,生产的X80管线管已应用于美国第一条X80管线。

X70HD抗大变形管线钢的静态再结晶行为

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对X70HD抗大变形管线钢进行了不同变形条件下的双道次热压缩实验,研究了不同形变条件对X70HD抗大变形管线钢静态再结晶行为的影响。根据实验结果计算得到了此材料的静态再结晶的激活能,建立了具有较高精度的静态再结晶动力学模型。结果表明:X70HD抗大变形管线钢静态再结晶行为受到变形速率、变形量、变形温度等参数的影响较大,而受材料初始晶粒尺寸的影响较小,并随着间隔时间的增大软化程度加大,静态再结晶分数升高。