Efficiency Evaluation of Continuously Variable Transmissions Including a Planetary Gear Train

With their advantages, continuously variable transmissions have gained more popularity in the last decade by their use in mechanical transmission systems. The present paper aims to analysis the efficiency of the transmission based on the mechanical efficiency of the planetary gear train integrated in such transmission. In this analysis, we consider the mechanical efficiency of the transmission has been determined considering how the efficiency of the CVT members changes as a function of the operating conditions. The efficiency of the planetary gear train as a function of the configuration, speeds in his three input/output shafts, and also with respect to the power flow type. Results are compared with those obtained from other methods performance evaluation of the transmission, available in the literature.

Planetary Gear Profile Modification Design Based on Load Sharing Modelling

In order to satisfy the increasing demand on high performance planetary transmissions, an important line of research is focused on the understanding of some of the underlying phenomena involved in this mechanical system. Through the development of models capable of reproduce the system behavior, research in this area contributes to improve gear transmission insight, helping developing better maintenance practices and more efficient design processes. A planetary gear model used for the design of profile modifications ratio based on the levelling of the load sharing ratio is presented. The gear profile geometry definition, following a vectorial approach that mimics the real cutting process of gears, is thoroughly described. Teeth undercutting and hypotrochoid definition are implicitly considered, and a procedure for the incorporation of a rounding arc at the tooth tip in order to deal with corner contacts is described. A procedure for the modeling of profile deviations is presented, which can be used for the introduction of both manufacturing errors and designed profile modifications. An easy and flexible implementation of the profile deviation within the planetary model is accomplished based on the geometric overlapping. The contact force calculation and dynamic implementation used in the model are also introduced, and parameters from a real transmission for agricultural applications are presented for the application example. A set of reliefs is designed based on the levelling of the load sharing ratio for the example transmission, and finally some other important dynamic factors of the transmission are analyzed to assess the changes in the dynamic behavior with respect to the non-modified case. Thus, the main innovative aspect of the proposed planetary transmission model is the capacity of providing a simulated load sharing ratio which serves as design variable for the calculation of the tooth profile modifications.

Automatic Scallion Seedling Feeding Mechanism with an Asymmetrical High-order Transmission Gear Train

The current automatic scallion-transplanting machine is a complicated mechanism composed of two linkage mechanisms and two band carriers.It delivers seedlings ine ciently because of the movement limitations of the linkage mechanism.This paper proposes a new high-order non-circular gear train for an automatic scallion-seedling feeding mechanism.The proposed gear train has an asymmetrical transmission ratio;i.e.,its transmission ratio varies.This allows the mechanism’s execution component to move in a long displacement and rotate in a large rotation angle.The long displacement enables the execution component to reach the designed working position,and the large rotation angle allows it to feed a scallion in the required pose.A mathematical model for calculating the asymmetrical transmission ratio was established according to the closure requirements and the full-cycle motion of the driven gear pitch curve.Then,the parameter-design model of the new seedling-feeding mechanism was established,based on precise pose points and trajectory-shape control points.Moreover,an aided-design program was developed to obtain the parameter-solution domain of the scallion-seedling feeding mechanism.The mechanism parameters,which met the seedling-feeding function,were optimized to determine the transmission ratio,using a program and a kinematic simulation.Finally,a prototype of the mechanism was produced,and a seedling-feeding experiment was carried out.One-thousand seedlings were tested at a rate of 100 seedlings per minute,and the statistical success rate was 93.4%.Thus,the automatic scallion-seedling feeding mechanism significantly improves the e ciency of automatically transplanting scallions.

Finite Element Analysis of Internal Gear in High-Speed Planetary Gear Units

The stress and the elastic deflection of internal ring gear in high-speed spur planetary gear units are investigated. A rim thickness parameter is defined as the flexibility of internal ring gear. Six evenly spaced linear springs are used to describe the fitting status between internal ring gear and the gearcase. The finite element model of the whole internal ring gear is established by means of Pro/E and ANSYS. The loads on meshing teeth of internal ring gear are applied according to the contact ratio and the load-sharing coefficient. With the finite element analysis (FEA), the influences of flexibility and fitting status on the stress and elastic deflection of internal ring gear are predicted. The simulation reveals that the principal stress and deflection increase with the decrease of rim thickness of internal ring gear. Moreover, larger spring stiffness helps to reduce the stress and deflection of internal ring gear. Therefore, the flexibility of internal ring gear must be considered during the design of high-speed planetary gear transmissions.

Influence of Structural Aspects on the Generation Process in Planetary Gear Trains

Structural and rotational isomorphism in planetary Gear Trains (PGTs), is tested by Hamming number method. Symmetry in PGTs can be determined from the same Hamming matrix. Bearing of the structural property like symmetry in PGTs is studied and is used to evaluate its influence on generation of PGTs.

微型行星齿轮传动设计与分析

提出一种应用于某航空发动机中空气涡轮起动机的微型行星齿轮传动设计方案,对传动系统的构型进行结构设计、参数匹配;采用有限元分析软件ANSYS对其重要零部件进行强度校核,基于正交试验法对减速器结构进行优化,为微型行星减速结构在航空发动机起动机等航空产品中的推广与应用提供理论支撑。

某金属带式无级变速器振动仿真分析与多工况下试验验证

为分析某金属带式无级变速器(CVT)振动产生机理,采用集中参数法建立双级行星齿轮非线性扭转动力学模型,应用四阶龙格库塔方法进行动态响应求解,利用ADAMS软件进行动力学仿真,对动态响应进行验证,进行CVT振动台架试验测试。研究结果表明:四阶龙格库塔方法与ADAMS动态仿真得到的动态响应结果基本一致;台架试验结果表明前进挡转速为2500 r/min时,低速挡输入轴轴向位置的振动加速度最大为0.623 m/s^(2),转速为1000 r/min时,低速挡输入轴轴向位置的加速度最大为0.309 m/s^(2);倒挡工况下,转速为2500 r/min时,倒挡输入轴轴向位置的振动加速度最大为0.703 m/s^(2),转速1000 r/min时,倒挡输入轴轴向位置的加速度最大为0.504 m/s^(2);倒挡工况下的振动加速度幅值比前进挡高12.85%;倒挡阶次谱中54.4阶和108.8阶振动信号最为明显,挡位切换过程中双级行星齿轮啮合次数增多,啮合间隙是CVT在倒挡动力传递中振动增大的主要原因。

齿面粗糙度对风电齿轮箱行星轮系动力学特性影响

为研究齿面粗糙度对行星轮系动力学特性的影响,提出行星轮系齿轮副动态承载接触分析与系统振动位移耦合方法。以某型兆瓦级风电齿轮箱行星轮系为研究对象,基于分形理论对轮齿粗糙表面进行分形表征,通过齿轮副啮合变形协调条件,构建齿面动态承载接触状态与构件振动位移、粗糙齿面啮合误差以及摩擦力的关联关系,建立风电齿轮箱行星轮系动力学模型,分析粗糙齿面啮合误差与摩擦力对系统动态特性的影响。结果表明:随着粗糙度的增大,齿面载荷峰值与波动幅值增大,动态啮合刚度幅值出现明显波动,均载性能降低;增大粗糙度会降低行星轮系临界转速,在低转速区域内,其具有激励增振作用,而在临界转速区域附近,其具有阻尼减振作用;摩擦力主要影响行星轮系各构件振动位移,可改变动态啮合力在少齿啮合区的幅值。

重载行星轮系安装误差对系统均载性能的影响

行星轮安装误差的存在会导致行星轮系产生不均载问题,进而会影响减速器的传动性能和寿命。以往的研究未明确定义不同角度下的安装误差对系统均载性能的影响,并且关于多行星轮对系统均载影响的研究(在不同安装误差和不同输入功率下)也较少。为此,研究了实际应用中行星轮系安装误差对系统均载性能的影响。首先,以重载四行星轮系为研究对象,建立了行星轮径向和切向安装误差的综合误差表达形式;然后,基于轮系的传动模型,分析了单行星轮不同安装误差角和误差数值对系统均载的影响;最后,在单行星轮的基础上分析了不同工况和误差配置下多行星轮对系统均载的影响。研究结果表明:行星轮的切向安装误差对系统均载影响最大,径向安装误差对系统均载影响最小,当单行星轮安装误差数值为60μm,安装误差角θ从径向往切向方向靠近时,行星系统的均载系数增大了9.6%;误差绝对值越大,均载系数越大,当单行星轮安装误差数值从-30μm到-60μm时,系统的均载系数增大了4.6%;多行星轮存在切向安装误差对系统均载的影响可以用有效误差来衡量;齿轮承载范围内,随着输入功率的增大,安装误差对系统均载的影响逐渐减小。

考虑啮合误差的复式行星传动系统均载特性研究

为研究复式行星传动系统的均载特性及影响均载特性的因素,通过势能法建立齿轮刚度求解模型,求解了传动系统的时变啮合刚度;计入阻尼、时变啮合刚度、啮合误差等因素影响,采用集中质量法建立了系统的平移-扭转耦合动力学模型,利用Newmark-β积分法求解了系统的动态响应,以均载系数量化均载性能,分析了转速、负载及单构件和多构件偏心误差对系统均载性能的影响。分析结果表明,提高转速会降低系统的均载性能,增加负载会提高系统的均载性能;偏心误差的增大会使系统的均载性能降低,当偏心误差同时作用在内啮合的构件上时会使均载系数下降3.1%;当同类行星轮的偏心误差以旋转中心作用时,会有效降低偏心误差对系统均载性能的影响。

考虑误差下的变位齿轮行星轮系载荷特性研究

针对制造误差和安装误差使得变位齿轮行星轮系行星轮在径向和周向的安装位置与无偏移值存在偏差,进而使行星轮间所受载荷不均匀的问题,开展了变位齿轮行星轮系载荷特性研究。基于转子动力学理论,考虑时变刚度和行星轮的径向与周向偏移,建立了变位齿轮行星传动系统5自由度动力学模型;采用龙格库塔法求解了系统的响应和频域图,研究了变位齿轮行星轮系的载荷特性,分析了在不同径向偏移量、周向偏移量、复合偏移量情况下的行星轮间载荷分布特性,探讨了行星轮的径向与周向偏移对行星轮系载荷分配的影响,得到了变位齿轮行星轮系载荷振动幅值在时间和频率下的变化规律。仿真结果表明,考虑误差的行星轮系载荷特性与无偏移情况下的载荷特性有较大的差异,其幅值受径向偏移的影响较大,其中,径向偏移量大对行星轮所受载荷的影响最大;在安装过程中,行星轮的微小偏移都可能导致载荷特性的巨大变化。搭建了行星传动系统振动测试试验平台,测试了行星减速机壳体的倍频振动响应信号,得到了行星传动系统载荷与振动响应之间的关系。试验结果的振幅变化趋势与仿真分析结果中的振幅变化趋势相似,证明所建立的动力学模型及理论计算比较准确。

考虑齿廓修形的行星齿轮传动系统动力学特性研究

基于对行星齿轮传动系统高传动效率和低噪音等要求,以行星齿轮传动系统为研究对象,采用集中参数法建立了考虑偏心误差和安装误差的斜齿行星齿轮传动系统的弯⁃扭⁃轴耦合动力学模型,利用四阶Runge⁃Kutta法求解动力学方程得到行星齿轮的动态啮合力、动态传动误差和动载系数等动态特性,并以此为评价指标展开行星齿轮的修形研究。建立了齿廓修形后的齿面方程和考虑齿面修形的动力学方程,研究不同修形量的行星齿轮传动系统动态特性变化。研究结果表明,随着修形量的增大,行星齿轮的动态啮合力、动态传动误差和动载系数都有不同程度的降低,降到最低值后又开始增大,最终确定齿轮的合理修形量。经过整机性能测试发现合理修形下的行星减速器振动噪声降低、传动性能提升,为行星齿轮传动系统的减振降噪、传动效率提升设计提供了理论支撑。

特性参数连续可变复合传动的优化与选型

复合传动系的核心技术在于匹配,基于不同复合传动系统中各项评价指标实际的重要性与适应性,从所有可能适用的功率分流方案中选出最优方案,完成一次完整的优化选型设计。为避免优秀方案被漏选的问题,对12种复合传动的速比和转矩进行分析,根据传动系统各部件的转矩能力,提出传动路线中3个关键位置的转矩系数。以速比变化范围和3个转矩系数为目标函数,使用非支配遗传算法NSGA-II优化两个固定齿轮副传动比,得出12种复合传动的综合最优状态。基于评价指标重要性与适应性,提出一套行星排特性参数连续可变复合传动系统的分级多步选型方法,完成一次完整的优化选型设计。相比优化前的系统:速比范围提高24%,最大输出转矩提高18.92%,效率提高2.25%。

行星齿轮传动均载系数影响分析及其控制方法研究

在行星齿轮传动中多行星轮的均载系数是非常重要的关键参数。通过建立Romax柔性系统模型,分析系统的相关制造、安装误差和构件的变形等影响因素,提出该系统均载系数的综合控制技术要求,并进行产品研制和测试。通过仿真分析验证均载系数综合控制技术的可行性,并将该技术应用于产品批量生产。

航空行星齿轮减速器在传动系统中的设计研究

航空行星齿轮减速器作为一种重要的机械元件,广泛应用于航空航天领域。轻量化、高可靠性和高效率的特点,使其成为航空发动机的理想选择。然而,由于其特殊性质和复杂结构,其设计和制造也面临着诸多挑战。因此,将从航空行星齿轮减速器的基本理论出发,通过对其在传动系统中的设计进行研究,并提出一些齿轮强度校核方法,以期为该领域的发展提供一定的参考价值。

Design and Dynamics Simulation of a Novel Double-Ring-Plate Gear Reducer

A patented double-ring-plate gear reducer was designed and its dynamic performance was simulated. One unique characteristic of this novel drive is that the phase angle difference between two parallelogram mechanisms is a little less than 180 degree and four counterweights on two crankshafts are designed to balance inertia forces and inertia moments of the mechanisms. Its operating principle, advantages, and design issues were discussed. An elasto-dynamics model was presented to acquire its dynamic response by considering the elastic deformations of ring-plates, gears, bearings, etc. The simulation results reveal that compared with housing bearings, planetary bearings work in more severe conditions. The fluctuation of loads on gears and bearings indicates that the main reason for reducer vibration is elastic deformations of the system rather than inertia forces and inertia moments of the mechanisms.

Investigation of Self Excited Torsional Vibrations of Different Configurations of Automatic Transmission Systems during Engagement

The vehicle drive line system is subjected to torsional vibration from different sources of the system such as;engine fluctuating torque, Hook’s joint and the final drive. However, the essential source is the friction torque induced in the friction elements, during their engagement. In the automatic transmission system, the planetary gear set includes several friction elements such as;clutch, band brakes, and one way clutch. During the engagement, severe torsional vibration is induced by friction which is noticeable by the passengers in the form of what so called vehicle shunt. In present paper, a torsional vibration model for Drive Line (DL) system includes three different configurations of automatic transmission is constructed. A computer program using MATLAB subroutines is implemented to obtain the system response. Effect of system parameters on the dynamic behavior and stability has been investigated. The system damping and the trend of the friction coefficient have an essential effect on the dynamic behavior and stability of the system. The system response is now predictable with change of the system parameters which opens up the opportunity in future to control the vibration level.

Study of Stress Sources and Critical Stress Combinations for the Input Shaft of a Longitudinally Mounted Four Speed Automotive Automatic Transmission Model

In the present paper;two models of the input shaft for a Longitudinal Mounted four Speed Automotive Automatic Transmission for the first time were introduced to describe the input shaft critical loads. In the first model;the DC (Direct Clutch) connects two gears together. This gives no change in the set torque (the set output torque equal to the set input torque). In the second model;the ODB (Over Drive Brake) fixes one element of the planetary set. This is resulting, the gear set gives reduction ratio (the set output torque is not equal to the set input torque). So, the transmission input shaft is worked under two different working operating conditions of torque. Also, it is loaded by a two vertical loads which are coming from the turbine and planetary set loads respectively. They are shown that there are three critical combinations of forces (contact force, shear force, and normal force) applied on the input shaft. The critical forces can be possibility exist three types of cracks for the input shaft cross section they are: transverse (torsion stress), longitudinal (bending stress), and vertical (shear stress). The three cracks are studied in this article. The article considers three stress factors: shearing torsion stress, shear stress, and bending stress.

精密行星减速器优化设计及仿真分析

精密行星减速器具有传动精度高、效率高等优点,其性能的优劣对应用系统整体的性能有重要影响。为提高精密行星减速器的传动性能,以二级精密行星减速器为例,建立二级精密行星减速器三维模型,采用带鼓形的螺旋线的组合修形方式进行优化设计,然后对二级精密行星减速器整体轮系进行齿轮接触特性分析,对比分析了修形前后减速器的接触特性。分析结果表明:采用带鼓形的螺旋线修形方式,能够快速迭代获得最优解,并且降低了减速器的传动误差和因啮合变形产生的齿面接触应力集中。

3Z-Ⅰ型行星轮系传动效率研究

依据摩擦功理论,在考虑时变摩擦因数情况下,分别推导渐开线齿轮和微线段齿轮传动效率的计算公式,将其应用于3Z-Ⅰ型渐开线和微线段齿轮行星减速器中,对比渐开线齿轮和微线段齿轮的传动效率,并对不同转速、不同负载条件下两种行星轮系的传动效率进行实验验证.结果表明:在相同工况下,微线段齿轮的传动效率高于渐开线齿轮的传动效率,从而验证了微线段齿轮较于渐开线齿轮在传动效率方面的优势.