Plant Pollen Grains:A Move Towards Green Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems

Pollen grains and plant spores have emerged as innovative biomaterials for various applications such as drug/vaccine delivery,catalyst support,and the removal of heavy metals.The natural microcapsules comprising spore shells and pollen grain are designed for protecting the genetic materials of plants from exterior impairments.Two layers make up the shell,the outer layer(exine)that comprised largely of sporopollenin,and the inner layer(intine)that built chiefly of cellulose.These microcapsule shells,namely hollow sporopollenin exine capsules have some salient features such as homogeneity in size,non-toxic nature,resilience to both alkalis and acids,and the potential to withstand at elevated temperatures;they have displayed promising potential for the microencapsulation and the controlled drug delivery/release.The important attribute of mucoadhesion to intestinal tissues can prolong the interaction of sporopollenin with the intestinal mucosa directing to an augmented effectiveness of nutraceutical or drug delivery.Here,current trends and prospects related to the application of plant pollen grains for the delivery of vaccines and drugs and vaccine are discussed.

Quality of Scots Pine Pollen Depending on the Aerotechnogenic Pollution Level with Emissions from Reftinskiy GRES Power Plant

The aim of the current study was to investigate the process of microgametogenesis and diagnostic of condition of the Pinus sylvestris male generative system in the tree stands exposed to the influence of Reftinskiy GRES power plant (RGpp) emission during ontogenesis in connection with the level of technogenic pollution. It was detected that in the impact area, smoke emissions from the RGpp in the south-west direction zones of technogenic pollution were formed. Those vary in qualitative composition of the snow pack pollutants and their quantitative characteristics. The content of water insoluble compounds in melt snow water and the compile suspended matter, decreases regularly at the longer distance from the source of air pollutants. The highest content of water soluble compounds in the melt snow water was indicated at the distances of 5, 8 and 14 km from the source of air pollutants, authentically lower in the nearest and farthest sampling points of the snow trials. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) pollen significative with high prognostic value in relation to the level of toxic load upon the eco-systems and the condition of male generative system were discovered. It was detected that the significative meanings of pollen with morphological abnormalities decreased, and the meanings of functional significatives increased at the longer distance from the source of air pollutants. Pollen fertility, pollen tube length and reserve substances content significative is negatively related to the presence of micro and macro elements in the snow water;those identify the toxic load level on the ecosystem probably to the highest degree. Pine male gametophyte elimination, while forming in the impact zone of the GRES power plant, takes place at the stage of pollen grain germination as well as pollen tubes’ growth stage.

Pollen morphology of selected tundra plants from the highArctic of Ny-lesund, Svalbard

Documenting morphological features of modem pollen is fundamental for the identification of fossil pollen, which will assist researchers to reconstruct the vegetation and climate of a particular geologic period. This paper presents the pollen morphol- ogy of 20 species of tundra plants from the high Arctic of Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, using light and scanning electron microscopy. The plants used in this study belong to 12 families： Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cyperaceae, Ericaceae, Juncaceae, Papav- eraceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. Pollen grain shapes included： spher- oidal, subprolate, and prolate. Variable apertural patterns ranged from 2-syncolpate, 3-colpate, 3-（-4）-colpate, 3-（-5）-colpate, 3-colporate, 5-poroid, ulcerate, ulcus to pantoporate. Exine ornamentations comprised psilate, striate-perforate, reticulate, mi- croechinate, microechinate-perforate, scabrate, granulate, and granulate-perforate. This study provided a useful reference for com- parative studies of fossil pollen and for the reconstruction of paleovegetation and paleoclimate in Svalbard region of Arctic.

Impact of climate change on dynamic of plant communities, lakes and swamps in Beijing area during Holocene period

From 400-60 cm 26 samples were obtained in an 820 cm profile at Dongganchi of Fangshan in Beijing. They provided a continuous record of vegetation and environmental changes over ca .7000 aB.P., as inferred from Spore-pollen. loss-on-ignition (LOI), and charcoal analysis,impacts of natural fire and human activities on plant communities and lakes and swamps were considered. 1) From 7000-5960 aB.P, the forest development was limited, probably in response to climate Warming. Aquatic and marsh plants began to increase, bat the lakes and swamps in some areas were limited. 2) About 5960-3390 aB.p, presumably in responded to climate warming which was warmer than that at present Aquatic plants began to become abundant,reflected the widespread development of the lakes and swamps, the climate was wet with annual precipitation higher than that at present 3) About 3390-1000 aB.P, human activities have kept to be the dominating factor in the evolution of vegetation and climatic change. Temperature decreased, and the annual precipitation rapidly reduced in Baijing area. the lakes and swamps gradually shrank back, some of them even disappeared. 4) After 1000 aB.P, there was a severe fluntuction, and early during this time, it was comparatively warm and humid, but became cool and dry later. In the meantime. human activities were intensified. agricultural activity was flourished. and large area of water field was cultivated

Identification of summer nectar plants contributing to outbreaks of Mythimna separata(Walker)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in North China

The presence of adequate nectar sources along the migratory pathway is a prerequisite for moths of oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, to reach target habitats and lay eggs. Identification of plant species and assessment of their suitability as wild nectar sources along the summer migration pathway of adult M. separata are critical steps in making effective forecasts of second-and third-generation armyworm outbreaks in North China. We explored five aspects of moth-nectar source relationships：（1） Field investigations in 2014 and 2015 showed that the florescence of chaste tree, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, a primary nectar plant in apiculture, coincided with the summer migration of oriental armyworm moths. The flowers of chaste tree opened day and night and M. separata moths were found actively flying around and resting on tree.（2） Identification of moth-borne pollen by scanning electronic microscopy（SEM） micrographs in 2015 and 2016 revealed that 15.4% of 369 moths trapped by blacklight traps, 17.1% of 557 moths captured by vertical-pointing searchlight traps and 24.4% of 311 moths caught by pheromone traps were found with pollen attached to their proboscis. A total of 228 pollen-carrying individuals out of 1237 armyworm moths were captured by the three types of traps. The three highest percentages of pollen-bearing armyworm moths were carrying pollen of Toona sp.（59.65%）, Ligustrum sp.（27.19%） and Syringa sp.（4.39%）. In total, 14 types of pollen were detected where three were identified to species, 10 to genus and one as an unknown species.（3） Analysis of geographical distribution, flowering periods and relative abundances of candidate nectar plants suggested that Chinese toon, Toona sinensis, and privet, Ligustrum lucidum, were two important nectar plant species.（4） Analysis on relationship between pollen and ovarian development showed that 14, 15 and 10 females carrying pollen of T. sinensis had ovaries at developmental stages Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, respectively. Many T. sinensis pollen grains were present on the proboscises of female moths.（5） Comparison of trap effectiveness between blacklight and vertical-pointing searchlight traps indicated blacklight traps caught the highest proportion（35.2%） of female in ovarian stage Ⅴ, whereas vertical-pointing searchlight traps caught the highest proportion（43.5%） of female in ovarian stage I with additional proportions of decreasing percentages for stages Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ. Integrated analysis on these five aspects suggests that T. sinensis is an important, suitable summer nectar source that potentially influences migration and reproduction of M. separata moths andthus contributes to outbreaks of this pest. The vertical-pointing searchlight trap was the most effective tool for monitoring the migratory flight of adult M. separata. Privet, Ligustrum lucidum, and clove, Syringa sp., are possible suitable summer nectar plants that need further study to elucidate their importance. The reason why field investigation results on chaste tree differed from the results of moth-borne pollen analyses was discussed.

芦笋超雄株花粉母细胞减数分裂观察

减数分裂是有性生殖的关键过程。为了明确芦笋超雄株花粉母细胞减数分裂的具体情况及异常行为对配子生长发育的影响,采用改良苯酚品红压片法对58株芦笋超雄株的986个花粉母细胞减数分裂过程进行了系统观察。结果表明,(1)超雄株花粉母细胞减数分裂为胞质分裂同时型,染色体构型为10个二价体,四分体为十字交叉型。(2)中期Ⅰ小型棒状二价体的出现比例为96.55%,四价体为8.62%,染色体粘连为22.41%。(3)后期Ⅰ落后染色体的出现比例为12.07%,染色体桥为13.79%;分裂期出现微核的比例为6.59%。(4)在中期Ⅱ~末期Ⅱ中分裂不同步的出现比例为34.45%。超雄株花粉母细胞在整个减数分裂进程中,前期Ⅰ所需时间最长。减数分裂配对成10个二价体,在倍性水平上属于二倍体。减数分裂异常行为主要出现在中期Ⅰ和后期Ⅰ。对超雄株花粉母细胞减数分裂过程的观察,不仅能够丰富芦笋的细胞遗传学内容,还可以为芦笋发育生物学、杂交育种、基因定位等方面提供必要的细胞遗传学信息。

典型浅街峡谷布局及其植物配置模式春季花粉飞散特征模拟研究

城市中的气传花粉已成为春秋季节性过敏的主要过敏原之一,研究典型建筑布局及其植物配置模式下花粉飞散特征能够为合理优化城市绿地配置提供数据支撑,为花粉飞散研究提供补充。基于北京市海淀区校园绿地春季观测数据,提取3个采样地街谷布局和植物特征参数,借助CFD平台构建15个典型浅街峡谷布局及其植物配置模式参数化场景,探究不同场景下花粉飞散特征和距离阈值。研究结果表明:①花粉高浓度区位于风速较低、空气流动性较差的区域,花粉低浓度区位于风速高、空气流动性较好的地方。②4种植物配置模式的花粉飞散特征表现为行道树式>散点式>行道树+组团种植>组团式,花粉沉降特征表现为组团式>行道树+组团种植>行道树式>散点式。错列式布局结合行道树式植物配置花粉浓度降低率最高为24.89%,飞散效果相对更好。围合式布局结合组团式植物配置花粉浓度降低率最低为7.31%,聚积效果相对较好。③受不同建筑、植物和风场的影响,3类建筑布局花粉飞散距离远近依次为行列式>围合式>错列式,行列式需要约35—75m的飞散距离,围合式需要约28—60m的飞散距离,错列式需要约20—53m的飞散距离。风速低且花粉浓度高、飞散距离近的植物配置模式易于聚积,风速高且花粉浓度低、飞散距离远的植物配置模式易于飞散。

对流层臭氧污染对植物生理影响的研究进展

对流层臭氧是一种存在于近地面、对动植物有害的光化学污染物,定量评估和研究其对植物生理的影响和机制对保障全球粮食安全和人体健康具有至关重要的作用.由于过去三十年的快速工业化和城市化,对流层臭氧浓度正以每年约0.5%~2%的速度上升.针对当前臭氧污染加剧的情况,根据前人的基础理论研究和实验探索,本文就臭氧对植物表观、花粉和光合作用的影响特征及机制进行了总结和分析,得到以下认识:(1)臭氧污染下植物叶片受损、光合速率和固碳能力下降,影响干物质的积累与分配,是造成作物减产的主要原因;(2)臭氧污染导致花粉细胞膜受损,细胞脂质过氧化,改变了过敏原蛋白质的结构,增加了人体呼吸道过敏的风险.受损的化石花粉在沉积物中也有发现,通常与大规模生物灭绝同时期,推测与火山爆发或全球快速变暖导致的臭氧浓度增加有关.这些发现表明应加强自然环境下臭氧对植物生态习性的影响研究,重视植物地下生态过程的影响,开展缓解臭氧对作物影响和耐臭氧品种选育的研究.

龙须藤(Bauhinia championii)开花泌蜜习性及花蜜测量研究

为了解栽种的龙须藤其开花泌蜜习性、泌蜜量和花蜜糖含量,于2022~2023年在阳朔县对栽种的龙须藤进行调查,开展龙须藤开花泌蜜习性和花蜜测量研究。结果表明,龙须藤花期为8月中旬~10月中旬,花朵开放当天即泌蜜,单花泌蜜平均2~3d,在日间和夜间均泌蜜;采用套保鲜袋法测量:泌蜜量为11.8μL~25.8μL/朵·d,花蜜糖含量为7.0%~13.0%;在自然状态下,不套袋的龙须藤花朵其花蜜糖含量为10.5%~53.0%。

3种番杏科多肉植物花粉离体萌发条件优化及其活力测定

本试验以多肉植物枝干番杏、生石花、鲸波为材料,采用离体培养法研究蔗糖、硼酸、氯化钙浓度及培养温度对花粉萌发率的影响,优化花粉离体萌发条件,并结合TTC染色法对3种多肉植物的花粉活力进行测定。结果表明:在4个因素中,温度对多肉植物花粉萌发率影响较大,氯化钙影响较小,蔗糖和硼酸对多肉植物花粉萌发率的影响大小因植物种类而异;从花粉萌发率的统计结果来看,培养基中添加12%蔗糖、0.01%~0.02%硼酸、0.01%~0.03%氯化钙,放置在20℃下培养6 h,较适合番杏科多肉植物花粉的萌发。离体培养法和TTC染色法两种检测方法均显示,生石花的花粉活力最高,枝干番杏次之,鲸波最低。

薄壳山核桃花粉LTP基因的克隆和功能分析

【目的】比较薄壳山核桃Carya illinoinensis(Wangenh.)K.Koch和浙江山核桃Carya cathayensis Sarg花粉萌发前后蛋白质谱的差异,筛选出可能在山核桃属植物花粉萌发中起重要作用的显著差异蛋白,并分析其生物学特性和基因表达特点。【方法】基于iTRAQ技术比较两者花粉离体萌发前后蛋白质组变化的差异,筛选出显著差异蛋白,据此信息克隆和分析差异最为显著的基因,再利用已经建立的薄壳山核桃离体萌发体系和原核细胞融合蛋白表达系统来初步验证LTP(lipid transfer proteins)在花粉萌发中的功能。【结果】比较2种植物萌发前后的蛋白比值,发现有部分蛋白在2种植物中花粉萌发前后的变化规律是相反的,其中非特异脂蛋白(Non-specific lipid-transfer protein)比值达18.6倍。经过薄壳山核桃LTP同源基因的克隆和表达分析得出2个基因片段,将其命名为LTP1和LTP2,且LTP1的稳定性更好,将LTP1加入花粉萌发体系后发现LTP1对薄壳山核桃花粉萌发率和花粉管长度无显著影响。【结论】通过比较两者花粉萌发前后的蛋白质谱的差异,筛选出可能在山核桃属植物花粉萌发中起重要作用的非特异性脂质转移蛋白LTP,克隆了薄壳山核桃CiLTP1和CiLTP2基因,分析了其生物学特性和基因表达特点,但在花粉离体萌发体系中未发现体外表达的CiLTP1蛋白有影响花粉萌发的功能。研究可为揭示山核桃属植物花粉萌发规律提供重要参考。

鹅掌柴(Heptapleurum heptaphyllum)开花泌蜜习性及花蜜测量研究

为了解栽种鹅掌柴的开花泌蜜习性、泌蜜量和花蜜糖含量,在阳朔县对栽种的鹅掌柴进行调查,开展了鹅掌柴开花泌蜜习性、花蜜测量等研究。结果表明,鹅掌柴花期为11月中旬~翌年1月下旬,花朵开放当天即泌蜜,单花泌蜜10~11 d;通过给花序套保鲜袋观测:鹅掌柴蜜腺日间泌蜜,夜间不泌蜜;泌蜜量为1.9μL~15.5μL/朵·d,平均6.35μL±3.27μL/朵·d;花蜜的糖含量为8.5%~15.5%,平均11.13%±2.01%;访花蜜蜂有中华蜜蜂和西方蜜蜂,访花高峰期为11:30~16:00。可得出结论,在阳朔县栽种的鹅掌柴能正常开花泌蜜,花蜜丰富,可作为阳朔县冬季重要蜜粉源加以利用。

9种淫羊藿属植物花果物候期及花粉活力研究

对9种淫羊藿属植物开花结果物候期及不同花期花粉活力进行观察,初步研究结果表明:花期分布于3月上旬至5月下旬,开花率6.5%~46.0%,果期分布于3月中旬至6月上旬,结实率8%~36%。不同品种淫羊藿进入花果期的时间和花果期长短也存在差异,盛花期持续时间不同;无论是大花类群还是小花类群,经TTC法测定发现花粉活力最强的时期均为花朵半开期。

气候变化对特定蜜粉源植物花期蜜源质量的长期影响分析

通过分析气候变化对特定蜜粉源植物的影响及花期与蜜源质量的关系,结合蜜源植物的局限性,揭示了气候变化对蜜源质量的潜在影响机制。研究发现,气候变化导致蜜粉源植物的花期和蜜源质量发生变化,这会对蜜蜂等传粉者的生态系统服务产生重要影响。

昆虫携带花粉网络的构建及其与植物-传粉者互作网络的关系

昆虫的访问不等同于授粉,了解植物与传粉者之间的真实相互作用关系是构建传粉网络的关键步骤。本文阐述了昆虫携带花粉网络构建的关键因素和方法,分析了昆虫携带花粉网络与植物-传粉者互作网络的利弊以及二者之间的关系,以期两种网络可以相互补充,从而可以更好地了解植物与传粉者的相互作用关系以及群落物种多样性的形成和维持机制。

花粉浓度等级划分探讨

随着环境气象服务的拓展,开展花粉预报的省市地区逐年增加,但花粉预报等级在国内尚无统一标准,影响服务效果。为了使花粉浓度预报客观化规范化,根据全国29个省市花粉调查数据,按华北、东北、华东等七大区域进行了花粉季节变化规律分析。利用天津市2001—2005年、武汉市1994—1995年花粉观测资料和同期花粉过敏患者病例,进行了花粉浓度与发病率的相关分析,依据不同种类植物花粉致敏性的强弱,分别按木本植物和草本植物进行了花粉浓度等级划分,共分为低、较低、中等、较高、高5个级别。结果表明花粉浓度与发病率等级有较好的一致性。虽然用花粉浓度的高低不能精确地表示发病率的高低,但基本可以表征花粉症的发病趋势。此等级标准在实际应用中既方便而且又非常有实际意义。

银杏雄株叶片和花粉主要类黄酮成分含量分析

【目的】研究江苏省46个银杏实生雄株(系)叶片和花粉类黄酮化合物主要成分及其含量,为合理开发利用银杏雄株种质资源提供理论依据。【方法】运用HPLC技术分析不同株系叶片和花粉甲醇(乙醇)-盐酸水解溶液中主要黄酮苷元的含量,并采用三因子法计算总黄酮苷含量。【结果】不同银杏雄株叶片和花粉的黄酮含量存在较大差异,通过设定黄酮苷元和总黄酮含量的选择域值,发现扬州有4个品系(扬州03、04、10、20)、泰州有2个品系(泰州08、13)、徐州有2个品系(徐州04、09)符合叶用标准,扬州有10个品系(扬州02、03、04、08、09、10、12、15、18、20)符合花粉用标准。银杏雄株叶片和花粉均含有槲皮素、山奈酚和异鼠李素3种黄酮苷元,但含量不同,叶片中三者差别不大,而花粉中以山萘酚为主,花粉总黄酮平均含量约为叶片的1.42倍。【结论】通过黄酮苷元和总黄酮含量的分析,根据设定的选择指标,可以得到优良的叶用或花粉用单株供生产利用,为银杏雄株资源的综合利用提供了参考。

中国北方森林植被主要表土花粉类型对植被的指示性

中国北方森林植被68个表土花粉样品中,主要花粉类型联合指数(A)、超代表性指数(O)、低代表性指数(U)、R值、植被不存在时花粉百分比最大值(Xa)和平均值(Ma)、植被存在时花粉百分比最大值(Xp)和平均值(Mp)的计算表明:胡桃、青檀、禾本科、菊科、莎草科、皂荚等A值较高,O值及U值均较低,对植被指示明显,为适中代表性类型;云杉、冷杉、栎、鼠李、沙枣、落叶松、榆、杨、黄栌、花椒、木犀科、绣线菊、毛茛科、榛等,尽管A值和O值大于0.5,但Xa远低于Mp,R值小于1,对植被指示意义较明显,属低代表性类型;桦、松、蒿、藜科等,A值适中,O值和R值较高,U值较低,但Xa,Xp和Ma值较高,属超代表性类型,对植被有一定的指示意义;其他花粉类型对植被指示性不明显或需进一步研究。花粉百分比与植物盖度关系研究表明,多数在森林中建群或为优势成分的乔木花粉与母体植物呈显著线性相关关系,森林植被中的伴生乔木、灌木和多数草本花粉与植物盖度无明显的线性相关关系。松花粉30%以上,可能有松林存在;云、冷杉林中云杉、冷杉花粉高于20%,无云杉植物存在时云、冷杉花粉低于5%;落叶松林中落叶松花粉低于20%,落叶松在植被中不占优势时花粉百分比低于5%,周围植被无落叶松存在时花粉百分比多低于1%;桦木林中桦树花粉高于40%,无桦属植物存在时桦属花粉多低于5%;栎树林中栎属花粉百分比高于10%,无栎属植物存在时栎属花粉多低于1%;鹅耳枥林中鹅耳枥林花粉低于15%,无鹅耳枥植物存在时鹅耳枥花粉多低于1%;杨树纯林中杨树花粉百分比约0～5%,杨属与其他阔叶树混交时杨花粉不易被记录到;胡桃楸纯林中胡桃花粉所占百分比约为25%～35%,无胡桃属植物存在时胡桃花粉低于1%;青檀林中青檀花粉低于15%,无青檀属植物存在时青檀花粉也不出现;榆树林中榆树花粉约8%～20%,榆树与其他阔叶树混交时榆树花粉低于1%。

6种枇杷属植物花粉形态扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜,对1个栽培品种(早钟6号),5个野生类型(椭圆枇杷、大渡河枇杷、栎叶枇杷、台湾枇杷、台湾枇杷恒春变型)的花粉进行了形态观察。结果表明,6种枇杷属植物的花粉粒均为长球形,具3条萌发沟,萌发沟以等间距环状分布,属于N3P4C5型花粉。6种枇杷属植物的花粉外壁属于条纹-穴状纹饰类型,外壁均具条嵴,嵴洼处散生有覆盖层穿孔,但条嵴及穿孔的形态和分布差异明显。最后,结合花粉形态的演化规律,对大渡河枇杷的系统学位置及枇杷属植物的起源与进化进行了讨论。

橄榄雄株花粉形态特征观察及数量分类初探

运用扫描电镜对采自全国主要橄榄分布区的24个橄榄雄株种质的花粉超微形态特征进行观察,结果表明,观察的橄榄花粉为圆球形或近长球形（1.07〈P/E〈1.33）,花粉极轴长18.33-24.76μm,赤道轴长16.23-20.31μm。橄榄花粉外部形态特征比较一致,属N3P4C5类型,均有3条萌发沟,辐射对称,均等分布,3条沟在极面不交会,有沟界极区。外壁纹饰为条纹——小穴状,花粉种间差异主要表现在大小、形状、外壁纹饰和萌发沟性状的细微变化方面。橄榄花粉形态具有一致性和多样性,并在聚类分析的基础上对橄榄花粉数量分类进行了探讨,在遗传距离7.25处将所观察花粉分为5类。