Assessment of Groundwater Source of Piedmont Plain Area of China Northwest Arid Region Based On Numerical Modeling

After the middle of 1960s,along with the appearance and extensive utilization of computer featured in large capacity and rapid speed,numerical method(mainly include finite difference method and finite element

Numerical simulation of groundwater and early warnings from the simulated dynamic evolution trend in the plain area of Shenyang,Liaoning Province(P.R. China)

Groundwater level is the most direct factor reflecting whether groundwater is in a virtuous cycle. It is the most important benchmark for deciding whether a balance can be struck between groundwater discharge and recharge and whether groundwater exploitation will trigger problems pertinent to environment, ecology and environmental geology. According to the borehole and long-term monitoring wells data in the plain area of Shenyang, a numerical groundwater model is established and used to identify and verify the hydrogeological parameters and balanced items of groundwater. Then the concept of red line levels, the control levels of groundwater is proposed, the dynamic evolution trend of groundwater under different scenarios is analyzed and predicted and groundwater alerts are given when groundwater tables are not between the lower limit and the upper limit. Results indicated:(1) The results of identification and verification period fitted well, and the calculation accuracy of balanced items was high;(2) with the implementation of shutting wells, groundwater levels in urban areas of Shenyang would exceed the upper limit water level after 2020 and incur some secondary disasters;(3) under the recommended scenario of water resources allocation, early-warnings for groundwater tables outside the range would occur in the year of 2020, 2023, 2025 respectively for successive wet, normal and dry years. It was imperative to reopen some groundwater sources and enhance real-time supervision and early-warning to prevent the occurrence of potential problems.

Terrestrial water storage variation in Hebei plain area of China,based on ground surface gravimetry

Variation of terrestrial water storage in the Hebei plain area from March 2010 to June 2014 was studied using ground gravimetry combined with vertical displacement data from the Global Navigation Satellite System.Results show that observed gravity variation in this area increased continuously,basically reflecting a trend toward land subsidence.With the effect of this subsidence removed,a dominantnegative change in gravity variation was evident,reflecting an average rate of decrease in terrestrial water in this area of 0.10±0.053 m/y,and this is equivalent to a volume of 81.5±43.2×108 m^(3)and is consistent with the spatial distribution of groundwater change from measured hydrologic data.These results can be an essential reference and supplement for the study of terrestrial water variation in the Hebei plain area,and indicate that ground surface gravimetry can be used as an important mean for studying changes in terrestrial water.

Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process in the Marine Strata in Jianghan Plain Area, Middle China

Marine strata in the Jianghan Plain area are widely distributed with a total depth of more than 8,000 m from the Upper Sinian to the Middle Triassic. Six reservoir caprock units, named Z-C2, C2-O, S, D--C, P and T1, can be identified with each epoch. The geology, stratigraphy, drilling, oil testing and other basic data as well as the measured inclusion and strontium isotope data in the study area are used in the analysis of the formation and evolution process of marine petroliferous reservoirs in the Jianghan Plain area. This study aims to provide a scientific basis for the further exploration of hydrocarbons in the Jianghan Plain and reduce the risks by analyzing the key factors for hydrocarbon accumulation in the marine strata. Our findings show that in the Lower Palaeozoic hydrocarbon reservoir, oil/gas migration and accumulation chiefly occurred in the early period of the Early Yanshanian, and the hydrocarbon reservoir was destroyed in the middle-late period of the Early Yanshanian. In the Lower Triassic-Carboniferous hydrocarbon reservoir, oil/gas migration and accumulation chiefly occurred in the Early Yanshanian, and the hydrocarbon reservoir suffered destruction from the Late Yanshanian to the Early Himalayanian. The preservation conditions of the marine strata in the Jianghan Plain area have been improved since the Late Himalayanian. However, because all source beds have missed the oil/gas generation fastigium and lost the capacity to generate secondary hydrocarbon, no reaccumulation of hydrocarbons can be detected in the study area＇s marine strata. No industrially exploitable oil/gas reservoir has been discovered in the marine strata of Jianghan Plain area since exploration began in 1958. This study confirms that petroliferous reservoirs in the marine strata have been completely destroyed, and that poor preservation conditions are the primary factor leading to unsuccessful hydrocarbon exploration. It is safely concluded that hydrocarbon exploration in the marine strata of the study area is quite risky.

Eco-environment contribution of agroforestry to agriculture development in the plain area of China—Huai'an Prefecture, Jiangsu Province as the case study area

For improving the environmental quality and ensuring supply of wood and non-timber forest products, many forests have been planted in plain areas of China. Scientists have studied their benefits, almost all of the approaches were based on fixed-point data, and few was considered on the non-efficient factors and temporal scale effects. This paper studies the positive and negative benefits at a large temporal scale, and the effects of plain afforestation on stockbreeding and rural economy. The benefits of plain afforestation, correlation coefficiency of agroforestry and production factors are analyzed via stochastic frontier modeling in Huanghuaihai Plain Area of China; elastic coefficient of agroforestry, husbandry, farming, and total output of agricultural sector are calculated through adopting partial differential equation. Some conclusions can be drawn that, plain forests have an important effect on the development of plain agriculture. But shelterbelts and small-scale forests have different effect on the development of agricultural economy. Shelterbelts have negative effect on the industries, but small-scale forest has positive effect. On the whole, contribution of forest resource to value of animal husbandry and gross production value of agriculture is positive, and to the value of farming is negative.

Spacial organization on the rural settlements in plain areas—taking Pinghu city in Zhejiang of China as an example

This paper analyses the spacial distribution, quantity-scale, function-structure and facilities from the angle of spacial organizational optimizing theory and sustainable development thought. The authors point out the distributional principles of rural settlements in plain areas, and put forward planning and distribution of various levels of rural settlements (central villages, basic villages and natural villages).

Analysis on Change Tendency of the Precipitation Resource during Growth Period of the Conventional Crops in Plain Area before Taihang Mountains

[Objective] The aim was to study change tendency of the precipitation resource during growth period of the conventional crops in plain area before Taihang Mountains. [ Method] Based on daily precipitation data at Shijiazhuang meteorological station in recent 51 years, average rainfall dudng growth periods of the 9 kinds of conventional crops was obtained. Precipitation tendency dudng growth periods of the 9 kinds of conventional crops in plain area before Taihang Mountains was analyzed by Mann-Kendall nonparametric test. [ Result] Seen from rainfall during growth pedods of the different crops, rainfall was the least during the growth period of winter wheat, followed by summer corn. Rainfall during growth peri- ods of the cotton, oil plant, vegetable, fruit tree, potato, rice and legumes was more. Under different guaranteed rates, precipitation change also had difference. Rainfall change during growth periods of the wheat and corn was bigger, and rainfall change during growth period of the rice was smaller. Change degree of the precipitation during growth periods of the cotton, oil plant, vegetable, fruit tree and legumes was equivalent, while precipitation change during growth period of the potato was the biggest. Seen from change tendency of the precipitation during growth periods of the different crops, precipitation in the growth period of winter wheat was increasing at a speed of 0.62 mm/a. However, precipitation in growth periods of the other crops had a decreasing tendency. Precipitation in the growth periods of summer corn and legumes decreased at the same speed which was 2.11 mm/a, while precipitation in growth periods of the cotton, oil plant, vegetable, fruit tree, potato and rice decreased insignificantly. [ Con dusion] The study laid foundation for determination of the agricultural irrigation water and provided theoretical reference for regional agricultural water-saving.

Study on Farmers' Cognition and Willingness to Plant Trees during Collective Forest Right Reform Based on Data from Plain Areas of Henan Province

On the basis of the survey data from plain areas of Henan Province,farmers' cognition and willingness to plant trees in collective forest right reform are studied. According to statistical analysis and regression equation of binary logistic regress analysis,it is generally believed that different participants have various attitudes to the reform,with regard to if planting trees or more,reform variables have a distinct effect,as well as income variable and loaning or lending variable. At last,some advices are put forward,that is,the government should strengthen collective forest right reform,accelerate matching reform and increase policy and financial support to forestry farmers.

New Rural Community Construction or Retention Development:A Comparative Analysis of Rural Settlement Transition Mechanism in Plain Agriculture Area of China Based on Actor Network Theory

It is an important way to realize rural revitalization and sustainable development to guide rural settlement transition(RST)in an appropriate way.This paper uses actor network theory(ANT)to construct a theoretical framework for the study of RST.Taking two typical villages with different transition paths in rural areas of North China Plain as examples,this paper reveals the mechanism of RST and makes a comparative analysis.The results show that:1)after identifying problems and obligatory passage point,key actors recruit heterogeneous actors into the actor network by entrusting them with common interests,and realize RST under the system operation.2)Rural settlements under different transition paths have similarities in the problems to be solved,collective actions and policy factors,but there are differences in the transition process,mechanism and effect.The actor network and mechanism of RST through the path of new rural community construction are more complex and the transition effect is more thorough.In contrast,the degree of RST of retention development path is limited if there is no resource and location advantage.3)Based on the applicable conditions of different paths,this paper designs a logical framework of‘Situation-Structure-Behavior-Result’to scientifically guide the identification of RST paths under the background of rural revitalization.

Restudy of the storage and migration model of the Quaternary groundwater in Beijing Plain area

Through a wide-spread groundwater sampling mainly at nested monitoring wells in the Beijing Plain area, combined with data collection, the study analyzes water level, hydrochemistry, temperature, tritium, deuterium, 180, 14C and other aspects, and in- dicates that there exits an obvious stratification phenomenon of the groundwater in the alluvial plain area down in the middle part of alluvial-pluvial fans, and the hydraulic connection between layers is very weak. The analysis of the tritium concentra- tion suggests that the average influence depth of the modem precipitation is approximately 120 m. Based on the analysis of the 22 paleowater samples through the D-~80 method and 14C isotopic dating, the deep groundwater circulation in the fine sedi- ments area of Beijing Plain down in the fringe part of alluvial-pluvial fans is relatively slow. On average the paleowater point occurs approximately below the 180 m at these points. The main reasons for the formation of stratification and paleowater points are the water-blocking effect of the clay type strata and the compaction effect during the sedimentary process, especially the differential compaction, which could form closed or relatively closed stagnant aquifers. Groundwater in this kind of stagnant aquifers to some degree belongs to non-renewable resource, and should be reconsidered and re-arranged in the water resources management strategy.

Driving Analysis on Ecological Security in Vulnerable Transition Areas of Mountain and Plain

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the driving mechanism of eco- logical security in vulnerable areas in mountain and plain. [Method] The ecological security evaluation index system of Lincheng County was established using PSR model. Driving mechanism was analyzed in total system and subsystems respectively by the principal components. The ecological safety driving factor was calculated through the total system and subsystem respectively. And the intersection was adopt- ed as dominant driving factor. [Result] A total of 10 indices including density index of rivers, land degradation index, farmland drought and flood insurance yield, human in- terference index, population density, the natural population growth rate, per capita GDP, the R＆D funds spending accounts for the proportion of GDP, laborer by edu- cation degree and three industry accounted for the proportion of GDP, are the domi- nant driving factors of the regional ecological security. [Conclusion] This study will pro- vide reasonable and feasible advice for the benign development of the area.

Dynamic Analysis of Land Cover in Four-Lake Area of Jianghan Plain Based on MODIS-EVI Time Series Data

According to the time series data of Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) in Four-Lake Area of Jianghan Plain during the period 2001-2007, we use Harmonic Analysis of Time Series (HANTS) to conduct cloud removing processing, and calculate the sum of square N of time series value of each pixel. The pixels with N>0.25 are classified as vegetation coverage area; the pixels with N<0.25 are classified as non-vegetation coverage area. As to vegetation coverage area, we use the second-order difference method to judge the frequency of peak value of EVI time series data. Within one year, the vegetation coverage area with peak value happening 1 time is woodland and grassland; the vegetation coverage area with peak value happening 2 times is arable land; the vegetation coverage area with peak value happening 3 times or more is vegetable land. Supervised classification method is used to identify cities, towns, water area in non-vegetation coverage area and woodland, grassland in vegetation coverage area. We draw the land cover classification diagram of Four-Lake Area in the period 2001-2007. In comparison with the land cover classification based on multitemporal ETM data in 2001, the difference of area of arable land is within 10%. Using MODIS-EVI data, we can rapidly and efficiently conduct land cover classification with low cost. The dynamic analysis results indicate that the area of arable land is in the process of declining, while the area of other cover types shows an increasing trend.

Reflections on Plain Greening in Coastal Urban Areas： A Case Study of Plain Greening in the Main Urban Area of Taizhou

The current situation,existing problems and characteristics of greening in the main urban area of Taizhou were analyzed,and the construction ideas and safeguard measures of plain greening in urban areas in the new era were put forward.

兴城市典型海水入侵区水文地球化学特征

为了揭示兴城滨海平原区海水入侵过程中地下水化学成分演化规律和复杂的水文地球化学作用,在兴城河曹庄镇段至烟台河沙后所镇段内采集了44个地下水样本和1个海水样本,测定其水化学成分及氢氧同位素,通过分析其变化特征探讨兴城典型海水入侵区的水文地球化学特征及其形成作用。结果表明:①区内地下水化学场呈明显的水平分带性,水质由内陆到滨海依次为淡水、微咸水-咸水,地下淡水的水化学类型主要为HCO_(3)-Ca、HCO_(3)·Cl-Ca以及SO_(4)-Ca型等,微咸水及咸水的水化学类型主要为Cl-Na型或Cl-Ca型;②区内地下水主要由大气降水补给,地下淡水主要受控于溶滤作用,而微咸水因受到蒸发作用及混合作用影响,造成氧漂移;③微咸水以Cl^(−)组分为代表的海水与淡水混合比例为0.45%~3.46%,咸水的混合比例约为15.85%,微咸水、咸水的形成为混合作用、蒸发浓缩作用以及阳离子交替吸附作用等共同影响所致。

治涝导向的平原河网地区海绵城市实施路径探索——以宿迁市国家海绵城市示范系统化实施方案为例

针对平原河网地区的排涝特征与问题,在梳理构建治涝片区排水格局的基础上分类提出了针对性的治涝策略。对于具有一定坡度。在多数时期可以实现自排的治涝片区,采用“上蓄+中分+下排”模式,分段缓解排涝压力,提高城区排涝标准对于整体地势低洼,在多数时期很难自排的治涝片区,采用“建闸营圩,蓄排并举”模式,将雨水排口分散建设小型雨水泵站的模式调整为片区排涝主干河道末端建设大型排涝泵站的模式,充分利用片区内部河网的输送和调蓄能力,增强城区应对暴雨的韧性。

氢氧同位素组成对丰沛平原区水循环的指示意义

丰沛平原区包括丰县、沛县与铜山区北部,近年来该地区出现地下水超采、地下水氟污染等严重的问题。为调查该地区水循环情况,采集了地表水与地下水样品共28个,分析了氢氧同位素组成的分布规律及其影响因素,并讨论了丰沛平原区浅层地下水与地表水转化关系以及各自的蒸发损失情况。研究结果表明:大气降水的云下二次蒸发程度较小,地下水的蒸发比附近地区更强烈。地下水同位素含量呈现总体沿地下径流方向逐渐富集的趋势,且地下水^(18)O与CO_(2)存在微弱的交换作用导致^(18)O贫化。结合水文地质调查与氢氧同位素特征,推断出河流中上游更倾向于地下水补给地表水,河流下游地表水对地下水大量渗漏。利用两端元法计算得出,总体上地表水受到地下水补给的比例为20%~40%左右,部分地区补给比例达60%以上。河流下游河水对地下水的补给比例大多介于25%~50%不等,部分点位可达90%。采用非平衡分馏条件下的Rayleigh模型计算蒸发比例,河水的蒸发损失约为23%~28%,地下水蒸发损失约为15%~20%。结果可为丰沛平原区及周边相似地区的水资源管理提供科学参考。

新疆巴里坤湖流域平原区地下水水化学特征及健康风险评价

【目的】了解巴里坤湖流域平原区地下水水化学特征及地下水污染指标对人体健康造成的危害。【方法】依据2022年8月地下水水质资料,采用离子比值法和饱和指数法对地下水控制因素进行分析,并综合运用熵权水质指数法和健康风险评估模型进行地下水水质及人体健康评价。【结果】研究区地下水整体属于低矿化度、硬度中等的弱碱性水,水化学类型以HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Ca·Na型为主;地下水水化学特征主要受岩石风化作用和阳离子交换作用的影响;巴里坤湖流域平原区75.0%的地下水可以直接饮用,8.3%的地下水为中等质量,16.7%的地下水不适合直接饮用;超标离子的非致癌健康风险指数均小于1,为人体可接受的风险水平,Na^(+)的非致癌健康风险指数最高,且儿童的潜在非致癌风险高于成人。【结论】研究区地下水水质状况良好,但博尔羌吉镇以北区域存在一定的潜在风险。地下水是工农业用水的重要来源之一,通过对地下水水化学特征及健康风险进行分析,为饮用水安全、预防地方性疾病、生态环境保护、农业灌溉和工业用水选择等方面提供科学依据和支撑。

平原城市高度建成区暴雨内涝模拟及防治研究

针对平原城市高度建成区暴雨引发的城市内涝问题,以珠三角城市东莞市为例,基于MIKE FLOOD平台,利用MIKE URBAN、 MIKE 11和MIKE 21构建了城市内涝耦合模型。同时,结合历史暴雨事件提出一种长历时暴雨设计雨型,分析50 a一遇设计降雨重现期下东莞市中心城区暴雨内涝过程和积水特征,提出改善“大排水系统”排水能力的内涝治理措施并评估其实施效果。结果表明:东莞市中心城区内涝的主要原因为河道水流顶托及道路排水不畅,河道拓宽整治结合道路竖向调整可使管网溢流程度降低45%,内涝淹没面积减小73%。提高研究区内河、道路排水通道等“大排水系统”的排水能力对改善研究区域的内涝现状效果显著。研究成果可为平原城市高度建成区的内涝治理提供技术支撑。

平原圩区水系结构与功能特征及其影响机制——以昆山南部为例

明晰平原河网水系结构和功能的影响机制对区域生态可持续发展具有重要意义。以昆山市南部防洪分区为例,选取水系指标分析圩区单元尺度下的水系网络结构与调蓄功能,并构建贝叶斯网络模型,综合考虑用地、自然、工程与政策管理等因子及其相互作用,定量探究水系结构与功能的影响机制。结果表明:(1)水系网络结构具有显著空间异质性,且水系调蓄功能与结构特征密切相关,较复杂的水系形态结构往往表现出较强的调蓄功能;(2)政策、工程、用地和自然条件等因子对水系调蓄功能的影响强度依次减弱;(3)识别水系功能优化目标下的关键变量与关键状态子集,可从社会⁃生态协同视角指导圩区单元的水系治理与优化。研究结果可为平原圩区水系网络健康与可持续发展提供理论参考和决策依据。

基于调研数据的河北平原农村温室气体核算

将农村温室气体排放途径划分为农业生产、畜牧养殖、垃圾污水处理和能源消耗4类,基于《省级温室气体排放清单指南》和IPCC碳排放清单编制方法提出各途径温室气体排放量计算方法,并针对河北省平原地区316个行政村进行核算.借助K均值聚类算法,根据各途径排放的CO_(2)当量将全部村落划分为3类,并对各类型村落温室气体排放特征进行分析.结果表明:调研农村CO_(2)排放主要来源于能源消耗,占比在70.9%-75.5%;CH4排放主要来源于畜牧养殖和垃圾污水处理,合计占比在73.2%-94.7%;N_(2)O排放主要来源于农业生产,占比在52.3%-84.7%;能源消耗是农村CO_(2)当量排放的主要来源,其次是农业生产和畜牧养殖;节能仍是目前农村地区降低碳排放的有效途径,同时应当注意农田和养殖动物的科学管理,提高垃圾和污水的收集与规范化处理水平.