Application of Statistical Tools for Data Analysis and Interpretation in Rice Plant Pathology

There has been a significant advancement in the application of statistical tools in plant pathology during the past four decades. These tools include multivariate analysis of disease dynamics involving principal component analysis, cluster analysis, factor analysis, pattern analysis, discriminant analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, correspondence analysis, canonical correlation analysis, redundancy analysis, genetic diversity analysis, and stability analysis, which involve in joint regression, additive main effects and multiplicative interactions, and genotype-by-environment interaction biplot analysis. The advanced statistical tools, such as non-parametric analysis of disease association, meta-analysis, Bayesian analysis, and decision theory, take an important place in analysis of disease dynamics. Disease forecasting methods by simulation models for plant diseases have a great potentiality in practical disease control strategies. Common mathematical tools such as monomolecular, exponential, logistic, Gompertz and linked differential equations take an important place in growth curve analysis of disease epidemics. The highly informative means of displaying a range of numerical data through construction of box and whisker plots has been suggested. The probable applications of recent advanced tools of linear and non-linear mixed models like the linear mixed model, generalized linear model, and generalized linear mixed models have been presented. The most recent technologies such as micro-array analysis, though cost effective, provide estimates of gene expressions for thousands of genes simultaneously and need attention by the molecular biologists. Some of these advanced tools can be well applied in different branches of rice research, including crop improvement, crop production, crop protection, social sciences as well as agricultural engineering. The rice research scientists should take advantage of these new opportunities adequately in adoption of the new highly potential advanced technologies while planning experimental designs, data collection, analysis and interpretation of their research data sets.

Elevational patterns of warming effects on plant community and topsoil properties: focus on subalpine meadows ecosystem

Climate warming profoundly affects plant biodiversity, community productivity, and soil properties in alpine and subalpine grassland ecosystems. However, these effects are poorly understood across elevational gradients in subalpine meadow ecosystems. To reveal the elevational patterns of warming effects on plant biodiversity, community structure, productivity, and soil properties, we conducted a warming experiment using open-top chambers from August 2019 to August 2022 at high(2764 m a. s. l.), medium(2631 m a. s. l.), and low(2544 m a. s. l.) elevational gradients on a subalpine meadow slope of Mount Wutai, Northern China. Our results showed that three years of warming significantly increased topsoil temperature but significantly decreased topsoil moisture at all elevations(P<0.05), and the percentage of increasing temperature and decreasing moisture both gradually raised with elevation lifting. Warming-induced decreasing proportions of soil organic carbon(SOC, by 19.24%), and total nitrogen(TN, by 24.56%) were the greatest at high elevational gradients. Experimental warming did not affect topsoil C: N, p H, NO_(3)^(-)-N, or NH_(4)^(+)-N at the three elevational gradients. Warming significantly increased species richness(P<0.01) and Shannon-Weiner index(P<0.05) at low elevational gradients but significantly decreased belowground biomass(P<0.05) at a depth of 0–10 cm at three elevational gradients. Warming caused significant increases in the aboveground biomass in the three elevational plots. Warming significantly increased the aboveground biomass of graminoids in medium(by 92.47%) and low(by 98.25%) elevational gradients, that of sedges in high(by 72.44%) and medium(by 57.16%) elevational plots, and that of forbs in high(by 75.88%), medium(by 34.38%), and low(by 74.95%) elevational plots. Species richness had significant linear correlations with SOC, TN, and C: N(P<0.05), but significant nonlinear responses to soil temperature and soil moisture in the warmed treatment(P<0.05). The warmed aboveground biomass had a significant nonlinear response to soil temperature and significant linear responses to soil moisture(P<0.05). This study provided evidence that altitude is a factor in sensitivity to climate warming, and these different parameters(e.g., plant species richness, Shannon-Weiner index, soil temperature, soil moisture, SOC, and TN) can be used to measure this sensitivity.

How cushion communities are maintained in alpine ecosystems： A review and case study on alpine cushion plant reproduction

Cushion species occur in nearly all alpine environments worldwide. In past decades, the adaptive and ecosystem-engineering roles of such highly specialized life forms have been well studied. However, the adaptive strategies responsible for cushion species reproductive success and maintenance in severe alpine habitats remain largely unclear. In this study, we reviewed the current understanding of reproductive strategies and population persistence in alpine cushion species. We then present a preliminary case study on the sexual reproduction of Arenaria polytrichoides(Caryophyllaceae), a typical cushion species inhabiting high elevations of the Himalaya Hengduan Mountains, which is a hotspot for diversification of cushion species. Finally, we highlight the limitations of our current understanding of alpine cushion species reproduction and propose future directions for study.

A fine-scale assessment of the ecosystem service-disservice dichotomy in the context of urban ecosystems affected by alien plant invasions

Background: Natural resources within and around urban landscapes are under increasing pressure from ongoing urbanisation, and management efforts aimed at ensuring the sustainable provision of ecosystem services(ES) are an important response. Given the limited resources available for assessing urban ES in many cities, practical approaches for integrating ES in decision-making process are needed.Methods: We apply remote sensing techniques(integrating LiDAR data with high-resolution multispectral imagery)and combined these with supplementary spatial data to develop a replicable approach for assessing the role of urban vegetation(including invasive alien plants) in providing ES and ecosystem disservices(EDS). We identify areas denoting potential management trade-offs based on the spatial distribution of ES and EDS using a local-scale case study in the city of Cape Town, South Africa. Situated within a global biodiversity hotspot, Cape Town must contend with widespread invasions of alien plants(especially trees and shrubs) along with complex socio-political challenges. This represents a useful system to examine the challenges in managing ES and EDS in the context of urban plant invasions.Results: Areas of high ES provision(for example carbon sequestration, shade and visual amenity) are characterized by the presence of large trees. However, many of these areas also result in numerous EDS due to invasions of alien trees and shrubs – particularly along rivers, in wetlands and along the urban edge where tall alien trees have established and spread into the natural vegetation(for example increased water consumption, increased fire risk and reduced soil quality). This suggests significant trade-offs regarding the management of species and the ES and EDS they provide.Conclusions: The approach applied here can be used to provide recommendations and to guide city planners and managers to fine-tune management interventions at local scales to maximise the provision of ES.

Contribution of Herbaceous Plants and Their Status and Role in Soil and Water Ecosystem

In this paper,the contemporary understanding process of herbaceous plants and their contributions are elaborated.The systematic idea of"mountain,river,forest,field,lake,and grass are a community of life"has led the grass to enter a new era of development.Broadly speaking,vegetation includes grassland,forest,crop,garden,etc.,while herbaceous vegetation is the most widely distributed on earth.From the macro and micro perspectives of soil and water ecology,this paper discusses the position and role of herbaceous vegetation in the earth's soil and water ecosystem,especially the fundamental position in mountain,river,forest,field,lake,grass and sand.Starting from the concept of soil and water ecology,the integrated protection and systematic management of mountain,river,forest,field,lake,grassland,and sand is proposed.Essentially,it is the protection and management of soil and water ecology,which summarizes various ecological systems on earth.The successful application of herbaceous plants in ecological restoration projects of mine has further enriched and developed the theory of soil and water ecology.

基于植物功能群的生态系统服务形成与维持机制研究

生态系统可以从“结构-功能-服务”3个层次来理解,其中服务是人类的主观感受或效用。维持高质量的生态系统服务还需从生态系统的自然属性入手。结构和功能是生态系统服务形成和维持的内在机制,而植物是生态系统结构和功能的核心驱动力。植物功能群具有特定功能的植物组合,其中优势植物功能群控制着生态系统的结构和功能。生态系统服务的概念、分类与植物功能群密切相关,植物功能群是生态系统与生态系统服务间更直接的桥梁。建立生态系统服务与植物功能群间的联系,使相关研究有更明确的指向,在深化理论研究的同时使研究成果更容易落地。生态系统服务的形成、维持机制与植物功能群的内在联系主要体现在4个主要方面:(1)植物功能群的内在适应性特征和外在效应是生态系统服务形成的基础;(2)植物功能群的多功能特性为生态系统服务协同提供了可能;(3)植物功能群间替代和互补效应可以提升生态系统服务质量和稳定性;(4)植物功能群能够提供基于自然的生态系统服务修复问题解决方案。

农业植物病理学实验课程教学改革

为应对社会和现代农业快速发展及高校面临立德树人重要任务,总结当前农业植物病理学实验课程教学存在的问题,从教学设计、教学材料、教学方式和课程思政等方面探索农业植物病理学实验课程教学改革,提升课程教学效果,强化教书育人的责任担当,为我国农业农村建设培养新时代高素质专业人才。

新农科视域下植物病理学课程课堂教学改革与实践——以安徽农业大学为例

植物病理学课程是植物保护专业的重要课程,分为普通植物病理学课程和农业植物病理学课程,前者是专业基础课,后者是专业核心课。新农科建设对课堂教学提出了新标准和新要求。该课程课堂教学一直以来面临课前引导欠缺、思政融入不够,教学内容陈旧、教学情境构建不足,教学环节不合理、师生互动不够等突出问题。该文针对这些问题提出相应的对策与建议,逐渐提升课堂教学效果,为植物病理学课程教学改革研究提供一定的思路和借鉴。

专业认证下基于项目教学法的植物病理学研究方法课程教学体系构建

工程教育专业认证是国际通行的工程教育质量保证制度,能够为学生毕业后职业准备的范围和质量提供保证。植物病理学研究方法是东北农业大学植物保护专业认证的核心建设课程,也是具有较强应用性和实践性的实验课,是学生能够进入农业科研领域和解决农业生产实际问题的基础工具。本课程依据专业认证三大核心理念,采用项目教学法并将思政元素融入植物病理学研究方法的教学体系,力求实现“教书”“育人”“创新能力”和“职业能力”的协同一体化,进而促进学生全面发展。

滇西北自然生态系统外来植物入侵风险评估及管控策略研究

为探索滇西北外来入侵植物现状及其区域入侵风险,提高区域应对外来入侵植物管控水平和能力,对滇西北维西县境内普查收集到的62种外来植物的空间分布、危害发生程度、物种区系统计结果以及调查发现频度等相关数据信息进行整理分析,提出外来植物入侵风险评估模型和方法,并对记录到的外来植物分别进行入侵风险评估。结果表明,62种外来植物中有52种入侵植物,其中二级入侵中风险水平植物有13种,占比25%;三级入侵低风险水平植物有39种,占比75%;不存在一级入侵高风险植物。针对各物种入侵风险评估等级,提出采用分级分类管控方法对外来入侵植物进行风险评估和管控,并就外来物种入侵风险管理措施进行讨论。

北京城区自生植物分布格局及其影响因素

了解城市自生植物的空间分布格局有助于城市植物景观的规划和管理。基于北京城区的252个自生植物样地调查数据,使用指示克里金法和地理探测器模型展示了北京城区自生植物的空间分布格局并揭示其形成原因。结果显示:北京城区共记录自生植物173种,其中草本植物144种,木本植物29种。草本和木本自生植物的空间分布格局存在显著差异,草本自生植物多样性沿城市中心—城郊梯度增加;木本自生植物多样性在空间上没有明显的城乡梯度,在城区多数区域的多样性较低。人为干扰对城市生态系统的自生植物空间分布格局产生了巨大的影响,草本自生植物主要受到距市中心距离、社会经济因素和绿地管理强度的影响,而木本自生植物则受到距城市中心距离、绿地管理强度、房价等因子交互作用的影响。研究结果有助于确定北京城区将来迫切需要保护或增强物种多样性的区域,为北京城市绿地管理提供参考。

放牧强度对短花针茅荒漠草原生态系统多功能性的影响

生物多样性与生态系统功能之间的关系备受关注,但是过去的研究很少关注生态系统的多功能性(Ecosystem multifunctionality, EMF)。因此,本研究以短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原为对象,在测定植物群落生物量、土壤有机碳和多种土壤酶活性等11种生态系统功能的基础上量化EMF,并探究不同放牧强度(对照,No grazing, CK;轻度,Light grazing, LG;、中度,Moderate grazing, MG;和重度放牧,Heavy grazing, HG)对植物多样性与EMF的影响。结果表明:放牧导致植物多样性、单一生态系统功能和EMF显著降低(P<0.05),不同放牧强度下EMF分别是0.6,0.25,-0.18和-0.78。不同放牧强度下,大多数生态系统单一功能都与植物多样性显著正相关(P<0.05)。EMF与植物多样性指数线性正相关,香农维纳指数与EMF的拟合结果最好,是预测EMF变化的最佳指标。因此,为实现荒漠草原生物多样性保护和多种生态系统服务和功能的可持续性,在草地管理中可适当降低载畜率。

植物保护专业本科分子植物病理学课程建设

分子植物病理学课程是河北农业大学植物保护专业研究生培养过程中开设的必修课,植保本科生没有开设该课程。随着植物保护学科的迅速发展和本科人才培养新方案调整要求,2017年河北农业大学植物保护专业本科生培养方案中增加分子植物病理学课程为学术型人才培养的必修课程。为此,在研究生分子植物病理学课程基础上,根据本科培养目标,建立本科分子植物病理学课程教学大纲、内容及教学方法和手段、考核方式等。在6年的教学实践中不断加以修订、总结经验和加以完善,以培养适应学科发展的植物病理学方面创新拔尖专业人才。

农业高校植物病理虚拟仿真实践教学改革探究

文献数据库检索结果表明,农业高校植物病理学科虚拟仿真技术的发展应用相对落后,至今未检索到相关报道。植物病理学科是培养未来植物医生的摇篮,具有很强的实践性和应用性。然而,该学科的实践教学却因占地多、成本高、具有偶然性、危险,以及受植物生长周期和季节限制而难以开展。导致培养的学生难以解决生产实践中的问题。鉴于此,该文探讨利用虚拟仿真技术进行实践教学改革,以此突破传统实验教学的限制,构建虚实结合的实验教学体系,为卓越农业人才培养提供新的途径。

基于OBE理念的涉农类课程混合式教学模式改革探究

本文从教学目标与内容、教学模式和教学评价体系3个方面入手,对地方应用型高校涉农类课程教学现状进行分析。基于OBE教学理念,采用线上线下混合式教学模式,以园艺植物病理学课程为例,通过重构教学目标与内容框架,结合“线上+线下”重构教学过程,以及优化教学考核评价体系,对地方应用型高校涉农类课程教学改革进行探索研究。实践教学成效表明,改革后的教学模式增强了学生学习的主动性和自主学习能力,激发了其学习兴趣,教学满意度达94%。本研究为提高地方应用型高校涉农类课程教学质量,加强课程建设提供参考。

祁连山草地生态系统优势物种生长季的生态化学计量特征

植物生态化学计量是许多过程模型的重要参数,为了解高海拔地区优势物种的生态化学计量特征及其与土壤养分的关系,本文测定祁连山高寒草地生态系统5种优势物种叶片和根系的生态化学计量,分析了其与根际土壤养分的关系。结果表明:随着生长季推移,优势物种叶片总有机碳(Total organic carbon, TOC)含量相对稳定,全氮(Total nitrogen, TN)含量下降,而C∶N和C∶P则增加;大部分物候期下,青藏大戟(Euphorbia altotibetica Paulsen)的TN和全磷(Total phosphorus, TP)含量高于其他优势物种,且C∶N和C∶P低于其他优势物种,而垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)的TN含量低于其他优势物种,且N∶P和C∶P高于其他优势物种;祁连山地区植物生态化学计量受到土壤化学计量的影响,植物生长主要受到N元素的限制。研究结果为相关植被模型和陆面过程模型的参数化提供了重要的基础数据。

鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地植物水碳稳定同位素与内在水分利用效率变化特征

在极端水文事件频发和人类活动影响加剧的背景下,鄱阳湖水文情势的异常变动给洲滩湿地植物带来了一系列影响。为进一步了解鄱阳湖湿地植物水分利用来源和内在水分利用效率(iWUE)的季节变化规律,揭示优势植物在生长过程中对不同水分变化的适应策略,于2020年12月-2021年5月在鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区蚌湖和修河之间的典型洲滩湿地上设置监测断面,对灰化苔草(Carex cinerascens)、南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)植物样品及其潜在水源样品进行系统采集,测定并分析了水、碳稳定同位素的动态变化特征和指示意义。结果表明,典型洲滩湿地苔草和南荻植物茎水的氢、氧稳定同位素组成没有表现出明显差异,从冬季至春季,植物茎水的δ^(18)O值总体上均呈现波动富集的变化趋势。苔草在春季生长期iWUE没有表现出明显变化,而南荻在萌发时期iWUE最低,之后的生长期iWUE具有显著的增长趋势。在各潜在水源当中,植物茎水的同位素组成与土层中的重力水最为相近,其次为与根系分布联系密切的土壤水。在春季降水频繁时,来源于降水且埋深较浅的重力水可能是植物利用的主要水源,而在枯水期重力水埋深较深时,植物采取降水和土壤水的混合利用模式应对水分胁迫。植物叶片有机质的δ^(18)O值分析发现,苔草在萌发生长期i WUE的变化与光合作用能力相关的因素有关,南荻iWUE的变化主要受气孔导度变化的影响。

新农科背景下植物病理学实验技术课程改革与实践

结合新农科的教育要求与课程的教学实践,总结出植物病理学实验技术课程教学存在的3个痛点问题,即教学内容更新慢,教学内容不丰富;教学实验材料不新颖,影响教学效果;教学方式单一,学生主动参与课程学习的热情度不高。针对植物病理学实验技术课程教学中的短板问题,提出从教学内容、教学方法、教学模式和成绩评定等方面进行教学创新实践。课程教学改革使课程有内容、有温度,切实做到以“以学生为中”,有助于提高教学质量,提升育人效果。

湖泊湿地土壤有机碳形成、周转及稳定性研究进展

湖泊湿地生态系统作为重要的陆地碳汇之一,其土壤有机碳(SOC)储量变化将对全球气候产生显著影响。当前全球变化背景下,湖泊湿地经历的水位降低、水域面积缩小等生态问题使其碳汇功能面临严重威胁。尽管已有大量文献研究了湖泊湿地SOC的动态变化,但由于研究地点、实验方法和关注重点的不同,难以形成一致的结论,因此详细阐明湖泊湿地SOC存储和转化过程的演化趋势尤为重要。综述国内外湖泊湿地SOC的研究成果,从其形成、周转及稳定性三个方面进行归纳,总结现阶段湖泊湿地SOC的研究热点和不足,并结合当前湖泊湿地面临的现状,阐述影响其有机碳动态变化的因素。现有研究表明,植物源碳尤其是凋落物碳是湖泊湿地SOC的主要来源,但微生物碳在湖泊湿地SOC形成中的作用不容忽视,且植物和微生物碳对湖泊湿地碳储量的贡献比可能具有空间异质性。湿地SOC周转主要受微生物的调控,但中小型区系的土壤动物也扮演着重要的角色,它们可能既是驱动者也是贡献者,研究提示将土壤动物纳入湿地SOC的周转模型才可更准确地评估湖泊湿地的碳周转过程。有机物-矿物化学结合态保护是维持湖泊湿地SOC稳定的最重要机制,多种生物和非生物(气候、水环境等)因素会直接或间接影响SOC的稳定储存。目前维持湖泊湿地SOC稳定性的机制仍延用陆地或海洋生态系统的理论模型,需进一步评估其在湖泊湿地中的适用性。研究旨在总结湖泊湿地中SOC形成和转化的研究进展,为研究提供文献参考和思路。

降水调节荒漠草原生态系统碳交换对增温和氮添加的响应

气候变暖和大气氮沉降对草地生态系统功能有重要影响。然而,降水变化如何调节荒漠草原生态系统生产功能对气候变暖和氮沉降的响应还不清楚。本研究基于内蒙古短花针茅(Stipa breviflora Griseb.)荒漠草原长期增温和氮添加试验平台,分析两个连续降水差异较大年份中植物生产力和生态系统碳交换对增温和氮添加响应的不同。结果表明:(1)植物群落地上生物量在干旱和湿润年份有显著差异。在干旱年份,氮添加使得C_(3)植物地上生物量显著降低了10.50%;在湿润年份,氮添加使得植物群落地上生物量和C_(3)植物地上生物量分别显著增加了11.69%和8.06%。(2)在干旱年份,氮添加显著促进了净生态系统碳固定,而增温显著降低了总生态系统生产力;在湿润年份,增温和氮添加对生态系统碳交换均没有显著影响。因此,野外长期监测结合年际间降水波动对分析全球变化影响草原生态系统功能十分必要。