Numerical study on local scour characteristics around submarine pipelines in the Yellow River Delta silty sandy soil under waves and currents

Due to their high reliability and cost-efficiency,submarine pipelines are widely used in offshore oil and gas resource engineering.Due to the interaction of waves,currents,seabed,and pipeline structures,the soil around submarine pipelines is prone to local scour,severely affecting their operational safety.With the Yellow River Delta as the research area and based on the renormalized group(RNG)k-εturbulence model and Stokes fifth-order wave theory,this study solves the Navier-Stokes(N-S)equation using the finite difference method.The volume of fluid(VOF)method is used to describe the fluid-free surface,and a threedimensional numerical model of currents and waves-submarine pipeline-silty sandy seabed is established.The rationality of the numerical model is verified using a self-built waveflow flume.On this basis,in this study,the local scour development and characteristics of submarine pipelines in the Yellow River Delta silty sandy seabed in the prototype environment are explored and the influence of the presence of pipelines on hydrodynamic features such as surrounding flow field,shear stress,and turbulence intensity is analyzed.The results indicate that(1)local scour around submarine pipelines can be divided into three stages:rapid scour,slow scour,and stable scour.The maximum scour depth occurs directly below the pipeline,and the shape of the scour pits is asymmetric.(2)As the water depth decreases and the pipeline suspension height increases,the scour becomes more intense.(3)When currents go through a pipeline,a clear stagnation point is formed in front of the pipeline,and the flow velocity is positively correlated with the depth of scour.This study can provide a valuable reference for the protection of submarine pipelines in this area.

An Update on the Clinical Pipelines of New Antibacterial Drugs Developed in China

Antibacterial resistance is a global health threat that requires further concrete action on the part of all countries.In this context,one of the biggest concerns is whether enough new antibacterial drugs are being discovered and developed.Although several high-quality reviews on clinical antibacterial drug pipelines from a global perspective were published recently,none provides comprehensive information on original antibacterial drugs at clinical stages in China.In this review,we summarize the latest progress of novel antibacterial drugs approved for marketing and under clinical evaluation in China since 2019.Information was obtained by consulting official websites,searching commercial databases,retrieving literature,asking personnel from institutions or companies,and other means,and a considerable part of the data covered here has not been included in other reviews.As of June 30,2023,a total of 20 antibacterial projects from 17 Chinese pharmaceutical companies or developers were identified and updated.Among them,two new antibacterial drugs that belong to traditional antibiotic classes were approved by the National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)in China in 2019 and 2021,respectively,and 18 antibacterial agents are in clinical development,with one under regulatory evaluation,five in phase-3,six in phase-2,and six in phase-1.Most of the clinical candidates are new analogs or monocomponents of traditional antibacterial pharmacophore types,including two dual-acting hybrid antibiotics and a recombinant antibacterial protein.Overall,despite there being 17 antibacterial clinical candidates,our analysis indicates that there are still relatively few clinically differentiated antibacterial agents in stages of clinical development in China.Hopefully,Chinese pharmaceutical companies and institutions will develop more innovative and clinically differentiated candidates with good market potential in the future research and development(R&D)of original antibacterial drugs.

SDH-FCOS:An Efficient Neural Network for Defect Detection in Urban Underground Pipelines

Urban underground pipelines are an important infrastructure in cities,and timely investigation of problems in underground pipelines can help ensure the normal operation of cities.Owing to the growing demand for defect detection in urban underground pipelines,this study developed an improved defect detection method for urban underground pipelines based on fully convolutional one-stage object detector(FCOS),called spatial pyramid pooling-fast(SPPF)feature fusion and dual detection heads based on FCOS(SDH-FCOS)model.This study improved the feature fusion component of the model network based on FCOS,introduced an SPPF network structure behind the last output feature layer of the backbone network,fused the local and global features,added a top-down path to accelerate the circulation of shallowinformation,and enriched the semantic information acquired by shallow features.The ability of the model to detect objects with multiple morphologies was strengthened by introducing dual detection heads.The experimental results using an open dataset of underground pipes show that the proposed SDH-FCOS model can recognize underground pipe defects more accurately;the average accuracy was improved by 2.7% compared with the original FCOS model,reducing the leakage rate to a large extent and achieving real-time detection.Also,our model achieved a good trade-off between accuracy and speed compared with other mainstream methods.This proved the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Sacrificial piles as a countermeasure against local scour around underwater pipelines

Local scour around pipelines crossing rivers or in marine environments is a significant concern.It can lead to failure of the pipelines resulting in environmental side effects and economic losses.This study developed an experimental method to reduce local scour around pipelines with a steady flow of clear water by installing cylindrical and cubical sacrificial piles.Three sizes of sacrificial piles were examined in a linear arrangement.Sacrificial piles were installed on the upstream side of the pipeline at three distances.Maximum scour depth reduction rates below the pipeline were computed.The results showed that sacrificial piles could protect a pipeline from local scour.A portion of scoured sediment around the sacrificial piles was deposited beneath the pipeline.This sediment accumulation reduced the scour depth beneath the pipeline.Analysis of the experimental results demonstrated that the size of piles(d),the spacing between piles,and the distance between the pipe and piles(Xp)were the variables that reduced the maximum scour beneath the pipeline with a diameter of D.For the piles with d=0.40D and 0.64D,X_(p)=4OD was the optimal distance to install a group of piles,and cubical piles could mitigate scour more effectively than cylindrical piles under similar conditions.For the piles with d=D,the greatest reduction in scour depth was achieved at X_(p)=50D with any desired spacings between piles,and cylindrical piles in this dimension could protect the pipeline against scour more effectively than cubical piles.

Natural aging mechanism of buried polyethylene pipelines during long-term service

Currently,accelerated aging tests are widely used to study the aging process of polyethylene pipelines.However,this approach can only simulate one or several main influencing factors in the natural environment,which are often quite different from the actual environment of the buried pipelines.In this study,five types of PE80 buried pipelines in service for 9e18 years were taken as the research object,while new PE80 pipelines were taken as the reference group.The aging process and mechanism of polyethylene buried pipelines were studied through mechanical and chemical property tests and microstructural analysis.The results showed that the pipeline exhibited cross-linking as the main aging mechanism after being in service for 0e18 years.The aging degree and law of the inner and outer surface of the pipeline were compared,and the observed mechanism of both surfaces was explained.After 18 years in service,the elongation at the break of the pipe decreased by 16.2%,and the toughness of the matrix in the main collapse area of the tensile sample was the fundamental reason responsible for changes in the mechanical properties.Finally,after 18 years in service,the oxidation induction time of the pipeline was 25.7 min,which was 28.5% higher than the national standard value.There were no potential safety hazards during continuous long-term service.The results of this paper provide reference data and theoretical guidance for the aging process study of buried polyethylene pipelines.

Numerical Study on Lateral Buckling Mode of Pipelines Laid on A Sleeper

Because non-buried submarine pipelines under cyclic thermal loading are prone to global buckling,sleepers are commonly laid along the pipeline route to induce a series of relatively small and controllable lateral buckling.A finite element model which can simulate the transformation of pipeline laid on a sleeper from vertical buckling to lateral buckling is established in this work.The parameters of sleeper affecting pipeline buckling modes are analysed,and a new kind of sleeper is proposed aimed at avoiding antisymmetric buckling.Results show that the lateral trigger force can avoid antisymmetric lateral buckling when acting between 1℃and 13℃before the critical buckling temperature.The range increases slightly with increasing trigger force.Compared with an ordinary sleeper,the proposed new sleeper with slider can reduce the critical buckling temperature by 25%,which significantly improves the success rate of sleepers.

Research of Risk Identification and Prevention of Underground Pressure Pipelines Damage Caused by External Disturbance

External disturbance is an important cause of underground pressure pipeline damage,which leads to accidents,and it is crucial to study the risk of damage caused by external disturbance and come up with proper prevention and control measures.We reviewed literature on risk identification of underground pressure pipelines damage due to external disturbance was conducted,and a list of risk factors was formed.Based on the list of risk factors,fault tree analysis was carried out on underground pressure pipelines damage caused by external disturbances,and risk prevention and control measures were proposed through the calculation of minimum cut sets,minimum path sets,and structural importance,in hopes of providing reference for the normal operation of underground pressure pipelines.

硫化氢环境下老旧管道失效概率评价方法研究

老旧管道在服役过程中存在着失效风险,而影响老旧管道失效的因素有很多,在众多影响因素中硫化氢对管道产生的腐蚀损伤较严重。为解决受腐蚀损伤的老旧管道安全评估问题,文章建立了一种在硫化氢环境下老旧管道失效概率评价方法。以在硫化氢环境中使用了约20年的老旧集气管道为研究对象,采用蒙特卡洛法模拟管道服役过程中的动态压力和腐蚀损伤引起的剩余强度的变化,计算了单一腐蚀因素引起管道失效的概率,并通过正态分布概率给出管道使用的安全范围。研究结果表明:投运20年以上的含硫老旧管道在氢致开裂实验与应力腐蚀开裂实验中,均未发生开裂。根据模型计算得出,老旧管道依旧可以安全服役,但服役6年后失效概率超过0.5,需要进行整修工作,服役27年后,管道内腐蚀严重,剩余强度降到3.82 MPa,需要更换管道。通过模拟得到了失效概率与腐蚀缺陷和服役时间的关系,为老旧集气管道再服役提供理论依据和参考价值。

从管段走向管网:管道泄漏诊断技术研究进展

管道泄漏诊断技术在保障管道系统安全运行中起着至关重要的作用。首先,介绍了管道泄漏诊断系统的结构,并指出由单一管段向复杂管网泄漏诊断的发展趋势。进一步从基于数据驱动的传统泄漏检测方法、管道泄漏信号源定位技术和基于深度学习的复杂管网泄漏检测方法3个方面进行综述,分析了不同方法的优势、局限性和适用范围。最后指出,随着管网系统的复杂度增加,传统方法的局限性逐渐显现,基于深度学习技术的复杂管网微弱泄漏诊断、多源信号融合和管网智能化的研究将成为未来的研究趋势。

基于Pasternak海床模型的椭圆余弦波浪荷载作用下埋置管线动力响应解析解

通过两阶段分析方法,针对椭圆余弦波作用下埋置管线的动力响应进行了探究。基于椭圆余弦波理论,采用Biot固结方程推导了非线性波浪作用下浅水区埋置管线所受的周期波浪压力;将管线考虑为动力Pasternak海床模型上的Euler-Bernoulli梁,将波浪动荷载施加到管线上获得无限长管线的动力响应偏微分控制方程;利用Fourier变换和Laplace变换并借助卷积定理得到管线挠度、速度、加速度、转角、弯矩和剪力的动力响应解。通过与三维有限元数值算例及既有试验结果对比验证了解析解的正确性与适用性。对椭圆余弦波作用下埋置管线的动力响应特性进行了敏感参数分析,结果表明:波浪高度H显著影响了波面形状与海床内波浪力大小,不同浪高下管线转角、弯矩和剪力的变化更明显,而挠度、速度和加速度响应敏感性则较低。

二氧化碳管道输送技术进展

简述了碳捕集与封存技术作为关键减排技术近年的发展,以及管道输送二氧化碳的优势。介绍了国内外二氧化碳管道输送技术的发展现状和二氧化碳输送管道相关标准。比较了二氧化碳的物性和不同输送相态的优缺点,阐释了CO_(2)输送管道断裂韧性控制、腐蚀及防护技术。研究表明:由于二氧化碳的物性,二氧化碳输送管道断裂韧性控制与天然气管道显著不同,需要重新建立二氧化碳输送管道的断裂扩展和止裂的预测模型;为防止二氧化碳输送管道腐蚀,需要控制二氧化碳输送管道中水和其他气体杂质的含量。

泡沫轻质土回填管道沟槽路面表层动力响应研究

市政道路下伏管道沟槽常采用土、砂子、碎石等传统散体材料回填,由于沟槽空间受限,压实度难以满足设计要求,管道破损渗漏或交通荷载作用下,容易造成路面开裂,甚至塌陷。泡沫轻质土具有轻质、高强、自密实、抗渗漏等特性,可以将其应用于管道沟槽回填工程。为了研究泡沫轻质土回填管道沟槽的路面动力响应特性,以振动加速度和动位移为动力响应指标,开展泡沫轻质土回填段和中砂回填段的路面动力响应现场试验。试验车速分别为20,40和60 km/h,车重分别为空载、半载、满载,共9种试验工况。研究结果表明,泡沫轻质土回填区段测点振动加速度最大值、动位移最大值分别为31.93 mm/s^(2)、6.23μm,而中砂回填区段分别为35.79 mm/s^(2)、6.90μm。振动加速度峰值、动位移峰值均随车重、车速的增加而增大。车重由空载变为满载时,泡沫轻质土回填区段测点动位移峰值变化幅度仅为中砂回填区段测点的15.2%~51.0%;车速由20 km/h增加至60 km/h时,动位移峰值变化幅度为中砂回填区段测点的16.8%~66.8%。泡沫轻质土回填区段振动加速度峰值衰减率、动位移峰值衰减率分别为中砂回填区段的1.16~1.38倍及1.15~1.33倍,削减了沟槽回填区段路面测点振动的高频和低频成分,泡沫轻质土回填区段整体刚度较好,减振效果良好。研究成果可为泡沫轻质土回填管道沟槽的设计施工提供参考。

近海复杂水体下海底输氢管道小孔泄漏扩散规律研究

为了研究海上风电氢一体化能源系统水下输氢管道小孔泄漏气体扩散问题,基于流体力学计算软件,建立近海水下输氢管道泄漏扩散模型,考虑复杂水体流动,对不同水深、流速条件下的泄漏气体扩散行为进行模拟与分析,研究水下气体泄漏扩散行为、上浮时间以及水面扩散影响范围等因素。研究结果表明:水下气体泄漏呈羽流状,随水流向下游方向偏移,在水面上浮形成一定范围的扩散沸腾区域;泄漏气体初始动能快速衰减,上浮时间主要受到水深的控制;水流对气体羽流存在明显的偏移现象,且与流速呈正相关关系,同时也会增加水面扩散影响范围;构建基于水流速度与泄漏源深度的水面扩散泄漏参数多元非线性预测方程,能够较好地预测泄漏发生后的水面关键参数。研究结果可为我国近海风电储氢一体化体系建立与事故应急处置提供理论支撑。

分段管廊装载供水管道穿越地裂缝适宜性研究

在活动地裂缝影响下,供水管道拉裂、错断现象时有发生,并引发严重的次生灾害。本文以西安市西南郊水厂拟建球墨铸铁管道穿越地裂缝为工程背景,建立管道45°穿越活动地裂缝的数值模型,分析地裂缝影响下管道的内力响应与变形特征,结果表明:地裂缝作用会使管道接口偏转角过大而导致其防水失效。因此提出一种分段管廊装载供水管道穿越地裂缝的方法,建立分段管廊装载供水管道穿越地裂缝的数值模型,分析管道与管廊通缝、错缝两种工况、不同分段管廊长度、不同地裂缝位置、不同穿越角度下管廊与管道的内力响应与变形特征。得出管廊装载管道穿越地裂缝的最佳方案为管道与管廊通缝布设,采用单节长度为18 m的分段管廊,使地裂缝位于管廊的2/3处,并尽量以小角度穿越地裂缝。研究成果对城市供水管道穿越活动地裂缝的工程建设与灾害防治具有实际意义。

油田管道防垢的超疏水涂层的制备和性能研究

为解决管道结垢带来严重的经济损失和安全隐患,将超疏水涂层喷涂在管道内壁表面形成一层保护膜,以阻止流体与管壁的直接接触,研究以环氧树脂为基体,通过添加二氧化硅和氧化铝来构建表面微纳米结构,设计制备了EP-SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)超疏水涂层,通过调控2种无极纳米粒子的添加量优化涂层配方,并考察EP-SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)复合涂层的疏水和防垢性能。结果表明,当各投入5.1%SiO_(2)和5.1%Al_(2)O_(3)时涂层附着力为1级,同时接触角可达154.6°,复合涂层的垢结量明显降低,仅为同等状态下环氧涂层的16.5%。为减少油田管道的结垢和腐蚀,提高油田的经济效益和安全效益提供可行途径。

冲击载荷下含腐蚀缺陷的海底管道损伤分析

针对海底油气管道因冲击和腐蚀易造成管道损伤破坏的问题,基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日算法(CEL)建立坠物-腐蚀管道-海床土体冲击有限元模型,分析了坠物质量、速度、埋深和腐蚀深度对含腐蚀缺陷管道损伤的影响,并与未腐蚀的完整管道进行了对比。以此为基础,分析了内压和腐蚀深度对撞击后的腐蚀管道应力的影响规律。研究结果表明:含腐蚀缺陷管道受冲击损伤程度均大于完整管道,同等撞击速度、质量和埋深下,冲击损伤值最大分别相差68.6%、14.3%和194.7%;撞击后的腐蚀管道和完整管道最大等效应力均随内压增加而增大,同等内压等效应力值最大相差50.4%;同等腐蚀深度下,未撞击腐蚀管道和撞击后腐蚀管道等效应力值最大相差11.7%。这表明海底油气管道冲击损伤分析应考虑腐蚀缺陷的影响。研究方法及结果可为海底油气管道冲击损伤分析与评价提供参考。

基于磁传感器阵列的管道移位变形内检测

海底管道的结构变形会增加管道断裂风险,从而造成极大的经济损失。本文提出一种基于球形内检测器和多通道磁传感器阵列的管道移位变形检测方法。根据磁机械效应,分析管道移位变形导致的管壁应力及管道内磁通密度变化规律。设计了检测器结构布局及磁阵列采集方案,实现了管道内空间旋转磁通密度的高覆盖率采样。设计算法将旋转磁信号转换为管道坐标系下的平动磁信号,提取管道内等高线的磁数据,实现了多通道磁信息融合,提高了磁异常检出率。最后,开展了管道竖向加载和等效横向加载等移位变形的内检测试验。结果表明,管道在纵向受力变形状态下,管道内等高线上磁通密度纵向分量的离散度降低136.1μT;管道在等效横向受力变形状态下,管道内等高线上磁通密度横向分量的离散度降低123.1μT;球形内检测器所测得的磁通密度离散度能够反映出管道不同方向的移位变形,且管道变形越大,磁通密度离散度越小。

海底管道边界条件类型及其对走管行为的影响

针对深海海底管道两端通常与井口、悬链线立管、器管收集器等相连,管道端部边界条件复杂的情况,为了探究不同的管道边界条件对走管行为的影响,将海底管道端部边界条件简化为3种类型,即类型Ⅰ两端水平力、类型Ⅱ一端水平力一端倾斜力和类型Ⅲ一端弹性边界一端水平力,建立不同边界条件下海底管道走管数值模型,对比分析不同类型边界条件下海底管道走管行为。结果表明:类型Ⅱ边界条件与类型Ⅰ相比,随着管道端部拉力倾角增加,管道轴向拉力减小,走管量也减小,管道拉力倾角从0°增至60°,最大轴向拉力减小6.73%,走管率减小50%,这意味着悬链线立管形态改变,使得作用于海底管道的拉力方向改变,相应的海底管道走管量也随之改变;类型Ⅲ与类型Ⅰ边界条件相比,类型Ⅰ边界条件下海底管道走管率为恒值,随着升降温循环次数的增加,海底管道走管量近似线性增长;类型Ⅲ边界条件下海底管道走管率受器管收集器弹性刚度影响,弹性刚度越大,第1次升降温循环走管率越大;随着升降温循环次数增加,管道走管率快速衰减,直至为0,类型Ⅲ边界条件下多次升降温循环最终走管量通常小于类型Ⅰ。3类边界条件下海底管道走管行为差异很大,可为实际工程中分析海底管道端部边界条件类型、选定合适的边界条件提供参考。

基于改进人工蜂群算法的船舶管路路径寻优算法分析

[目的]人工蜂群(ABC)算法具有控制参数少、局部寻优能力强、收敛速度快的特点,但在解决路径寻优问题方面,存在容易陷入局部最优的缺陷。为解决船舶管路系统中的管路路径规划问题,提出一种改进的人工蜂群(IABC)算法。[方法]在传统人工蜂群算法的基础上,在跟随蜂的更新机制中引入遗传算子中的交叉操作,并对交叉算子的交叉概率采用自适应的策略;通过对种群进行的交叉操作寻找全局范围内的新解,并改进侦察蜂寻找新路径的方式,由原来的对路径经过的点进行更新改为对路径中的“路段”进行更新;随后,提出一种适应于解决分支管路路径寻优的改进人工蜂群协同进化算法。[结果]实例验证表明,改进后的人工蜂群算法相比标准人工蜂群算法其路径布置效果能够提升32.3%~37.4%,收敛速度能够提升17.7%~29.9%。[结论]无论是解决单管路还是分支管路,改进后的人工蜂群算法相比传统的人工蜂群算法求解质量更高、收敛速度更快、稳定性更好。

燃气管道泄漏爆炸应急救援物资需求及救援点优化选址研究

为研究燃气管道泄漏爆炸后的应急救援物资需求量和最佳救援点选址,采用案例推理方法,建立了燃气管道泄漏爆炸事故应急资源需求模型。以某化工园区发生燃气管道泄漏爆炸为案例,运用MATLAB编程对应急资源需求进行数值计算;利用ArcGIS可视化、地图数据分析功能,建立网络空间数据集,获得该案例工业园区6个应急救援点。结果表明,可通过化工园区应急救援历史数据获得事故应急资源需求量,利用ArcGIS建立位置分配点和确定救援点数量,可获得优化的应急救援选址。