Numerical calculation of hydrodynamic characteristics of tidal currents for submarine excavation engineering in coastal area

In coastal areas with complicated flow movement, deposition and scour readily occur in submarine excavation projects. In this study, a smallscale model, with a high resolution in the vertical direction, was used to simulate the tidal current around a submarine excavation project. The finite volume method was used to solve Navier-Stokes equations and the Reynolds stress transport equation, and the entire process of the tidal current was simulated with unstructured meshes, generated in the irregular shape area, and structured meshes, generated in other water areas.The meshes near the bottom and free surface were densified with a minimum layer thickness of 0.05 m. The volume of fluid method was used to track the free surface, the volume fraction of cells on the upstream boundary was obtained from the volume fraction of adjacent cells, and that on the downstream boundary was determined by the water level process. The numerical results agree with the observed data, and some conclusions can be drawn: after the foundation trench excavation, the flow velocity decreases quite a bit through the foundation trench, with reverse flow occurring on the lee slope in the foundation trench; the swirling flow impedes inflow, leading to the occurrence of dammed water above the foundation trench; the turbulent motion is stronger during ebbing than in other tidal stages, the range with the maximum value of turbulent viscosity, occurring on the south side of the foundation trench at maximum ebbing, is greater than those in other tidal stages in a tidal cycle, and the maximum value of Reynolds shear stress occurs on the south side of the foundation trench at maximum ebbing in a tidal cycle. The numerical calculation method shows a strong performance in simulation of the hydrodynamic characteristics of tidal currents in the foundation trench, providing a basis for submarine engineering construction in coastal areas.

Excavator Energy-saving Efficiency Based on Diesel Engine Cylinder Deactivation Technology

The hydraulic excavator energy-saving research mainly embodies the following three measures： to improve the performance of diesel engine and hydraulic component, to improve the hydraulic system, and to improve the power matching of diesel-hydraulic system-actuator. Although the above measures have certain energy-saving effect, but because the hydraulic excavator load changes frequently and fluctuates dramatically, so the diesel engine often works in high-speed and light load condition, and the fuel consumption is higher. Therefore, in order to improve the economy of diesel engine in light load, and reduce the fuel consumption of hydraulic excavator, energy management concept is proposed based on diesel engine cylinder deactivation technology. By comparing the universal characteristic under diesel normal and deactivated cylinder condition, the mechanism that fuel consumption can be reduced significantly by adopting cylinder deactivation technology under part of loads condition can be clarified. The simulation models for hydraulic system and diesel engine are established by using AMESim software, and fuel combustion consumption by using cylinder-deactivation-technology is studied through digital simulation approach. In this way, the zone of cylinder deactivation is specified. The testing system for the excavator with this technology is set up based on simulated results, and the results show that the diesel engine can still work at high efficiency with part of loads after adopting this technology; fuel consumption is dropped down to 11% and 13% under economic and heavy-load mode respectively under the condition of driving requirements. The research provides references to the energy-saving study of the hydraulic excavators.

Compensation excavation method control for large deformation disaster of mountain soft rock tunnel

In recent years,the mine tunneling method and the new Austrian tunneling method have been considered the main theories of tunneling approaches in China.It is difficult for the traditional technique to overcome the large deformation problems imposed by complex geological conditions of mountain soft rock tunneling.Hence,the compensation excavation method has been proposed to solve this issue under the consideration that all damage in tunneling originates from the excavation.It uses supportive strategies to counteract the excavation effects successfully.This paper provides an overview of the fundamental ideas of the compensation excavation method,methodologies,and field applications.The scientific validity and feasibility of the compensation excavation method were investigated through the practical engineering study of the Muzhailing and Changning tunnels.

Excavation compensation theory and supplementary technology system for large deformation disasters

Given the challenges in managing large deformation disasters in energy engineering,traffic tunnel engineering,and slope engineering,the excavation compensation theory has been proposed for large deformation disasters and the supplementary technology system is developed accordingly.This theory is based on the concept that“all destructive behaviors in tunnel engineering originate from excavation.”This paper summarizes the development of the excavation compensation theory in five aspects:the“theory,”“equipment,”“technology,”the design method with large deformation mechanics,and engineering applications.First,the calculation method for compensation force has been developed based on this theory,and a comprehensive large deformation disaster control theory system is formed.Second,a negative Poisson's ratio anchor cable with high preload,large deformation,and super energy absorption characteristics has been independently developed and applied to large deformation disaster control.An intelligent tunnel monitoring and early warning cloud platform system are established for remote monitoring and early warning system of Newton force in landslide geological hazards.Third,the double gradient advance grouting technology,the two-dimensional blasting technology,and the integrated Newton force monitoring--early warning--control technology are developed for different engineering environments.Finally,some applications of this theory in China's energy,traffic tunnels,landslide,and other field projects have been analyzed,which successfully demonstrates the capability of this theory in large deformation disaster control.

PREDICTION AND CONTROL OF ROCKBURST DURING DEEP EXCAVATION OF A GOLD MINE IN CHINA

The studies of prediction and control of rockburst are presented during deep excavation in a gold mine in China. Firstly,the stress-relief method is used to obtain a vast amount of data about initial geostress. Secondly,3D FEM analyses of large scale are performed to find out the law of geostress distribution at various excavation levels of the mining area. At the same time,as an equally important measure,six typical kinds of rock blocks are sampled for the experimental study of rockburst tendency. According to the synthesized results of the theoretical and testing results,the methods of brittleness coefficient,brittle index and stress,and so on,are adopted. Finally,the evaluation on the possibility of rockbursts is given that may take place at the deep mining area and some effective measures are put forward to prevent and control the rockburst.

Construction Technology and Safety Risk Control Measures of Deep Foundation Pit Excavation

Deep foundation pit excavation is a basic and key step involved in modern building construction.In order to ensure the construction quality and safety of deep foundation pits,this paper takes a project as an example to analyze deep foundation pit excavation technology,including the nature of this construction project,the main technical measures in the construction of deep foundation pit,and the analysis of the safety risk prevention and control measures.The purpose of this analysis is to provide scientific reference for the construction quality and safety of deep foundation pits.

Crucial problems on security assessment of a building site adjacent to an excavated high slope

The subject of this work is the assessment on the stability of an excavated high slope in order to insure the security of the building site adjacent to the slope, which is frequently encountered in town construction in mountainous areas due to terrain limit. On the base of some typical engineering cases in Chongqing, several crucial problems on security assessment of building site adjacent to an excavated high slope, including the natural geological conditions and man-destroyed degree, engineering environment, potential failure pattern of the high slope, calculation parameters and analysis methods, are roundly discussed. It is demonstrated that the conclusion of security assessment can be determined according to the aspects above-mentioned, and the security assessment is one of the fundamental data to insure the safety of the related construction, site and buildings.

Rapid Modeling of an Excavator Working Device Based on the Secondary Development of Pro/E

In order to shorten the design cycle of the excavator working device, we have proposed a rapid modeling method for the excavator working device which uses parameters. Based on the Pro/toolkit, which is secondary development tool of Pro/E4.0,and combined with Vs C＋＋2005 programming software. It developed a flexible set of MFC visualization-friendly interfaces. Users can enter data in the visual interface according to their needs and it will generate a new part model quickly. So it improves the design quality, shortens the design cycle, and makes the cost lower significantly.

考虑锚杆预应力作用下隧道围岩力学分析及参数设计

隧道工程中锚杆设计多依靠经验法和类比法,为研究预应力锚杆支护体系下围岩的力学效应,建立预应力锚杆与围岩力学耦合模型,考虑围岩开挖损伤效应,通过弹塑性力学理论推导出隧道开挖后围岩应力分布及径向位移解析表达式,采用有限差分软件FLAC3D进行算例验证并分析预应力锚杆参数对围岩状态的影响。研究结果表明:理论解析和数值模拟中最大切向应力和围岩塑性区半径分别为4.77 MPa、15 m和4.49 MPa、15.86 m,理论解析与数值模拟所计算隧道围岩应力分布、位移基本一致,在Ⅳ、Ⅴ级围岩地层中验证了理论解析解的合理性;随着预紧力增大,处于塑性区的围岩径向位移及塑性区半径逐渐减小,弹性区基本不受影响;当锚杆自由段长度位于塑性区时,随着锚杆长度增加,围岩塑性区径向位移及塑性区半径逐渐减小。在实际工程中应尽量增大锚杆预紧力,锚杆长度增加对围岩位移以及塑性区的发展控制效果有限,应控制锚杆自由段长度在塑性区内。

基于Pro/Engineer二次开发的挖掘机工作装置三维自动绘图研究

以Visual Basic编程软件为工具,通过Automation Gateway接口技术访问Pro/Engineer底层数据库,采用DCOM传输模式实现Pro/Engineer、Automation Gateway和VB之间的数据通信。通过建立动臂和铲斗的基础模型、定义参数关系、设计程序界面、程序代码编写和程序运行调试等步骤,开发出挖掘机工作装置参数化设计系统,实现挖掘机工作装置三维模型的自动绘制,为挖掘机工作装置的设计及优化提供了的新的便捷方法。

考虑小应变刚度特性的软土边界面模型与应用

基坑开挖导致周边土体经历复杂的加卸载应力路径,传统的本构模型难以同时反映此过程中土体的超固结和小应变刚度特性。在现有的边界面模型中,引入土体小应变刚度特性,提出软土边界面模型小应变刚度修正方法。基于一种高效的半隐式应力更新算法,将改进后的边界面模型采用UMAT子程序二次开发嵌入有限元软件ABAQUS中,并应用于某地铁车站深基坑开挖工程的数值模拟。分析结果表明,采用改进模型准确地反映了上海地区典型土层的小应变状态本构关系和土体的应变刚度相关性;由于改进的边界面模型能够同时反映土体超固结和小应变刚度特性,计算的围护结构变形与现场监测数据吻合较好。

考虑土体有限宽度的邻近建筑基坑土压力计算方法

基于极限平衡法建立土体受力平衡方程,得到有限宽度土体土压力理论解答,然后研究了土体宽高比、土体黏聚力、土体内摩擦角、墙土摩擦角等因素对土压力的影响规律,最后通过分析影响土体破坏夹角的关键因素得到墙后土压力简化计算公式。结果表明,在土体有限宽度条件下,同等高度处土楔体前后受力基本相同,土体内摩擦角对土压力的影响较大,土体黏聚力和墙土摩擦角对土压力的影响不大。土体破坏夹角大致在朗肯与库伦计算角度之间变化,墙土摩擦角、土体内摩擦角对滑裂面夹角及有限土压力计算范围均有显著影响。

盖挖法地铁基坑施工对围护结构及其与立柱差异沉降影响

本文依托武汉地铁12号线中一路站基坑工程,采用Plaxis3D有限元软件建立数值模型,研究不同施工阶段地连墙水平位移、地表沉降和地连墙与立柱差异沉降的影响及变化规律;与明挖法相比,采用主体结构多次分段浇筑并架设内支撑方法对原方案进行优化分析。结果表明:随着基坑的开挖,地连墙水平位移和地表沉降逐渐增大,而地连墙与立柱的差异沉降呈现波动变化;与明挖法进行对比,盖挖法可有效控制基坑变形和降低对周边环境的影响;随着分段浇筑的层数和支撑道数的增加,基坑变形有减小的趋势,地连墙与立柱的差异沉降依旧呈现波动变化,当每个楼板间分3层浇筑且中间架设两道撑时,地连墙最大水平位移可减少22.47%左右,最大地表沉降可减少19.01%左右,本文得到的结论可为类似工程的设计和施工提供参考。

非对称荷载下内撑式基坑支护结构参数分析及设计优化探讨

非对称荷载作用下,内撑式基坑会向荷载小侧整体偏移,这将不利于基坑的稳定,因此有必要对支护结构进行设计优化。本研究以某偏压综合管廊基坑为例,通过有限元软件PLAXIS 2D对该基坑进行了仿真模拟,模拟结果与实测数据吻合良好,验证了模型的有效性。进一步对该基坑进行参数分析,研究了支护结构长度、等效厚度和弹性模量对支护结构变形和基坑安全性的影响。研究结果表明,在两侧支护结构均按偏压侧进行设计的基础上,增大某侧支护结构长度,会使该侧支护结构水平位移最大值增大,分别增大两侧支护结构等效厚度、弹性模量,均可以减小该侧支护结构水平位移最大值和非偏压侧支护结构顶部逆向位移。基于参数分析,提出一种针对非对称荷载基坑的简单有效、经济可行的优化思路,并通过数值模拟对优化效果进行了分析,证明了该优化思路的可行性。

基坑开挖引起下卧隧道竖向变形的Hermite谱分析方法

针对基坑开挖引起下卧隧道的竖向变形问题,通过引入Hermite函数,建立基坑开挖所引起土体附加应力及下卧隧道竖向变形的Hermite谱分析方法。基于Mindlin解答与Pasternak地基上的Euler-Bernoulli梁理论,建立了基坑开挖所引起土体附加应力的计算表达式与下卧隧道竖向变形的控制方程,并采用有限项Hermite级数展开,将下卧隧道竖向变形控制方程转化为线性代数系统进行求解,获得其竖向变形解答;在此基础上,结合工程案例,验证所建立解答的收敛性与可靠性,并探讨隧道埋深、隧道与基坑水平距离及基坑平面尺寸对下卧隧道竖向变形特性的影响。结果表明:随着隧道埋深及隧道与基坑水平距离的增加,基坑开挖对下卧隧道竖向变形的影响逐渐降低,下卧隧道的竖向位移逐渐变小;基坑开挖水平尺寸的增大会使下卧隧道竖向变形增大,且平行隧道方向的尺寸变化,影响更为明显。研究成果为分析基坑开挖所引起的下卧隧道竖向变形特性提供了一种新的计算方法。

基坑地表沉降的偏态分布函数应用

城市深基坑工程施工不可避免会引起周围地层变形尤其是坑外地表沉降,而过大的地表沉降会对周围建(构)筑物造成严重威胁,因此有必要开展基坑地表沉降方面的研究。针对目前在基坑地表沉降变形表征函数和表征指标方面研究的不足,利用偏态分布函数描述坑外地表沉降规律,并对沉降曲线的变形表征指标进行研究,形成一套适用于地表偏态沉降形式的变形表征指标体系,继而提出坑外地表沉降的偏态分布函数预测方法。在此基础上,依托2个工程实例,验证偏态分布函数及其指标体系和预测公式的适用性,主要得到了以下结论:利用偏态分布函数来描述坑外地表沉降曲线更为合理;结合沉降曲线包络面积、最大地表沉降及其位置等指标,提出以显性表征指标和隐性表征指标为核心的坑外地表沉降曲线表征指标体系;利用偏态分布函数展开回归分析和预测研究,发现地表沉降曲线与实测数据总体上较为接近,说明偏态分布函数在基坑地表沉降研究中的合理性和适用性。

某山坡脚建筑地基基础及基坑支护设计

以北京冬奥会技术运行中心及附属通信枢纽工程为例,对其地基基础和基坑支护设计进行了研究分析,经对比分析,得出设计方案,即南区采用地基处理+独立基础,北区采用筏板基础;为节省投资,北区不同部位采用不同的基坑支护方案;针对南北区分界部位,施工空间狭小,基坑采用无肥槽施工,防水采用外防内贴方式。

跨活断层隧洞抗错断技术模型试验研究

长大隧洞工程不可避免地要跨越活动断裂带及其影响区域,为减少因断层错动而导致的隧洞结构破坏,抗错断设计是隧洞设计的重要内容。以滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞为背景,对包括铰接设计、扩挖-缓冲层设计以及铰接-扩挖-缓冲层在内的3种抗错断措施进行模型试验研究;从衬砌内部破坏、隧洞整体破坏、衬砌应变方面,对上述3种抗错断措施抗断效果进行了验证评估。研究结果表明:(1)从隧洞衬砌结构内部破坏特征来看,铰接设计与扩挖-缓冲层设计都可以对衬砌起到保护作用。(2)从隧洞整体变形和裂纹分布来看,使用铰接设计增大了隧洞在断层带区域的变形程度,但减小了衬砌本身的破坏;使用扩挖-缓冲层设计不仅减小了隧洞在断层带区域的变形,同时也相对减小了对衬砌本身的破坏,经铰接-扩挖-缓冲层设计的隧洞变形几乎只出现在铰接处,衬砌破坏更小。(3)从隧洞纵向应变分布规律来看,扩挖设计和铰接设计都减小了衬砌的应变,其中铰接设计对衬砌应变的减弱最为突出。相关研究成果可为跨活断裂隧洞实际工程中抗错断方案的选用提供参考。

基坑开挖前坑内预降水对基坑变形的影响

为研究基坑开挖前坑内预降水对基坑变形及对水位变化情况影响,依托某地铁站基坑工程,采用室内模型试验方法,研究了抽水速度和降水深度对坑外水位变化、围护结构变形、地表沉降、孔隙水压以及土压力的影响。运用MIDAS GTS NX有限元软件对实际工程进行数值模拟,将试验数据与数值计算结果进行对比。结果表明:坑外水位随着与围护结构距离的增加,水位下降越小且降水曲线斜率越小,与试验得到的“先凹后凸”形坑外降水曲线结果一致;围护结构侧移随着降水深度的增大而增大,增加幅度逐渐减小,整体呈现“悬臂”形,底部由于受到渗流力的作用产生了一个指向坑内的“踢脚变形”,最大围护结构侧移出现在围护结构顶部;坑外地表沉降呈现“对勾”形分布,最大坑外地表沉降的位置并不会随降水深度改变,而是始终出现在距围护结构大约10 m左右;围护结构侧移和地表沉降均随降水深度或抽水速度的增加而增大;基坑降水后孔隙水压无论坑内还是坑外均减小,坑内孔隙水压减小幅度明显大于坑外,且两者在变化规律上是不同的,坑内孔隙水压呈现先减后增,而坑外孔隙水压则是一直减小;坑内外侧向土压力随着降水深度的增加均显著减小;坑内土压力随着抽水速度的增大变化不明显,而坑外侧向土压力随着抽水速度增加明显减小。

矿井智能巡检车CO传感器搭载位置优化

为提高矿井智能巡检车CO体积分数监测数据的可靠性,通过运用计算流体动力学软件对山东焦家金矿-630 m掘进巷道的风流分布及CO体积分数时空演化规律进行了分析.研究结果表明,风筒出口至掌子面区段风流状态不稳定,易产生扰动气体体积分数分布的涡旋;在自身性质及边界层流影响下,CO体积分数峰值多分布于巷道顶部,CO传感器应搭载于车体较高位置;衰减段期间巷道两侧CO体积分数变化不稳定,智能巡检车行进时应位于巷道中间附近.与某掘进巷道中CO体积分数随通风时间的衰减变化进行对比,验证了模拟结果的准确性.