Study on Present Status of Plant Germplasm Resources Conservation and Countermeasures

Plant germplasm resources is the material foundation and key point for agricultural production, crop breeding and bioengineering. China is one of the centers for the origin of the cultivated plants worldwide, as well as one of the countries with most abundant plant resources and the highest biodiversity. Strengthening research in the conservation and utilization of plant germplasm resources is of significant value and importance. In this study, the present status of conservation, utilization, and existing problems of plant germplasm resources in China and around the world were reviewed; further, through analyzing measures taken by global countries for plant germplasm resources protection, countermeasures for plant germplasm resources conservation in China were also presented from three aspects, namely, collection and conservation, information network construction and national legislation and policies.

Genomics-based plant germplasm research(GPGR)

Plant germplasm underpins much of crop genetic improvement. Millions of germplasm accessions have been collected and conserved ex situ and/or in situ, and the major challenge is now how to exploit and utilize this abundant resource. Genomics-based plant germplasm research （GPGR） or ＂Cenoplasmics＂ is a novel cross-disciplinary research field that seeks to apply the principles and techniques of genomics to germplasm research. We describe in this paper the concept, strategy, and approach behind GPGR, and summarize current progress in the areas of the definition and construction of core collections, enhancement of germplasm with core collections, and gene discovery from core collections. GPGR is opening a new era in germplasm research. The contribution, progress and achievements of GPGR in the future are predicted.

Survey on Germplasm Resources of Araliaceae Plants in Southeastern Tibet and Study on Their Landscape Application

In recent years,the Araliaceae plants have been widely used in the planning of urban garden and road green space. China is rich in Araliaceae plant resources and Araliaceae plants are outstanding in form,but their ornamental value is less studied. Through the statistical survey of the germplasm resources of Araliaceae plants in southeastern Tibet,and the research and analysis of their functions and ornamental characteristics,this paper concluded that the Araliaceae plants in southeastern Tibet have high ornamental value,and 12 varieties of Araliaceae plants can be used in gardens and have great research and development significance. Finally,it came up with recommendations for the collection and protection,introduction and breeding,and garden application of Araliaceae plant resources.

习识—培能—塑素审形—会意—悟德——园艺植物种质资源学课程改革与思政建设研究

为响应国家对生物多样性保护和种质资源可持续利用的战略需求,教学团队对园艺植物种质资源学课程进行改革。采用“习识—培能—塑素”的教学理念,结合线上线下混合式教学、费曼学习法和对分学堂模式,强化学生自主学习能力和实践技能。通过“审形—会意—悟德”3个阶段,引导学生深入理解园艺植物的科学、文化和精神价值,实现个人品德的内化。改革实施后,学生的知识应用、动手能力、团队意识、专业素养和德悟内化水平显著提升,课程满意度提升,学生平均成绩和优秀率提高。课程改革有效促进教学相长,为培养具有创新精神和实践能力的农科人才提供新视角和方法。

鸡公山野生木本观赏植物资源及开发利用策略分析

采用实地调研与文献结合的方法,根据生活型、花色、花期、果色、果实类型、观果季节和叶色,将鸡公山的野生木本观花、观果和观叶植物进行分类,分析其数量和应用情况。结果表明,研究区野生木本观花植物157种,以灌木、白色系花朵数量较多,主要在春季观花;观果植物50种,以乔木、红色果实和核果数量较多,多在秋季观果;观叶植物35种,其中槭树科、漆树科树种最多,秋色叶树种较多。关于野生木本观赏植物开发利用提出了适地适树和强化种质资源保护的策略。本研究为研究区乡土木本观赏植物应用提供参考。

汉中绿肥产业发展策略探析

绿肥在提升耕地质量、改善生态环境方面发挥重要作用。本文通过实地调研、文献查阅和数据分析相结合的方法,分析了陕西汉中地区绿肥产业发展现状,当前绿肥产业发展存在的主要问题,并提出其产业发展策略。该地2023年绿肥种植面积在11.06 hm^(2),种植品种以紫云英和毛叶苕子为主,可选择的绿肥品种较单一;以冬绿肥为主,冬绿肥的种植模式主要有稻田绿肥、果园绿肥和茶园绿肥;该地绿肥种子繁育生产基地规模较小,种子供应主要依靠外调,价格呈上涨趋势;绿肥种植有利于改善土壤结构,增加土壤养分,从而提高作物产量和品质,实现粮食增产和农民增收,同时减少化肥农药施用,减少农业面源污染,具有较高的生态和经济效益。目前,该地绿肥产业发展暂面临优异绿肥种质资源匮乏、绿肥种植积极性不高、绿肥技术体系有待进一步完善、产业链发育不够成熟、绿肥产业发展支持体系待完善、保障和激励效果不明显等挑战。基于此,提出种质资源强化与种业保障提升、多元激励强化与种植动力激发、种植技术体系创新推动与产业融合推动、产业支持体系建设等策略,为推动该地绿肥产业的发展提供参考。

Study on Distribution and Ornamental Characteristics of Gentianaceae Plants in Guizhou Province

Through investigating Gentianaceae plant resources in Guizhou Province, collecting and identifying specimens, consulting relevant records and documents, Gentianaceae plant resources in Guizhou Province and their ornamental characteristics have been elaborated, and the ornamental species of Gentianaceae plants in this region were introduced.

Detection of Adaptive Genetic Diversity in Wild Potato Populations and Its Implications in Conservation of Potato Germplasm

A better understanding on how genetic diversity is structured at natural habitats can be helpful for exploration and acquisition of plant germplasm. Historically, studies have relied on DNA markers to elucidate potato genetic diversity. Current advances in genomics are broadening applications allowing the identification of markers linked to genomic regions under selection. Those markers, known as adaptive markers, unlock additional ways to value and organize germplasm diversity. For example, conservation priorities could be given to germplasm units containing markers associated to unique geographic identity, and/or linked to traits of tolerance to abiotic stresses. This study investigated if adaptive marker loci were possible to be identified in a large AFLP marker dataset of ninety-four populations of the wild potato species S. fendleri. These populations originated from six different mountain ranges in southern Arizona, USA. A total of 2094 polymorphic AFLP markers were used to conduct genetic diversity analyses of populations and mountain ranges. Adaptive markers were detected using Bayesian methods which distinguished marker loci departing significantly from frequencies expected under neutral models of genetic differentiation. This identified 16 AFLP loci that were considered to be adaptive. To contrast diversity parameters generated with each set of markers, analyses that included all the 2094 AFLP markers, and only the 16 adaptive markers were conducted. The results showed that both were efficient for establishing genetic associations among populations and mountain ranges. However, adaptive markers were better on revealing geographic patterns and identity which would suggest these markers were linked to selection at the natural sites. An additional test to determine if adaptive markers associated to climate variables found two loci associated to specific climate variables in populations from different regions but sharing similar environmental structure. The distribution of adaptive markers among populations revealed that only two were needed to build a core subset able to keep all the markers. This preliminary assessment shows that adaptive genetic diversity could offer an additional way to measure diversity in potato germplasm and to set up options for conservation and research.

植物种质资源引进风险分析方法概述

种质资源作为生物资源的重要组成部分,是培育作物优质、高产、抗病(虫)、抗逆新品种的物质基础。近年来,为满足我国种业飞速发展的需要,我国不断从国外引入大量的种质资源,种质资源相比其他植物产品携带有害生物的风险更高。种质资源引进过程中不可避免地携带有害生物,可能会带来严重危害。目前,美国、澳大利亚等国家已制定了关于种质资源的风险分析方法,但我国缺少针对种质资源有害生物统一的风险分析方法。本文分析了国际植物检疫措施标准、主要的贸易国家及我国有害生物风险分析标准方法的主要内容,针对引进种质资源过程中亟需解决的有害生物风险分析问题开展讨论,并对种质资源有害生物风险分析系统其未来展开工作提出以下建议:设置符合种质资源风险分析特性的指标;采用半定量风险评估方法对种质资源进行风险分析;根据不断的学习和实际工作的需要,对风险评估指标体系进行验证和适当修改。

高低两种密度条件下耐密植优异大豆种质鉴定

为筛选耐密植大豆种质,本研究选用160份大豆种质资源为研究对象,设置高密度45万株·hm^(-2)和低密度25万株·hm^(-2)两个处理,调查R6和R8期的倒伏级别等相关耐密植性状。经过2018—2020年鉴定,筛选出茎秆强度、株高、主茎节数、节间长度和底荚高度作为大豆倒伏性的鉴定指标,鉴定出14份耐密植的种质资源,分别是Fiskeby1040-4-2、N07、N32、黑河21、黑河41、坂本早生、合交N13-333、合交N13-498、金源71、合丰42、丰收24、克09-95(棕种皮)、克09-95(黄种皮)和克14-758。

Identification of compact germplasm resources suitable for high density cultivation in Brassica napus L.

Branch angle is an important plant architecture trait and is considerably important for the ideal plant architecture of high density cultivation of rapeseed. In this study,12 representative rapeseed lines were first measured for whole-plant branch angles using image processing technology. Top branch angle (TBA) and basal branch angle (BBA) were significantly different in each line in which TBA was greater than BBA. Then, 156 rapeseed germplasm lines were evaluated for TBA and BBA in main cultivated regions of the Yangtze River Basin (Zunyi; Wuhan; Lu'an). In these three environments, the TBA and BBA of the rapeseed germplasm sources varied, in which ranges of 33.44°-73.17°and 18.73°-59.11°, 29.66°-61.91°and 22.32°-60.16°, and 28.47°-76.32°and 22.98°-72.68°, respectively. ANOVA showed that TBA and BBA were susceptible to environmental and had broadsense heritability (H2) values of 89.09%and 87.40%, respectively. Interactions of genotype by environment were also significant. There was diversity in branch angle among rapeseed genotypes. GGE biplot analysis showed that compact accession lines (Nilla, Purler and AV-SAPPHI) were the most desirable compact genotypes in all environments. Stability analysis showed that the genotype with the most minimum branch angle was stable for compact plant architecture.

‘南昆山毛叶茶’野生资源调查及其性状研究

广东省南昆山独特的地理环境孕育了珍稀天然无咖啡碱毛叶茶资源。为摸清‘南昆山毛叶茶’野生资源现状并为其保护及利用提供理论参考,对野生‘南昆山毛叶茶’进行了系统调查及性状研究。结果发现,‘南昆山毛叶茶’野生资源主要呈聚集群落形式存在,群落与群落间相距较远。所调查的104份野生毛叶茶资源均属乔木型或小乔木型,树冠较小,分支较为聚拢向上;叶型变异丰富,多属大叶;叶片较厚,栅栏组织排列紧密;新梢嫩芽茸毛密而顺长;绝大部分野生毛叶茶可可碱含量较高,咖啡碱含量较低,非表型儿茶素GCG和C是主导儿茶素组分。

偃麦草属植物种质资源研究进展

偃麦草属植物是我国干旱半干旱地区重要的优质乡土草资源,也是防风固沙、水土保持和改良盐碱地的理想植物。本文重点梳理和论述了偃麦草属植物种质资源细胞染色体倍性和核型及同工酶特性、非生物逆境胁迫响应及抗逆性评价、优异功能基因(抗旱耐盐基因、耐低磷营养胁迫基因、抗病基因等)挖掘及功能解析、新种质创制和新品种培育等的研究成果与进展,旨在为偃麦草属植物种质资源的深度开发利用奠定重要科学基础。

保山市隆阳区观赏种子植物资源多样性研究

通过野外调查与文献查阅,整理得出保山市隆阳区观赏种子植物名录。结果表明,隆阳区观赏种子植物81科185属286种,其中裸子植物6科9属10种,被子植物75科176属276种,优势科为兰科、蔷薇科、木犀科、鸢尾科;按照生活型划分为乔木类33种、灌木类114种、草本类133种、藤本类6种;按观赏类型可分为观花类植物174种、观植株类植物130种、观果类植物32种、观叶类植物19种。旨在掌握隆阳区观赏种子植物资源应用现状,并对观赏种子植物资源保护与开发利用提出建议。

基于“雨课堂”的园艺植物种质资源学课程混合教学模式探索

以园艺植物种质资源学课程为例,从课程内涵和特点出发,针对目前研究生教学过程中存在的问题,从整合课程资源、建立混合教学模式、改革考核体系、提升自主学习能动性等方面,提出了基于“雨课堂”的混合式教学模式课程改革实例。园艺植物种质资源学课程混合教学模式的探索,填补了传统教学模式的短板,实现了专业知识与研究生综合素质的协同提升,达到培养新农科园艺专业人才的目的。

有棱丝瓜种质资源在华南地区夏植的适应性评价

为鉴定评价有棱丝瓜种质资源夏植的适应性,选育适宜在华南地区夏植的有棱丝瓜品种提供种质基础,本试验以广西玉林市夏植的44份有棱丝瓜种质资源为研究对象,分析各种质夏植中主要农艺性状,并对种质资源的11个主要农艺性状进行主成分分析、相关性分析、聚类分析等综合评价。结果表明,44个有棱丝瓜种质资源在夏植过程中主要农艺性状的表现差异较大。变异系数以单次采收产量折合产量变异较丰富,多样性指数以第一成瓜节位为最高。相关性分析发现,重要性状单次采收折合产量与全生育期长短和单瓜重呈极显著正相关,而与播种至始收天数和瓜花斑大小呈极显著负相关,与第一成瓜节位呈显著负相关。主成分分析将原有11个农艺性状指标转化为4个综合因素指标,累积贡献率达71.987%。通过聚类分析,将供试材料分为四大类群,其中第Ⅰ类群包括31份种质,属中低产类型;第Ⅱ类群包含1份种质,属晚熟高产类型;第Ⅲ类群包含1份种质,属长生育期高感霜霉病低产类型;第Ⅳ类群包括11份种质,属早熟高产类型。通过农艺性状综合对比分析,筛选出越夏产量表现较佳的5份种质:LCH8、LCH2、LCH4、LCH14、LCH25,适宜作为华南地区夏植品种选育的种质资源。

上海植物园重点观赏植物创新利用研究进展与展望

近30年来,上海植物园聚焦特色观赏植物种质创新研究,持续打造科研创新品牌,推动观赏植物种质资源可持续创新利用,在山茶、杜鹃花和鸢尾等重点类群的培育与推广上取得丰硕成果。总结上海植物园有关工作取得的成果,梳理相关研究领域存在的瓶颈问题。同时,基于国家植物园创建的时代背景,指出上海植物园种质创新工作重点发展方向,以此为下一步工作提供参考。

蒙古黄芪植株再生及增殖体系建立

以蒙古黄芪种子繁育而来的无菌苗获得的外植体(根、叶片、胚轴)为试材,通过设定不同浓度的生长调控激素6-BA、2,4-D、NAA,研究不同外植体在不同浓度激素的培养条件下对其愈伤组织诱导率、试管苗增殖及生根情况的影响,以期为蒙古黄芪不同组织外植体的愈伤组织诱导、植株分化及增殖培养条件提供参考依据。结果表明:以根、胚轴、叶片为外植体材料均可诱导愈伤组织产生,其中以胚轴为外植体为最优选择,愈伤组织诱导率最高达97.92%,最佳培养基为MS+2,4-D 1.0 mg·L^(-1)+6-BA 0.5 mg·L^(-1)+NAA 0.5 mg·L^(-1)+蔗糖3.0%;试管苗增殖的最佳培养基为1/2MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L^(-1)+KT 0.5 mg·L^(-1)+蔗糖3.0%,再生植株平均分化率最高为92.67%;生根培养时,最适宜的培养基为1/2MS+NAA 0.5 mg·L^(-1)+白砂糖3.0%。该试验建立了蒙古黄芪植株再生及增殖体系,在黄芪生产实践中具有重要推广价值。

我国园林植物种质资源的保存、创制和研究

园林植物在人类日常生活中发挥着不可或缺的作用。我国园林植物种质资源丰富多样,各科研院所围绕园林植物进行了多方面研究和探索,取得了一系列成果。但针对园林植物的系统调查和研究起步则相对较晚,对园林植物种质资源的相关研究还相对分散,缺乏系统性。基于此,从就地保护、异地保存、野外回归3个方面综述了我国园林植物种质资源的保存途径,从新优品种创制和优良观赏性状调控、遗传和进化、种子研究等方面分析了园林植物种质资源研究现状。此外,还就继续加强种质资源收集和保存、球根类植物种质资源扩繁和利用、园林植物利用和管理方式创新等问题进行了展望,以期为我国园林植物种质资源进一步研究、高效保存和综合利用等提供参考。

广西浦北茶树资源性状调研与其红茶适制性探究

目的研究浦北本土茶树资源形态学、生化组分特点和红茶适制性,探索其开发利用价值。方法通过形态学性状、单株试制红茶、感官审评和主要生化组分分析,研究浦北茶树资源多样性水平、红茶品质及生化组分特点。结果对53个代表性单株形态学调查结果表明,浦北茶树资源大多形态性状变异系数差异显著,最高为树高(变异系数77.69%)。红茶试制和感官审评筛出9份优良种质,其中4个最适合制作高档红茶,分别具有较浓郁的果甜香、高锐的花果甜香带木脂香。生化组分分析表明,9份优良种质中可溶性糖含量较低,茶多酚含量较高,儿茶素单体、咖啡碱与可可碱含量于不同单株之间存在显著差异。结论浦北茶树资源类型和生化组分表现为丰富的多样性。其优良种质茶多酚含量高,制成的红茶具有浓郁果甜香,是选育红茶品种的优质种质。