Upsilon Constants and Their Usefulness in Planck Scale Quantum Cosmology

This paper introduces the two Upsilon constants to the reader. Their usefulness is described with respect to acting as coupling constants between the CMB temperature and the Hubble constant. In addition, this paper summarizes the current state of quantum cosmology with respect to the Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) model. Although the FSC quantum cosmology formulae were published in 2018, they are only rearrangements and substitutions of the other assumptions into the original FSC Hubble temperature formula. In a real sense, this temperature formula was the first quantum cosmology formula developed since Hawking’s black hole temperature formula. A recent development in the last month proves that the FSC Hubble temperature formula can be derived from the Stephan-Boltzmann law. Thus, this Hubble temperature formula effectively unites some quantum developments with the general relativity model inherent in FSC. More progress towards unification in the near-future is expected.

How to Predict the Temperature of the CMB Directly Using the Hubble Parameter and the Planck Scale Using the Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Based on recent progress in quantum gravity and quantum cosmology, we are also presenting a way to estimate the temperature in the cosmos, the Hubble sphere, from a relation between the Planck temperature and the Hubble scale. Our analysis predicts the Hubble sphere temperature of 2.72 K with the one standard deviation confidence interval between 2.65 K and 2.80 K, which corresponds well with the measured temperature observed from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) of about 2.72 K. This adds evidence that there is a close connection between the Planck scale, gravity, and the cosmological scales as anticipated by Eddington already in 1918.1.

On the Fine Structure and the Other Coupling Constants at the Planck Scale

It is shown that the fine structure constant at Planck times tends to one as well as those of the weak and strong interactions. This results by constraining them at the Planck force. That seems to provide interesting new results which confirm that at the beginning of space time (Planck scale) all fundamental forces converge to the same unit value.

The Missing Dark Energy of the Cosmos from Light Cone Topological Velocity and Scaling of the Planck Scale

The paper presents an exact analysis leading to an accurate theoretical prediction of the amount of the mysteriously missing hypothetical dark energy density in the cosmos. The value found, namely 95.4915028% is in full agreement with earlier analysis, the WMAP and the supernova cosmic measurements. The work follows first the strategy of finding a critical point which separates a semi-classical regime from a fully relativistic domain given by topological unit interval velocity parameter then proceeds to wider aspects of a topological quantum field of fractal unit interval. This idea of a critical velocity parameter was first advanced by Sigalotti and Mejias in 2006 who proposed a critical value equal . A second interesting proposal made in 2012 by Hendi and Sharifzadeh set the critical point at 0.8256645. The present analysis is based upon a light cone velocity quantized coordinate. This leads to the same quantum relativity energy mass relation found in earlier publications by rescaling that of Einstein’s special relativity. Two effective quantum gravity formulae are obtained. The first is for the ordinary measurable energy of the quantum particle while the second is for dark energy density of the quantum wave which we cannot measure directly and we can only infer its existence from the measured accelerated expansion of the universe E(D) = where . The critical velocity parameter in this case arises naturally to be . The results so obtained are validated using a heuristic Lorentzian transformation. Finally the entire methodology is put into the wider perspective of a fundamental scaling theory for the Planck scale proposed by G. Gross.

Secret Codes of Scale Distribution of Different Matter Stratums from Planck Scale to the Sun-Scale, Proof of Anthropic Principle and Different Stratum Sciences

This paper discovers the secret codes of the scale distribution from Planck scale to the Sun-scale by using Planck length derived from three fundamental physics constants, i.e., gravitation constant G, light speed c and Plank constant, and starting from the global consideration of treating the whole universe as a well unified entity in all scales. According to this symmetric scale distribution law of different scale regions: (a) we naturally give a possibility overcoming the difficulty of the desert effect between the grand unification scale and electroweak unification scale relevant to quarks and leptons, and it is really surprising to discover that the scales of quarks & electrons, protons & neutrons and atoms again all sequentially locate at the predicted points of the scale space;(b) we closely uncover the scale of the cells, which is the basic unit constructing the human bodies;(c) even the average height of human being is naturally deduced;(d) further, it is very surprising that the scales of the celestial bodies tightly related to us human beings, including the earth and the sun, also exactly fall at the predicted points in scale space in order. Therefore, all these scales with 105n cm order (n = 0, 1, 2, …, 9) above just give a proof of very key anthropic principle for whole mankind (which just makes the anthropic principle be reduced as anthropic theorem), i.e., matter stratums (a) and (b) are inorganic and organic bases of constructing human being respectively;matter stratum (c) is just human being;matter stratums (d) are the living environments of human being. Namely, everything is for or relevant to the existence of human being. Consequently, the experimentally checked scale ladder of well-known matter levels just coincides with the scale ladder predicted by the deduced distribution law. From Planck scale to the Sun scale, people may systematically build up the exact scientific theories corresponding ten matter stratums, may set up the different sciences among the different cross stratums, further, can systematically understand all the different sciences and their relations in the deepest way up to now.

THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM AND KMS CONDITION AT THE PLANCK SCALE

Considering the expected thermal equilibrium characterizing the physics at the Planck scale, it is here stated, for the first time, that, as a system, the space-time at the Planck scale must be considered as subject to the Kubo-Martin-Schwinger (KMS) condition. Consequently, in the interior of the KMS strip, i.e. from the scale B = 0 to the scale B = lplanck, the fourth coordinate g44 must be considered as complex, the two real poles being 6 = 0 and B = lplanck. This means that within the limits of the KMS strip, the Lorentzian and the Euclidean metric are in a 'quantum superposition state' (or coupled), this entailing a 'unification' (or coupling) between the topological (Euclidean) and the physical (Lorentzian) states of space-time.

Using a Grandfather Pendulum Clock to Measure the World’s Shortest Time Interval, the Planck Time (With Zero Knowledge of <i>G</i>)

Haug has recently introduced a new theory of unified quantum gravity coined “Collision Space-Time”. From this new and deeper understanding of mass, we can also understand how a grandfather pendulum clock can be used to measure the world’s shortest time interval, namely the Planck time, indirectly, without any knowledge of G. Therefore, such a clock can also be used to measure the diameter of an indivisible particle indirectly. Further, such a clock can easily measure the Schwarzschild radius of the gravity object and what we will call “Schwarzschild time”. These facts basically prove that the Newton gravitational constant is not needed to find the Planck length or the Planck time;it is also not needed to find the Schwarzschild radius. Unfortunately, there is significant inertia towards new ideas that could significantly alter our perspective on the fundamentals in the current physics establishment. However, this situation is not new in the history of science. Still, the idea that the Planck time can be measured totally independently of any knowledge of Newton’s gravitational constant could be very important for moving forward in physics. Interestingly, an old instrument that today is often thought of as primitive instrument can measure the world’s shortest possible time interval. No atomic clock or optical clock is even close to be able to do this.

From the Big Bang to the Big Rip: One Cycle of a Closed Granular Friedmann-Planck Universe

The first part of this article develops [1] a closed universe model deploying by identical multiplication a Friedmann-Planck micro-universe;thus this one constitutes the grains of the vacuum of this universe. The quantum initial expansion of this is quadratic as a function of time. Using this model, calculating the density of matter at the present time gives a correct numerical result. The essential point is that during periods of expansion following the initial quadratic period, this model reveals a surprising phenomenon. The function expressing the radius curvature as a function of time depends on the individual mass of the heaviest elementary particles created at the end of the quadratic period. The model also leads to reflection on the dark matter. The second part imagines a new type of Big Rip based on the following hypothesis: when the acceleration of the Universe, caused by dark energy, reaches the value of Planck acceleration, destruction of the microscopic structure of the Universe occurs and is replaced by a macroscopic structure (photon spheres) identical to that of the initial Planck element. Thus a new Big Bang could begin on an immensely larger scale. This reasoning eventually leads to reflection on the origins of the Big Bang.

宇宙与黑洞的视界、质量,Planck粒子

用宇宙演化的自由流阻尼标度理论,计算了宇宙及恒星级黑洞的最小质量、视界和密度,与实验观测较好相符。算得天鹅X-1视界的下限。指出Planck粒子不仅给出了宇观天体和微观粒子的相互联系,而且四种相互作用强度,也可用Planck粒子作出统一解释,并与实验很好相符。

Quantum Gravity and Dark Energy Using Fractal Planck Scaling

Following an inspiring idea due to D. Gross, we arrive at a topological Planck energy Ep and a corresponding topological Planck length effectively scaling the Planck scale from esoterically large and equally esoterically small numbers to a manageably where P(H) is the famous Hardy’s probability for quantum entanglement which amounts to almost 9 percent and Based on these results, we conclude the equivalence of Einstein-Rosen “wormhole” bridges and Einstein’s Podolsky-Rosen’s spooky action at a distance. In turn these results are shown to be consistent with distinguishing two energy components which results in , namely the quantum zero set particle component which we can measure and the quantum empty set wave component which we cannot measure , i.e. the missing dark energy. Together the two components add to where E is the total energy, m is the mass and c is the speed of light. In other words, the present new derivation of the world’s most celebrated formula explains in one stroke the two most puzzling problems of quantum physics and relativistic cosmology, namely the physicomathematical meaning of the wave function and the nature of dark energy. In essence they are one and the same when looked upon from the view point of quantum-fractal geometry.

A Solution to the Cosmological Constant Problem Using the Holographic Principle (A Brief Note)

This paper integrates a quantum conception of the Planck epoch early universe with FSC model formulae and the holographic principle, to offer a reasonable explanation and solution of the cosmological constant problem. Such a solution does not appear to be achievable in cosmological models which do not integrate black hole formulae with quantum formulae such as the Stephan-Boltzmann law. As demonstrated herein, assuming a constant value of Lambda over the great span of cosmic time appears to have been a mistake. It appears that Einstein’s assumption of a constant, in terms of vacuum energy density, was not only a mistake for a statically-balanced universe, but also a mistake for a dynamically-expanding universe.

Gravitation, Density Upper Limit and Quantization of Space

The singularity at distance r → 0 at the center of a spherically symmetric non-rotating, uncharged mass of radius R, is considered here. Under inverse square law force, the Schwarzschild metric, needs to be modified, to include Newton’s Shell Theorem (NST). By including NST for r, both Schwarzschild singularity at r = 2GM/c2 and at r → 0 singularities are removed from the metric. Near R → 0, the question of maximal density is considered based on Schwarzschild’s modified metric, and compared to the quantum limit of maximal mass density put by Planck’s quantum-based universal units. It is asserted, that General relativity, when combined with Planck’s universal units, inevitably leads to quantization of gravity.

Three Dimensional Space-Time Gravitational Metric, 3 Space + 3 Time Dimensions

We have recently suggested a new quantum gravity theory that can be unified with quantum mechanics. We have coined this theory collision space-time. This new theory seems to be fully consistent with a 3-dimensional space-time, that is, three space dimensions and three time-dimensions, so some would call it six-dimensional. However, we have shown that collision-time and collision-length (space) are just two different sides of the same “coin” (space-time), so it is more intuitive to think of them as 3-dimensional space-time. In previous papers, we have not laid out a geometric coordinate system for our theory that also considers gravity, but we will do that here. We are pointing out that Einstein’s negative attitude towards relativistic mass can perhaps cause a weakness in the foundation of general relativity theory. When a relativistic mass is incorporated in the theory, this mass also seems to indicate one needs to move to three-dimensional space-time. Then, for example, our new theory matches fully up with all the properties of the Planck scale in relation to the mathematical properties of micro black holes, not only mathematically but also logically, something we demonstrate clearly that it is not the case of general relativity theory. Our new metric has many benefits as an alternative to the Schwarzschild metric and general relativity theory. It seems to be more consistent with the Planck units than the Schwarzschild metric. Most importantly, it seems to be fully consistent with a new quantum gravity theory that seems to unify gravity with quantum mechanics.

粒子在高能下的统一问题

研究了粒子在高能下的统一问题后发现:费米—狄拉克(FD)分布和玻色—爱因斯坦(BE)分布可统一为β分布或Γ分布,用β分布、Γ分布于众多高能现象都与实验数据很好相符。四种相互作用强度可用planck质量进行统一计算,其结果与惯用值相符甚好,利用planck质量和长度给出了宇观天体和微观粒子间的相互联系,统一计算了宇观天体和微观粒子的质量和半径,亦与实验相符很好。

Light Speed Expansion and Rotation of a Very Dark Machian Universe Having Internal Acceleration

We present a Machian model of Quantum Cosmology with full dark matter and light speed expansion and rotation. During galaxy formation and evolution, fraction of dark matter transforms to visible matter with a relation of the form, m_vis = constant * (m_dark)2/3. Using this relation and replacing MOND’s “critical acceleration” with “current cosmic maximum angular acceleration”, galactic flat rotation speed range of (50 to 500) km/sec can be fitted well. Estimated flat rotation speeds of DD168, Milky Way and UGC12591 are 49.96 km/sec, 199.66 km/sec and 521.75 km/sec respectively. Based on these striking coincidences, it is possible to say that, MOND’s approach is implicitly connected with cosmological estimation of 95% invisible matter. With reference to SPARC data for flat rotation speeds and current cosmic maximum angular acceleration, galactic total mass can be estimated. Considering galactic total mass, galactic visible mass and dark mass can be estimated. Proceeding further, galactic working radii, angular velocity and visible matter density can be estimated. Estimated Milky Way’s effective radius is 293 kpc. Even though, this model is free from “big bang”, “inflation”, “dark energy”, “flatness” and “red shift” issues, at 2.722 K, estimated present Hubble parameter is 66.24 km/sec/Mpc, cosmic radius is 146.3 times of the Hubble radius, angular velocity is 146.3 times lower than the Hubble parameter and cosmic age is 146.3 times of the Hubble age. With future observations and advanced telescopes, it may be possible to see far distant galaxies and very old stars far beyond the current observable cosmic radius.

交直流混合输电系统的协同稳定性研究

大规模交直流混合输电系统的出现使得经典的电力系统稳定性分析理论受到了局限。提出用协同论的基本思想处理稳定性研究遇到的新问题。首先,论证了交直流混合输电系统符合协同论研究对象的特征:超大规模的复杂系统;具有分层结构;子系统众多,种类较少。然后,给出了用协同论研究电力系统稳定性的基本思路,包括役使原理、福克-普朗克方程、信息熵理论、无尺度图。

宇观天体、微观粒子和普朗克粒子的相互关联

给出了宇观天体、微观粒子质量和半径统一用普朗克质量m_(pl)和普朗克长度r_(pl)度量的表示式,讨论了宇观天体和微观粒子之间通过普朗克粒子发生相互关联的某些规律.

The Concept of Time: A Grand Unified Reaction Platform

The universe is things which change and called events. The events are matter and field. A boundary divides a system to things and environment. The things which belong to the environment have no significant effect on the things which belong to the system. The physical observables are the variations of things and it is always assumed that the conscious thing is placed in environment because the science cannot explain consciousness. There is not only an obligated minimum boundary between things (space) but also between past and future (present). The gravitational field has significant effect on these obligated minimums, especially at Planck scale. By using the above concept we introduce a grand unified reaction platform for categorizing the current physical paradigms and possible future explanation of the universe as a whole.

大尺度天体、黑洞的视界和密度

据宇宙演化的自由流阻尼标度理论 ,计算了最小宇宙、最小黑洞的质量、半径 (即视界 )和密度 ,所得结果与观测数据较好相符。且四种相互作用强度都可用planck粒子统一表述 ,所得结果与实验很好符合。

Scale effect of Planck's law over nonisothermal blackbody surface

Many physical laws, principles, models, measurement methods, etc., are applicable only to either a point on surface or a homogeneous surface. However, remote sensing deals with pixels which may range from meters to kilometers. Therefore scale effects of these laws and measurements are inevitable problems which must be faced. As an example, the spatial scale effect of Planck Law over nonisothermal blackbody surface is considered.