Elite capture,the“follow-up checks”policy,and the targeted poverty alleviation program:Evidence from rural western China

Decentralized methods for targeting poverty are widely adopted in developing countries to improve the performance of various poverty alleviation programs.A common challenge for implementing successful decentralized targeting is the existence of elite capture.China has recently implemented a nationwide decentralized poverty targeting program,the targeted poverty alleviation(TPA)policy,to achieve the national goal of eliminating absolute poverty by the end of 2020.As the largest decentralized poverty targeting program in the world,TPA's successful implementation was believed to be threatened by elite capture in some earlier reports.Since 2015,a targeting correction mechanism,called"follow-up checks"policy,has been introduced.With the"follow-up checks"policy,the elites and other ineligible households who receive benefits under TPA were removed from the program.This paper investigates the elite capture phenomenon in TPA using village census data from a poverty-stricken county in 2017-two years after implementing the"follow-up checks"policy.We find no evidence of elite capture in TPA.The elites are unlikely to become beneficiaries or receive more benefits than non-elites.Our results contradict earlier findings that reported elite capture in TPA.We argue that the reason is the accountability emphasized by the central government in the"follow-up checks"policy.Our findings imply that having proper accountability is critical for improving targeting performance by global antipoverty initiatives.

Analysis of Problems and Policy Recommendations for the Third-party Evaluation in the Present Poverty Alleviation

The introduction of third-party evaluation system and the implementation of third-party evaluation system in poverty alleviation is a major innovation in the targeted poverty alleviation work in China.In order to improve the third-party evaluation mechanism,further improve the efficiency of third-party evaluation,and enhance the effectiveness of targeted poverty alleviation,this paper analyzes and summarizes the main problems existing in the current third-party evaluation practice.In view of the related problems,this paper puts forward the corresponding policy recommendations,which are believed to play a positive role in further promoting the development and improvement of the third-party evaluation of getting rid of poverty.

Satisfaction of targeted poverty alleviation policies and its influencing factors based on farmers' perspective:Questionnaire survey and research on 1720 farmers in Shaanxi Province of China

Based on the first-hand data of the household survey of targeted poverty alleviation policies,five dimensions were analyzed from the residential regions,the individual characteristics,the household income characteristics,the poverty status and the farmers' relevancy to poverty alleviation policies.Through descriptive statistics and correlation analysis,the satisfaction of targeted poverty alleviation policies and its influencing factors have been inspected.It is found that the farmers,on the whole,are satisfied with the targeted poverty alleviation policies.Their satisfaction for the implementation of local poverty alleviation policies is in a moderate high level,however at the same time they expect the policies to be improved.The impoverished farmers in southern Shaanxi have higher satisfaction towards the poverty alleviation policies.Those farmers' awareness,participation,and benefit are positively related to the level of satisfaction towards policies.The implementation of the poverty alleviation from the government is not only favorable for its people,but also the country.It can greatly enhance the recognition of the government's legitimacy and local government's credibility.To formulate and implement the targeted alleviation policies,the relationship between farmers,especially impoverished farmers,and such policies should be taken into consideration.The starting point and judging criteria of poverty alleviation job should be based on questions whether the farmers know,need,and have the willing to participate in and satisfy with the policies.Those farmers' right to know,participate,benefit and judge should be protected,and it will continuously promote the efficiency of implementing poverty alleviation.

Realize Facilitated Targeted Poverty Elimination with Targeted Poverty——Alleviation: A New Anti-Poverty Approach for Rural China

Since the Reform and Opening-up, remarkable achievements in poverty alleviation have been made in China. China's success in mass poverty reduction can be attributed to its rapid economic growth, large-scale regional poverty alleviation and development, sound social security policies, widereaching farmer-benefiting policies and the equal land allotment system. However, with income inequality on the rise, poverty reduction effect made by the economic growth is declining: More targeted poverty alleviation policies are needed by China. Targeted poverty alleviation aims to improve the effect and efficiency of poverty alleviation through precise identification of poverty-stricken populations and comprehensive supportive measures. To tackle a variety of challenges such as the poor cultivation among povertystricken populations, the complex causes for poverty, and inflexible capital management, China should improve its poverty alleviation mechanism by innovating poverty identification methods, support approaches, capital management and performance assessment.

POVERTY ALLEVIATION APPROACHES IN CHINA

The traditional international approach to poverty reduction is fiscal policy strategy such as tax reduction on the poor and raising taxes on the rich.China worked differently.In 2012,a targeted poverty alleviation approach was adopted.China then further launched the“rural revitalization”program through which agriculture and rural areas will be modernized and fundamentally restructured.

Study on the Precise Recognition Difficulty in Precision Poverty Alleviation

Accurate poverty alleviation refers to the poverty alleviation of different countries, different poor farmers situation, the use of compliance with the effective procedures for the implementation of accurate identification of poverty alleviation, accurate help, precise management of the way of poverty, precision identification is the prerequisite and basis for precision poverty. How to improve the precision of poverty alleviation in our country is an urgent problem to be solved in the practice of poverty alleviation. To improve the precision of poverty alleviation, it is necessary to accurately identify the poverty alleviation. Based on the background of precision poverty alleviation, the concept and significance of precision identification of poverty alleviation are expounded. On this basis, the problems of precision assistance in practice are mainly reflected in the disjointedness and the sufficient quantity of poverty alleviation resources, Cancel the help process in the matching funds, help projects and poor households tied to help form a flexible and diverse aspects of response measures.

医保扶贫政策效力评价及相对贫困时期医保防贫政策优化研究——基于PMC指数模型

[目的]对我国医保扶贫政策文本进行量化评价,为进一步优化与完善相对贫困阶段医保政策、巩固医保脱贫攻坚成果、构建长效化医疗保障防贫抑贫长效机制提供决策参考。[方法]基于2018-2021年我国具有代表性的9项医保扶贫政策文本,运用文本挖掘法,建立PMC指数评价模型并进行量化评价。[结果]9项政策中,PMC指数的计算结果为P7<P9<P2<P6<P8<P5<P1<P4<P3,其中6项为优秀政策,3项为可接受政策。[结论]我国医保扶贫政策覆盖面较宽,但在政策针对性、持续性及协同性等方面尚有欠缺,建议今后政策制定或改进时,应在保持政策总体稳定的基础上,进一步关注政策对象变化及政策目标实现路径,重点探索完善医保防贫抑贫长效机制。

广东乡村振兴和健康扶贫接续机制研究——基于政策协同的视角

目的旨在探索广东省乡村振兴与健康中国工作方案的协同治理机制,分析驻镇帮镇扶村及“组团式”紧密型帮扶政策实施的可行性和面临的挑战,以期提出切实可行的政策建议。方法通过文献综述和政策分析,系统梳理和评估广东省实施的驻镇帮镇扶村及“组团式”紧密型帮扶政策的实践效果及其挑战。结果研究提出了一系列乡村振兴与健康扶贫的多元协同治理机制,包括加强信息化建设、完善健康扶贫机制、加大健康扶贫资金投入、优化考核体系等具体措施。结论基于研究结果,提出了完善乡村振兴与健康扶贫衔接的政策建议,以提升相关政策的有效性和可持续性,为广东省乃至全国的乡村振兴与健康扶贫工作提供借鉴。

后续扶持政策赋能易地搬迁户脱贫质量:多维评估与提升策略

提升脱贫质量是巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接的关键。易地扶贫搬迁是精准扶贫的代表性政策,后续扶持政策是防止搬迁户返贫的重要政策工具。因此,评估后续扶持政策的执行效果并探索其优化策略,有助于易地扶贫搬迁后续扶持阶段“精准施策”。基于陕西省易地扶贫搬迁户的1 253份调研数据,该研究首先从收入、生活、健康、教育和心理5个维度对搬迁户的脱贫质量进行了测度,随后评估了后续扶持政策对脱贫质量的提升效果,最后采用决策树算法探讨了后续扶持政策的优化策略。研究结果表明:(1)易地扶贫搬迁户之间的脱贫质量有差异,劳动力数量多和健康成员比例高的搬迁户脱贫质量较高。(2)不同后续扶持政策对脱贫质量的提升效果存在异质性。公益岗位和社区治理政策可以提升搬迁户的整体脱贫质量,产业帮扶政策可以提升搬迁户的收入质量,公益岗位、教育资助和社区治理政策可以提升搬迁户的心理质量。(3)部分后续扶持政策的执行中存在瞄准偏误现象,可基于搬迁户劳动力禀赋精准施策进而提升脱贫质量。因此,易地扶贫搬迁后续扶持期应当加强脱贫质量监测,着力提升后续扶持政策执行的精准性,防范化解返贫风险,促进搬迁群众在迁入地实现可持续发展。该研究构建了易地扶贫搬迁户脱贫质量的多维评估框架,也为易地扶贫搬迁后续扶持政策的持续优化提供了政策启示。

从教育扶贫到乡村教育振兴的政策调适与有效接续——基于国家教育扶贫政策的内容分析

乡村教育振兴是脱贫攻坚的成果巩固与战略升级,具有承接教育扶贫、奠定教育现代化发展的关键作用。在政策上,推进教育扶贫与乡村教育振兴有效衔接是全面推进乡村振兴工作的重要议题。通过构建“政策工具-政策主体-政策要素”三维立体式的分析框架,对1984—2020年国家制定的141份教育扶贫政策进行内容分析,解构政策主体合作、政策工具运用和政策要素配置的内部关系发现:教育扶贫政策体系化特征显著,形成了以教育管理为主的教育经费支持模式。但在教育扶贫与乡村教育振兴的衔接上,仍面临着政策工具选用广泛而内部结构性偏差明显、政策主体间合作普遍而深度协作力度不够、政策要素宏观配置均衡而市场作用发挥不足等的困境。建议通过完善政策工具系统协调机制、创新乡村教育振兴主体协作参与机制、深化乡村教育振兴的政策要素供给侧结构性改革等推动乡村教育政策接续创新。

过渡期扎实推进脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接的政策选择与建议

脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴是我国为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标而作出的重要战略部署。党中央明确提出,在脱贫攻坚目标任务完成后设立5年过渡期,把实现巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果与乡村振兴有效衔接作为过渡期的一项重大战略任务。脱贫攻坚是乡村振兴的基础和前提,乡村振兴是脱贫攻坚的巩固和深化,二者既相互独立又紧密联系,做好有效衔接和协同推进,既有利于培育长效脱贫机制,又有利于促进农业农村优先发展,加快推动乡村全面振兴。在深化改革与推进乡村全面振兴背景下,深刻理解有效衔接的重大意义,准确把握衔接的正确方向,及时跟踪衔接进程中取得的新成绩新经验并不断深化拓展,敏锐发现衔接进程中出现的新情况新问题并重视解决,不仅是过渡期的工作重点,也是整个乡村振兴进程中的重要任务。

边境牧区巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接的逻辑与路径

实现边境牧区巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接,要明确二者共为抓手、互为支撑的逻辑关系。研究结合边境牧区的地区实际和发展定位,构建“衔接理念—衔接对象—衔接内容”的逻辑框架:在衔接理念上,从多元主体外部帮扶转化为激发牧民自身动力;在衔接对象上,从易返贫重点人口扩展至各族牧民群众;在衔接内容上,从巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果的短期机制,过渡为乡村振兴的“二十字方针”。基于这一逻辑框架,将衔接理念转化和衔接对象扩展贯穿于衔接内容中,提出拓展牧区特色全产业链、建立环境整治网格化“一中心”、建立牧民积分制、深化“三务融合”模式、发展牧区集体经济等路径。

基层政策执行的双重逻辑:权威调控与政策理解——基于四地脱贫攻坚经验考察

基层政策执行一直是社会治理的重要内容,执行结果受中央权威调控和基层政府政策理解能力的双重影响。“刚性—高效”“柔性—有序”“助推—尽力”与“授权—应付”是基层政府执行政策的四种模式,而“权威调控—政策理解”是区分这四种模式的分析框架。以十八洞村、何斯路村、采山坪村、上河村四地脱贫攻坚经验为案例进行考察,总结政策执行类型可以发现:当中央权威调控程度较高时,基层政府政策执行状态就呈现出刚性条件下的职能展示型和强力约束下的能力塑造型;反之则呈现出弱化监督下的完善自身型和柔性条件下的趋利避害型。从权威调控和政策理解的双重逻辑出发,上级政府通过因地制策、精准调控,强化政策调控能力;基层政府通过优化组织结构、加强信息沟通、获得目标群体支持等途径可以有效促进政策执行的效力。

辽宁地区巩固脱贫攻坚成果高职教育政策分析

高职教育政策对于巩固脱贫攻坚成果发挥关键作用,特别在促进乡村振兴和提升农村地区经济社会发展方面。通过探讨辽宁地区在实施高职教育政策中面临的问题与挑战,如教育资源不均、教育质量参差不齐等,提出一系列改进措施,如优化政策体系、加强宣传与培训和提高资源配置等,以期通过教育政策精准实施,促进地区经济和社会全面进步,实现长期乡村振兴目标。

稳定脱贫政策的健康效应:基于模糊断点回归的证据

在脱贫攻坚向乡村振兴过渡的过程中,提高脱贫群众健康状况、预防脱贫群众因病返贫是最基础的工作。为了检验现行稳定脱贫政策能否产生健康效应,起到预防因病返贫的目的,使用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2013—2019年的数据,借助2014年全国范围内建档立卡行动这一准自然实验,通过模糊断点回归方法估计了稳定脱贫政策的健康效应。结果显示:稳定脱贫政策具有显著健康效应,这一效应对边缘易致贫户与深度贫困地区脱贫群众更加明显,但对户主为女性的脱贫群众并不显著。机制研究表明,稳定脱贫政策主要是通过提高脱贫群众所在地区医疗资源供给质量、提升脱贫群众医疗资源需求的渠道产生了健康效应。以上研究结论为进一步优化稳定脱贫政策、提升脱贫群众健康状况提供了政策建议。

精准扶贫政策的隐性价值评估--基于流动人口的收入溢出效应视角

作为人类一次大规模的准自然实验,中国脱贫攻坚取得全面胜利之后,其政策效应和历史经验需要深入总结。跳出仅聚焦精准扶贫政策效应“显性价值”的传统视角,从更广阔的视域来审视其可能带来的“隐性价值”,评估其“看不见的效应”。基于对脱贫县非贫困户外出流动人口这一非政策群体可能是外溢对象的观察,利用全国流动人口动态监测调查数据,运用双重差分方法评估精准扶贫政策对其收入的外溢效应。研究发现,精准扶贫政策对外流人口具有显著的正向收入溢出效应。群体异质性研究发现,这种外溢存在“马太效应”,高收入流动人口的溢出效应显著高于低收入群体;流入地空间异质性研究结果显示,西部地区获得的外溢效应最小;流出地空间异质性研究结果显示,老家处于村庄或乡镇的人口具有显著的收入溢出效应,而县城及以上区域不显著。机制分析发现,外溢效应可以通过同群影响、东西部地区协作、公共服务完善等渠道产生作用。因此,未来乡村振兴过程中应继续优化传承精神扶贫、区域协作、基础设施建设等农村贫困治理方略。

我国教育扶贫政策变迁历程、逻辑与展望

教育扶贫政策是我国扶贫政策体系基础性组成部分,对于阻断贫困代际传递至关重要。基于间断—均衡理论的分析框架,结合政策范式理论,探究我国教育扶贫政策的变迁历程发现:1984年以来的教育扶贫政策呈现出长期均衡和短期突变的特征。教育扶贫政策变迁历经“以线铺面”的普惠式扶贫、“点线结合”的专项式扶贫、“以点为主”的精准扶贫和“点面兼顾”的后扶贫四个阶段。宏观的制度环境变迁、中央和地方政府创新以及政策型社会问题生成是我国教育扶贫政策变迁的内在驱动因素。进入后扶贫阶段,应强化教育扶贫政策与乡村振兴战略的统筹衔接,重视教育扶贫共同体构建及地方自主创新,提高政策制定的科学性,保持政策发展的相对稳定性。

医疗保障扶贫政策视域下贫困老年人健康的影响因素研究

医疗保障扶贫作为一种有效的帮扶制度,通过减少贫困人群的经济和心理负担来满足其对医疗服务的需求。基于2020年发布的中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查(CLHLS)数据,采用倾向得分匹配法进行数据匹配,利用回归方法对匹配前后的数据进行统计分析,得出享有医疗保障扶贫政策对贫困老年人是否有充足的医疗服务存在统计学差异,医疗保障扶贫政策使贫困老年人有更充足的医疗服务。研究医疗保障扶贫政策视域下贫困老年人健康的影响因素,可以为改善贫困老年人健康状况提供建议。医保帮扶中应加入心理咨询和治疗,完善心理疾病医保体系;发挥医疗保障扶贫政策在全生命周期健康管理中的作用;促进乡村振兴与医疗保障扶贫政策有效衔接,提高政策的长期效果。

间断平衡框架解释力与优化研究——以新中国成立以来农村扶贫政策变迁为例

间断平衡框架能够全面解释公共政策长期渐进性和短期突变性的发展特性。运用间断平衡框架对新中国成立以来农村扶贫政策变迁历程进行梳理与总结,研究发现:农村扶贫政策变迁遵循线性与非线性相结合的变迁规律,这与间断平衡框架的内涵蕴意基本吻合,运用间断平衡框架阐释新中国成立以来农村扶贫政策变迁历程具备适用性。但植根于美国政治系统的间断平衡框架也存在明显的局限性和不充分性,中美在政治结构、政府决策模式和政策运行机制等方面存在显著差异。在此基础上重组间断平衡框架的结构因素,以期实现间断平衡框架的本土性优化,增强其在中国公共政策语境下的解释效力,为强化公共政策顶层设计提供借鉴。

教育扶贫政策的变迁历程、演进逻辑及优化策略——基于历史制度主义的分析

贫困问题始终是全人类面临的重大社会问题之一,教育扶贫作为一种有效的扶贫手段与方式,对于巩固脱贫攻坚成果、防止人员再度返贫等具有重要意义。基于历史制度主义的分析视角,系统梳理新中国成立以来我国在教育扶贫领域颁布的众多政策,研究发现我国教育扶贫政策在70多年的演变过程中有较明显的路径依赖倾向,政府能力与社会环境变化是影响教育扶贫政策变迁的重要因素。在后扶贫时代的宏观背景下,推动教育扶贫政策与乡村振兴战略有效衔接、加快教育扶贫现代化步伐、形成和完善教育扶贫协同治理大格局是教育扶贫政策突破原有路径依赖、构建新型制度均衡的必经之路。