Application of Biological Pesticides in Medicinal Plants

At present, the excessive application of traditional chemical pesticides, serious pesticide residue pollution and destruction of the ecological balance in China have become important factors affecting the quality and safety of medicinal material. Biological pesticides are rapidly developed due to their characteristics of high efficiency, low toxicity and residue. This study aimed to introduce the specific property of biological pesticides, review the classification of biological pesticides and their application in medicinal plants, analyze the problems in the production and utilization process of biological pesticides, and forecast the developmental prospect.

The Potential of Using Indigenous Pesticidal Plants for Insect Pest Control to Small Scale Farmers in Africa

Pesticidal plants are scientifically proven for their effectiveness in controlling insect pests. Their activity is enhanced by active compounds contained, which are known for their repellant and antifeedant potentials to the insects. Use of pesticidal plants by local small scale farmers has been a point of concern following information that majority of farmers do not widely use pesticidal plants despite of an indigenous knowledge that they possess. Improvement of the technologies used by local farmers in previous times, that are easy and effective need to help farmers abstain from the use of synthetic pesticides that are detrimental to the environment and to their own health. This paper reviews the potentiality of pesticidal plants to small holder farmers. It also gives the status of pesticidal plants use, their possible effectiveness against insect pests, persistence as well as the knowledge that indigenous people possess in their use. Again, the paper suggests the need for more instrumental research on practical improvement of indigenous knowledge on the use of pesticidal plants with scientific evidences.

Effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of rice insect pests and diseases in a field test

Rice is one of the most important staple foods for the world population,but it is attacked by a number of destructive pests.While evidence from greenhouse and laboratory tests has shown that silicon（Si）amendment can confer enhanced resistance to pests in rice,few studies have directly demonstrated the Si-mediated protection from pests in a field situation.In this study,field plots with silicon amendments at 0,75,150 and 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 in early-and late-season rice were employed to evaluate the effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of major insect pests and diseases and rice yield.Compared with the control plots without silicon amendment,plant damage by stem borer and leaf folder and population size of planthopper were significantly lower in three to five of the seven monitoring observations in each season in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1.The disease index of rice blast in the early-season rice was lower in the plots amended with Si at 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 than in the control plots,while Si protection from rice blast in the late-season rice and from rice sheath blight in the early-season rice were not apparent.An insignificant increase of rice yield by 16.4%（604 kg ha-1）was observed in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 over the control plots.Our results indicate that Si amendment at 300kg SiO2 ha-1 can provide substantial protection from some of the rice pests under field conditions.These findings support the recommendation of silicon amendment as a key component of integrated management of rice pests.

基于CFD的玉米田间吊喷装置仿真设计与试验

为了改善玉米作物生长至中后期时中下层叶片雾滴沉积效果差,不同冠层雾滴分布不均导致植株叶片整体雾滴覆盖率低,喷施农药方式不佳造成药害和环境污染的问题,设计了一种玉米田间吊喷装置。利用数学理论几何关系结合Fluent软件确定了关键参数,即吊杆长度为1950 mm、侧下喷头距吊杆底端高度为50 mm、侧上喷头距植株顶端高度为50 mm、侧下喷头与水平方向上夹角为38.8°、侧上喷头与水平方向上夹角为43.7°。利用Design-Expert软件以吊杆侧上喷口处压强、吊杆侧下喷口处压强、机具行进速度为试验因素,以叶片平均雾滴覆盖率Y为试验指标设计三因素三水平正交试验,经方差分析后得到影响雾滴覆盖率大小因素主次顺序:行进速度>侧下压强>侧上压强。经田间试验后得到最终组合参数为机具行进速度0.8 m/s,侧上压强0.7 MPa,侧下压强0.5 MPa,雾滴覆盖率为26.54%,上、中、下层叶片雾滴覆盖率分别为28.32%、23.54%、27.75%,模型仿真与田间试验相对误差为5.05%。研究结果可为玉米植保机械的研发提供参考。

结合信息物质的昆虫病原微生物自传播技术研究进展

昆虫病原微生物是害虫综合治理的重要措施,但其防治效果不稳定、速效性差、自然流行慢,因此探索增强昆虫病原生物流行技术是提升其防治效果的重要手段。自传播技术利用昆虫自身传播病原微生物以控制害虫种群数量,该技术提高了昆虫病原微生物在田间的传播效率和精准防控效果,是目前害虫防治具有开发潜力的技术之一。本文阐述了国内外关于结合信息物质的昆虫病原微生物自传播技术研究进展,系统介绍了自传播技术的原理、昆虫病原微生物类群、防治对象和装置等,并对该技术未来发展趋势进行了展望,以期为提高昆虫病原微生物防控害虫效果提供新思路。

丹参农药残留研究现状

丹参是最常用的大宗中药材之一,历史悠久,在临床应用中具有重要地位。随着种植年限的增长和连作面积的增加,病虫害的发生也随之增多,栽培过程中不可避免使用农药进行病害防控,农药残留种类也从过去有机氯类等农药转变为吡虫啉、多菌灵和多效唑等新型农药,农药的使用不当导致丹参中农药的残留时有发生,严重的影响了丹参的质量和用药安全。本文通过对种植户进行走访调查,并结合近年来国内外丹参的农药残留及其检测技术相关文献进行整理,以明确丹参的农药使用现状,为丹参的绿色种植和安全生产提供参考。

上海嘉定区蚕豆新记录虫害——豆小卷蛾

2021年末,于上海嘉定区华亭镇对蚕豆病虫害进行大田调查时,发现一种危害蚕豆嫩稍的鳞翅目害虫,经鉴定为本市一新记录物种——豆小卷蛾.简述了该虫为害特点、形态特征和生活习性.

新疆生产建设兵团额敏垦区沙棘主要病虫害及其防治措施

新疆生产建设兵团第九师170团由于长时间仅围绕沙棘单一树种进行种植,病虫害问题日益严重.通过人工观察、黄板诱杀及黑光灯诱集等方法分析当地主要病虫害种类、形态特征和发生规律.结果表明,170团沙棘林主要以沙棘锈病、沙棘干缩病、沙棘绕实蝇和沙棘木蠹蛾危害最严重,并提出合理的防治措施.研究结果为制定具有针对性的防治措施提供参考.

2023年邹城市春花生植保贡献率的测算评估

为了客观反映植保工作在花生生产中对病虫草害的控制效果,评价植保工作在花生生产中的作用,2023年选取全国花生绿色防控示范县邹城为测试点,开展花生重大病虫害植保贡献率的评价。试验设严格综防区、农户自防区和空白对照区,通过试验示范区的防控效果、花生产量、投入成本三个指标进行综合评估。结果表明:2023年邹城市试验区花生病虫草害的防控植保贡献率为33.1%,严格综防区较农户自防区增收11642.85元/hm^(2),表明农户自防区还有很大的增收空间。本项工作通过科学防控可实现增产增效目的,为其他地区春花生植保贡献率的评估提供了技术参考。

Detection and Monitoring of Key Hazard Factors for Quality and Safety of Characteristic Berries and Standardized Production Technology and Application

Blueberry,kiwifruit,Rosa roxburghii,and raspberry are the characteristic fruits planted in Guizhou Province.However,in recent years,harmful factors such as plant diseases and insect pests,pesticides and heavy metal residues have affected the quality and safety of blueberry,kiwifruit,R.roxburghii,raspberry and other berries.These problems mainly include the frequent occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests,pesticide residues and heavy metal pollution,which not only seriously affect the quality and safety of berries,but also restrict the healthy development of berry industry.Therefore,it is very important to study the detection and monitoring of key hazard factors affecting the quality and safety of blueberry,kiwifruit,R.roxburghii and raspberry,as well as the standardized production technology.Using literature analysis,field investigation,questionnaire survey,comprehensive analysis,SWOT analysis,laboratory testing and other methods,this paper made a comprehensive and in-depth study of the berry industry in Guizhou Province.Through the analysis of the current situation of the berry industry in Guizhou Province,the problems and shortcomings in the planting,management,sales and other aspects of the industry were revealed.In order to solve these problems,a series of practical measures were put forward,including strengthening pest control,optimizing pesticide application technology,and strictly controlling heavy metal pollution,so as to ensure the healthy and stable development of berry industry.The implementation of these measures will help to improve the overall quality level of the berry industry in Guizhou Province.

基于无人机植保技术的马铃薯病虫害防治方案研究

分析了植保无人机应用流程、病虫害出现前、发病中和防治后的应用技术。进行了传统人工防治方法与无人机植保技术的效果对比试验,结果表明,采用无人机植保技术在马铃薯病虫害防治效果、产量及品质上均表现出显著优势。

害虫种群的发展与调控

作为自然界中种类和数量最多的动物类群,昆虫与人类生活息息相关。害虫给人类生产生活造成了严重危害,尽管人类长期与其进行斗争,但很难获胜。这主要是因为害虫种群在时空尺度上均易拓展,而人为干扰只是在局部起到一定的害虫种群数量调控作用。事实上除喷施化学药剂、布设诱集装置和采取营林及捕杀等人为干扰措施外,气候、寄主植物和天敌等其他生物也是害虫种群调控中的重要因子。基于害虫种群发生发展现状,在阐明害虫种群自然发展规律的基础上,重点从气候条件、寄主植物和天敌等方面介绍自然条件下害虫种群的抑制因子。通过综述目前常见的几种害虫种群调控途径,认为害虫种群调控需要考虑全部种群分布的区域、作用因子的短期致死率、持续作用时间等,并以最终累积的种群年总死亡率或世代总死亡率为重要指标。综合考虑多种生物和非生物因子,充分利用天敌等自然调控因子的作用,削减各因子之间的不利影响,是更好调控害虫种群的必要途径。

辽宁水稻种植技术与病虫害防治研究

水稻是辽宁省重要的粮食作物。以辽宁省为例,详细分析全省水稻种植现状、水稻种植技术与病虫害防治等内容,进一步阐述水稻种植要点,旨在为其他地区推动水稻生产提供一定的参考。

皖南地区鲜食玉米品种比较试验

为筛选适宜在皖南地区推广的高产优质、适应性好的鲜食玉米品种,在皖南地区试验点对引进的创甜1号、香甜糯828等16个参试鲜食玉米品种以及2个对照品种粤甜16号和凤糯2146进行比较试验,对比分析其生育期、主要农艺性状、抗性和产量等方面表现。结果表明,全生育期方面,各参试品种全生育期77~87 d;品种抗性方面,脆蜜90抗倒性、抗病性一般,荃甜58和科糯8号抗病性一般;产量方面,甜玉米组中隆平甜1502比对照组增产13.40%,糯玉米组中迪甜糯八号、凤糯211、彩甜糯1703、田福糯1号和东甜糯100较对照分别增产17.92%、19.52%、10.7%、26.65%和17.81%,这6个玉米品种综合表现较好,具有农艺性状较好、抗性好且产量高等特点,适宜在皖南地区推广种植。

基于改进EfficientNet的花椒虫害识别模型

花椒虫害会导致花椒生长异常、产量下降和品质恶化。为及时准确地发现花椒虫害,本文提出了一种基于Efficient-Net的花椒虫害识别模型。通过实验对比GoogleNet、MobileNetV2、MobileNetV3、ShuffleNetV2、EfficientNet等深度学习网络,选取识别效果最好的EfficientNet网络构建花椒虫害识别模型,并通过改进MBConv模块提高模型的准确率。实验结果表明,改进后的模型准确率为94%,相比原始的EfficientNet网络提高了2%。本文提出的基于EfficientNet的花椒虫害识别模型具有较好的检测效果,能够应用于实际花椒地场景,对花椒虫害的监测和防治提供了有效的工具。

静电喷药技术应用研究的现状与发展

概述了国内外静电喷药技术的原理、发展历史、应用研究的现状和进展 ,并对静电喷雾喷粉技术在林木和大棚植物病虫害防治、植物人工授粉、林业化学除草。

多功能植物辣木栽培技术研究初报

在云南省西双版纳州景洪市,通过2003—2006年对辣木栽培技术进行系统研究,经大量试验或实践,提出了一套完整的辣木栽培技术措施,包括种苗繁殖方法、植地的土壤条件、植穴规格、种植密度、施肥、修剪、主要病虫害及其防治、采收、除草、间作等栽培技术措施。

农作物冠层光谱信息检测技术及方法综述

相比传统的化学方法及主观视觉测定植物生理信息指标,通过光谱辐射仪对农作物冠层信息的评估更简单、快速和精确。本文结合近年来农作物群体信息的获取方法,综述了不同类型光谱仪尤其以国际上应用最广泛的Cropscan多光谱辐射仪在农作物群体叶面积指数、生物量、氮素及叶绿素的预测,病虫害的监测及产量预测中的应用。总结了不同类型的的植被指数(VIs)、冠层光谱的获取及光谱分析方法,比较了不同农作物建立相关模型的回归系数。总体上建立的数学模型的相关系数较高,能实现对农作物各种生理信息等的检测。此外,将多光谱辐射仪与多种传感器相结合所得到的综合信息对于全面评价农作物生长情况具有重要指导价值。

水稻病虫害诊治智能化专家系统

研制开发了水稻病虫鼠害形态识别诊断系统。系统采用智能化农业专家系统技术,对水稻病虫害图像进行采集、数字转化及诊断分析;提取形态特征,识别病虫害发生、发展规律,实现了计算机对水稻病虫害图像、资料自动提取和智能诊断,为水稻栽培的田间管理实现农业知识信息化、沟通指导网络化、科学种田现代化和建立农业网站提供技术和指导。

基于弹性动量深度学习神经网络的果体病理图像识别

为了实时预警果蔬病害和辅助诊断果蔬疾病,实现无人值守的病虫害智能监控,设计了深度学习神经网络的果蔬果体病理图像识别方法,基于对网络误差的传播分析,提出弹性动量的参数学习方法,以苹果为例进行果体病理图像的识别试验。结果表明,该方法召回率为98.4%;同其他同源更新机制相比,弹性动量方案能显著改善学习网络的果蔬病害识别准确率;其收敛曲线平滑,5 h时耗能实现收敛,对不同数据集也有良好泛化性能。