Tomato detection method using domain adaptive learning for dense planting environments

This study aimed to address the challenge of accurately and reliably detecting tomatoes in dense planting environments,a critical prerequisite for the automation implementation of robotic harvesting.However,the heavy reliance on extensive manually annotated datasets for training deep learning models still poses significant limitations to their application in real-world agricultural production environments.To overcome these limitations,we employed domain adaptive learning approach combined with the YOLOv5 model to develop a novel tomato detection model called as TDA-YOLO(tomato detection domain adaptation).We designated the normal illumination scenes in dense planting environments as the source domain and utilized various other illumination scenes as the target domain.To construct bridge mechanism between source and target domains,neural preset for color style transfer is introduced to generate a pseudo-dataset,which served to deal with domain discrepancy.Furthermore,this study combines the semi-supervised learning method to enable the model to extract domain-invariant features more fully,and uses knowledge distillation to improve the model's ability to adapt to the target domain.Additionally,for purpose of promoting inference speed and low computational demand,the lightweight FasterNet network was integrated into the YOLOv5's C3 module,creating a modified C3_Faster module.The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed TDA-YOLO model significantly outperformed original YOLOv5s model,achieving a mAP(mean average precision)of 96.80%for tomato detection across diverse scenarios in dense planting environments,increasing by 7.19 percentage points;Compared with the latest YOLOv8 and YOLOv9,it is also 2.17 and 1.19 percentage points higher,respectively.The model's average detection time per image was an impressive 15 milliseconds,with a FLOPs(floating point operations per second)count of 13.8 G.After acceleration processing,the detection accuracy of the TDA-YOLO model on the Jetson Xavier NX development board is 90.95%,the mAP value is 91.35%,and the detection time of each image is 21 ms,which can still meet the requirements of real-time detection of tomatoes in dense planting environment.The experimental results show that the proposed TDA-YOLO model can accurately and quickly detect tomatoes in dense planting environment,and at the same time avoid the use of a large number of annotated data,which provides technical support for the development of automatic harvesting systems for tomatoes and other fruits.

Increasing the Efficiency and Level of Environmental Safety of Pro-Environmental City Heat Supply Technologies by Low Power Nuclear Plants

In connection with the current prospect of decarbonization of coal energy through the use of small nuclear power plants (SNPPs) at existing TPPs as heat sources for heat supply to municipal heating networks, there is a technological need to improve heat supply schemes to increase their environmental friendliness and efficiency. The paper proves the feasibility of using the heat-feeding mode of ASHPs for urban heat supply by heating the network water with steam taken from the turbine. The ratio of electric and thermal power of a “nuclear” combined heat and power plant is given. The advantage of using a heat pump, which provides twice as much electrical power with the same heat output, is established. Taking into account that heat in these modes is supplied with different potential, the energy efficiency was used to compare these options. To increase the heat supply capacity, a scheme with the use of a high-pressure heater in the backpressure mode and with the heating of network water with hot steam was proposed. Heat supply from ASHPs is efficient and environmentally friendly even in the case of significant remoteness of heat consumers.

Beyond Biochar-Soil, Plant and Environment: Research Progress and Future Prospects

Since industrial revolution, the atmospheric CO2 concentration has kept a continuous increase by more than 2.2 ppm yr^-1, and approaches to almost 400 ppm at present （Jouzel 2012）. China has become the largest country of greenhouse gas emission （GHG）, and confronts with great challenge to mitigate GHG.

Developmental Genetics Analysis for Plant Height in indica Hybrid Rice Across Environments

The developmental genetics of plant height was analyzed from two groups of three-line indica hybrid rice at two environmental conditions based on the NCII design, using the additive-dominant developmental genetics models and the statistic methods. The results showed that the rice genotypes and environmental conditions could both affect plant height, and the effects of environment on plant height decreased gradually with plant development. Additive and dominant effects both governed the performance of plant height at all developmental stages. However, the degrees of effect varied among the rice genotypes. Moreover, the interaction between environments and genotypes also affected plant height. The genetic effects differed at most developmental stages. Furthermore, the expressJon of additive effect was more active than that of dominant effect. Conditional interaction effects with environment also influenced plant height during genetic development, especially at the eady stage. Mid-parent heterosis （HMP） increased gradually with the developmental stage of plant height, and maximized at the latest stage, whereas the heterosis over the better parent （HBP） showed small differences among the genotypes, and kept stable at the later stage, with positive numeric value. At most developmental stages, conditional HMP was positively significant, while conditional HBP was negatively significant. All above results suggest that HMP and HBP have some new expressions in all developmental periods and the levels and directions are quite different.

Radiological monitoring results of the ambient environment around Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant

A plan of surveillance monitoring Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant (QNPP) has been implemented since 1992, the objective of which is to establish the database of environmental radiation information around QNPP, and to detect any unplanned discharge of radioactive materials from QNPP. This paper presents the monitoring results for radionuclide concentrations in the environmental matrices before and after QNPP operation. The radionuclide con- centrations in vegetation, food, atmosphere, soil and littoral soil samples have been determined. After operation of QNPP, the mean values of 137Cs, Sr and H in water are 0.6, 4.9 mBq/L and 1.7 Bq/L, respectively; the mean values 90 3 of137Cs in soil and littoral soil are 3.5 and 2.7 Bq/kg, respectively; the mean values of137Cs in rice, green cabbage, meat, mullet, milk and tea are 0.033, 0.039, 0.081, 0.069, 0.018 and 0.62 Bq/kg, respectively; the mean values of 90 Sr in rice, green cabbage and tea are 0.081, 0.315 and 4.1 Bq/kg, respectively; gross β activity in fallout is 0.9 Bq·m-2·d-1. Compared with the data before QNPP’s operation, no significant difference has heen observed in the radioactivity of137Cs, Sr, H and the gross β activity in ambient environmental matrices from 1992 to 2001, and 90 3 there are only some fluctuations within the range of background.

Teaching Reform and Practice of Plant Growth Environment Course in the Context of Application Transformation Development

Through the personnel training program,revising the syllabus,optimizing teaching contents,reforming teaching methods,strengthening practical teaching links and reforming examination methods,this paper explored the teaching reform and practice of Plant Growth Environment Course,in order to improve the teaching effect,stimulate learning interests of students,and cultivate application type talents meeting social demands.

Spatial and environmental effects on plant communities in the Yellow River Delta,Eastern China

Types and structure of plant communities in the Yellow River Delta were investigated by using detrended canonical correspon-dence analyses(DCCAs) and a two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN).The distribution pattern and influential factors of the plant communities were also analyzed by testing elevation, slope, soil characteristics, longitude and latitude of 134 vegetation samples collected by representative plot sampling methods.Results showed that all the 134 vegetation samples could be divided into seven vegetation groups, separately dominated by Robinia pseucdoacacia, Imperata cylindrical, Miscanthus saccharifleus, Suaeda salsa, Aeluropus sinensis, Phragmites australis and Tamarix chinensis.The vegetation distribution pattern was mainly related to elevation, ground water depth and soil characteristics such as salinity and soluble potassium.Among the factors affecting distribution pattern of the plant communities, the species matrix explained by non-spatial environmental variation accounts for 45.2% of total variation.Spatial variation and spatial-structured environmental variation explain 11.8%, and 2.2%, respectively.Remained 40.8% of undetermined variation is attributed to biological and stochastic factors.

Plant diversity-productivity patterns in the alpine steppe environment of the Central Tianshan Mountains

The biodiversity-productivity relationship is an important topic in the research of biodiversity and ecosystem function. The plant diversity productivity pattern is commonly unimodal and positively correlated. This paper researches the characteristics of plant diversity-productivity patterns in the Bayanbuluk alpine steppe in the central Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China, and analyzes the effects of environmental factors on the distribution of plant communities, species composition, plant diversity and productivity in the steppe. The results show a positive correlation between plant diversity and productivity. DCCA (detrended canonical correspondence analysis) ordination reveals a significant relationship between the effects of air temperature, soil moisture content, available soil nitrogen, relative humidity and pH value on the distribution and composition of plant communities. There are significant correlations between the soil moisture content, relative humidity, pH value, air temperature and species richness and the aboveground biomass of Gramineae and Cyperaceae, and also significant correlations between the relative humidity, pH values and the total aboveground biomass of plant communities.

Differential Expression of Genes Related to Fruit Development and Capsaicinoids Synthesis in Habanero Pepper Plants Grown in Contrasting Soil Types

Habanero pepper(Capsicum chinense Jacq.)is a crop of economic relevance in the Peninsula of Yucatan.Its fruits have a high level of capsaicinoids compared to peppers grown in other regions of the world,which gives them industrial importance.Soil is an important factor that affects pepper development,nutritional quality,and capsaicinoid content.However,the effect of soil type on fruit development and capsaicinoid metabolism has been little understood.This work aimed to compare the effect of soils with contrasting characteristics,black soil(BS)and red soil(RS),on the expression of genes related to the development of fruits,and capsaicinoid synthesis using a transcriptomic analysis of the habanero pepper fruits.Plants growing in RS had bigger fruits and higher expression of genes related to floral development,fruit abscission,and softening which suggests that RS stimulates fruit development from early stages until maturation stages.Fruits from plants growing in BS had enrichment in metabolic pathways related to growth,sugars,and photosynthesis.Besides,these fruits had higher capsaicinoid accumulation at 25 days post-anthesis,and higher expression of genes related to the branched-chain amino acids metabolism(ketol-acid reductisomerase KARI),pentose phosphate pathway and production of NADPH(glucose-6-phosphate-1-dehydrogenase G6PDH),and proteasome and vesicular traffic in cells(26S proteasome regulatory subunit T4 RPT4),which suggest that BS is better in the early stimulation of pathways related to the nutritional quality and capsaicinoid metabolism in the fruits.

Environmental load of solid wood floor production from larch grown at different planting densities based on a life cycle assessment

As one of the main structural units in a building,a solid wood floor has significant strategic research value for low-carbon energy saving.Taking the production line of a solid larch wood floor as a case study,we assessed the environmental load during production based upon a life cycle assessment.Using GaBi 6.0 software,we analyzed the associated carbon sequestration during floor production,with the initial planting density serving as the disturbance factor in a modular analysis.The results indicated that the cutting and finishing steps have relatively intense,negative influences on the environment,whereas transportation,ripping,and trimming do not.Additionally,recycling biomass waste has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.When the initial planting density was 3.0×3.0 m,carbon sequestration was relatively high.Although the emissions of freshwater pollutants,volatile organic compounds,and fine particulate matter（matter with a 2.5-μm diameter） were comparatively high,the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions was still excellent at this planting density.

Relationship between diversity of forest plant species and environmental gradient in eastern mountainous area of Heilongjiang Province, China

Twenty-three secondary forest communities with different structure were selected in Mao＇er Mountain National Park of Heilongjiang Province, China to study the relationship between diversity of forest plant species and environmental gradient. The forest plant species diversity was analyzed by the diversity index, and the environmental factors was quantified by the method of Whittaker＇s quantification of environmental gradient. Meanwhile, β-diversity indexes of communities were calculated with similar measurements. The results showed that the Shannon-wiener diversity index of forest plant species increased with the increase of the environmental gradient, and the β-diversity indexes of communities showed a liner increase along with the change of environmental gradient.

自然资源保护区环境教育效果评价研究——以武当道茶(Eurya Alata)保护示范区为例

作为全球生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,我国的野生植物资源遭受着严峻的生存威胁。因此,分析野生植物资源保护区周边农户的环境教育效果具有现实意义。采用武当道茶保护示范区的调研数据,基于KAP理论构建“环境教育状况、认知、态度和行为”框架评价农户环境教育效果,并对其参与意愿影响因素进行分析。结果表明:1)武当道茶保护示范区农户野生植物资源保护教育的综合得分为62.6分,整体水平处于“效果明显范畴”,4个评价体系的得分为行为层面(75.2分)、态度层面(60.2分)、知识层面(57.8分)、实施层面(52.2分)依次递减的特征,呈现出重行为轻认知的特点。2)IPA对比分析图显示,环境行为位于继续保持区域,环境态度位于过度加强区域,环境知识位于次要加强区域。农户行为是提升野生植物资源保护教育效果的首要条件,未来需要继续保持;农户的知识是关键因素,未来需要进一步加强;农户的态度效果因子可适当放缓。3)农户的性别、年龄以及文化水平是影响环境教育感知的重要因素,男性受访者的环境教育感知强于女性,但在行为意识方面有欠缺,女性农民则相反。年龄越大的农户其感知能力越弱,文化程度越高的农户,环境教育效果越好。建议大力挖掘野生植物资源保护与可持续利用内容,加强对农户关于农业生物多样性保护方面的宣传教育与普及;从完善野生植物资源保护教育设施、丰富野生植物资源保护教育内容等措施提升农户的环境教育效果。

Quantitative classification and analysis on plant communities in the middle reaches of the Tarim River

Plant communities were sampled in the lower reaches of the Tarim River, Xinjiang. The results showed that there are 23 species belonging to 21 genera in 11 families, most of which have low occurrence frequency in quadrats. The most common species is Tamarix ramosissima, which occurred in 17 sites accounting for 89.47% of the total 19 sites. Quantitative classification (TWINSPAN) and ordination (CCA) methods were used to study the distribution patterns of 23 plant species in 19 sites in this valley. TWINSPAN results showed that the plant communities in the middle reaches of the Tarim River could be divided into 3 groups and the sampling sites could be divided into 7 types in 3 groups. CCA results were consistent with TWINSPAN results, and showed species distribution patterns correlated with major environmental variables of groundwater level and soil moisture.

Effects of Environmental Temperature on the Regeneration Frequency of the Immature Embryos of Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

The immature embryos （IEs） of wheat are the most widely used tissues for in vitro culture and genetic transformation due to its high regeneration competency. However, this explant can only be maintained in 4℃ daily cooler for a short period time for its use in plant tissue culture or transformation experiments. This study aimed to investigate the effects of environmental temperature, cryopreservation storage temperature, and heat shock culture （HSC） temperature on the regeneration frequency of wheat IEs. Results indicated that environmental temperature significantly affected the induction of embryonic calli. The optimum total accumulated temperature （TAT） during the time of anthesis and sampling for regeneration of these tissues was around 280℃ for spring wheat type cv. CB037 and approximately 300℃ for winter wheat type cv. Kenong 199. Regeneration ability obviously declined when the highest environmental temperature was over 35℃ for 1 d or a high temperature between 30 and 33℃ lasted for 5 d during anthesis and sampling. This finding was verified by culturing the freshly isolated IEs under different temperatures from 29 to 37℃ in different controlled growth incubators for 5 d; the IEs almost completely lost regeneration ability when the temperature rose to 37℃. Cryopreservation of-20℃ caused the wheat samples lost ability of producing callus or embryonic callus in a few days, and cryopreservation of-10℃ more than 10 d made the regeneration potential of the tissues dramatically declined. Comparatively, the temperature that best maintained high regeneration ability was -5℃, at which the materials can be maintained for around 1 mon. In addition, the preservation of the immature samples at -5 or -10℃ inhibited the direct germination of the IEs, avoiding the embryo axis removing process. Our results are useful for ensuring that field collection and cryopreservation of the wheat IEs are done correctly to enable tissue culture and genetic transformation.

燃烧热测定实验的课程思政设计——农林废弃物的热值测定

燃烧热测定是一个经典的物理化学实验。本案例将燃烧热测定与农林废弃物燃烧发电对接,对实验内容进行了适当调整,让学生了解燃烧热测定对保障发电厂安全运行的重要意义,以及农林废弃物燃烧发电对服务“三农”、乡村振兴和“双碳”战略的重要意义,提高了学生学以致用的能力,激发了学生的学习兴趣,引导学生关心国家能源安全、环境保护、可持续发展和人民的生命健康,对提升学生的能力和素质发挥了良好作用。

Floral Species as Environmental Quality Indicators in Jordan: High Salinity and Alkalinity Environments

In this study the occurrence and ecology of plant assemblages are investigated, mainly for use as indicator plants of saline grounds in several locations in Jordan. High alkalinity and H2S-rich water tolerant species of plants are also discussed. Plants growing on salty grounds have distinct composition regarding their place in the taxonomic system. Plant assemblages and their degree of tolerance to salinity as in Karama area in the Jordan Valley are found to be distinct from that of Azraq Sabkha (Cental Jordan) with salt-tolerant flora. Karama area provides the living space for Mesembryanthemum on the saltiest ground, Suaeda further up on wetter surrounding and Salicornia succeeding on moist and less salty grounds. Drier places with rather salty grounds have bushes of Arthrocnemum, while slightly less salty places are preferred by Tamarix tetragyna. When Prosopis bushes appear, salt is only present periodically in the ground, as is also the case with Atriplex halimus and Capparis. In Azraq the former beach of a temporal lake is characterized by two species of Spergularia in its saltier parts and by Tamarix passerinoides. It was recognized that Tamarix, Phragmites, Chenopodium, and Inula represented alkaline water tolerant plants. The study concludes that the salt concentration in the ground is reflected in the composition of the flora growing on it. On the other hand, plants are also found vulnerable to fluctuation in the salt concentration of their environments with different resistance degrees. This makes them excellent bioindicators of salty environments.

Plant community and ecological analysis of woodland vegetation in Metema Area,Amhara National Regional State,Northwestern Ethiopia

We studied woodland vegetation in broad-leaved deciduous woodlands of Metema in northwestern Amhara regional state, Ethiopia to determine plant community types and species distribution patterns and their relationships with environmental variables, including altitude, pH, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity （EC）, and moisture. We used a selective approach with a systematic sampling design. A total of 74 quadrats, each 25m × 25m at intervals of 150-200 m were sampled along the established transect lines. For herbaceous vegetation and soil data collection, five subquadrats each lm x lm were established at the four corners and the center of each quadrat. Three community types were identified using TWINSPAN analysis. All three community types showed high diversity （Shannon-Weiner index）, the highest in community type II at 3.55. The highest similarity coefficient was 0.49 （49%） between community types II and III, reflecting 0.51 （51%） dissimilarity in their species richness. The canonical correspondence ordination diagram revealed that the distribution pattern of community type I was explained by moisture while that of community types III and II was explained by EC and altitude and moisture, respectively. Altitude was the most statistically significant environmental variable, followed by moisture and EC in determining the total variation in species composition and distribution patterns while pH and cation exchange capacity were non significant. In conclusion, we recommend that any intervention should take into account these three discrete community types and their environmental settings to make the intervention more successful.

基于抗倒伏性的大豆耐密性资源评价与筛选

为筛选在黑龙江省不同地区稳定耐密植的大豆资源,为大豆的区域栽培生产提供指导和理论依据,以黑龙江省不同生态区20份春大豆资源为材料,以哈尔滨、海伦和五大连池为环境背景,设置常规栽培区和高密度处理区两个处理,以高密区未倒伏占比与常规区未倒伏占比的比值作为耐密指数,基于耐密指数值,利用欧氏距离组间平均联接法对不同大豆品种进行聚类分析,对供试材料进行等级划分。同时,利用双标图数据分析方法进行耐密性种质资源的综合评价。结果显示:哈尔滨区域背景条件下,当欧氏距离为3.0时,初步将20个参试品种(系)划分为5大类,获得耐密植品种(系)7个;海伦区域背景下,欧氏距离为4.0时,初步将20个参试品种(系)划分为4大类,获得耐密植品种(系)3个;欧氏距离为4.0时,初步将20个参试品种(系)划分为4大类,获得耐密植品种(系)5个。双标图显示,耐密品种的耐密能力顺序为克豆87>牡豆56>黑农94>黑农531>克小粒1号>黑农311>龙海1号,多环境稳定性顺序为黑农94>龙海1号>克豆87>黑农531>黑农311>牡豆56>克小粒1号。综合比较而言,耐密性强且多环境稳定性较好的品种为黑农94、克豆87和黑农531。研究结果为提升区域大豆增产能力提供了理论依据和技术支持。

Phytoremediation Dynamic Model as an Assessment Tool in the Environmental Management

Phytoremediation is considered a viable and cost effective emerging technology to clean-up trace elements. This approach has not been fully commercialized due the existence of various concerns about it. Those can be summarized as the uncertainty of the system behaviors at different scenarios, such as: contaminant, contaminant concentration and the behaviors of the physiology in the plant. Previous approaches have implemented diverse mathematical algorithms to characterize phytoremediation systems, such as: differential equation solution sets, statistical correlation and system dynamics approach. Phytoremediation Dynamic Model (PDM) employed the classical plant structure to simulate plant-soil-pollutant interaction. This model has proved its capability to mimic phytovolatilization processes of mercury chloride, obtaining more than 95% of correlation between the experimental data, and also provides the capability to know the contaminant flow rate and its concentration in plant tissue. The differential equations system which describes the model includes a comprehensive parameter which encapsulates plant bioavailability dependence in the contaminant-media interaction as a novel approach because this has not been found on the literature previously. PDM has proved the ability to mimic plant response as a function of contaminant concentration and the applicability as an assessment tool for phytoremediation system performance.