A plant-based diet for overweight and obesity prevention and treatment

The goal of this paper is to review the evidence related to the effect of plant-based dietary pattems on obesity and weight loss, includingboth observational and intervention trials. Literature from plant-based diets （PBDs） epidemiological and clinical trial research was used toinform this review. In addition, data on dietary quality, adherence, and acceptability were evaluated and are presented. Both clinical trials andobservational research indicate an advantage to adoption of PBDs for preventing overweight and obesity and promoting weight loss. PBDsmay also confer higher levels of diet quality than are observed with other therapeutic diet approaches, with similar levels of adherence andacceptability. Future studies should utilize health behavior theory to inform intervention development and delivery of PBDs studies and newtechnologies to bring interventions to scale for greater public health impact. Research examining PBDs and weight loss is also needed withmore diverse populations, including older adults. Based on the available evidence, PBDs should be considered a viable option for the treat-ment and prevention of overweight and obesity.

氯酯磺草胺与甲咪唑烟酸复配防除香附子效果及对紫花苜蓿安全性

为明确氯酯磺草胺与甲咪唑烟酸应用于紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)田的可行性,在温室和田间测定了氯酯磺草胺和甲咪唑烟酸复配对香附子(Cyperus rotundus)的防效和紫花苜蓿的安全性。温室试验表明,氯酯磺草胺和甲咪唑烟酸复配对香附子具有很好的防除效果,两者按有效成分用量比1:2~1:4配比对香附子株高和鲜重的共毒系数分别介于131.54~150.46和152.84~180.25,呈明显增效作用,其中1:3的比例配伍的增效最为明显,对紫花苜蓿和香附子之间的株高和鲜重选择性指数分别为1.86和1.56。两地田间试验表明,氯酯磺草胺和甲咪唑烟酸(17.50+52.50)~(25.00+75.00) g·hm^(-2)复配处理对郑州和兰考两地的香附子株防效分别为78.5%~88.5%和82.1%~90.8%、鲜重防效分别为83.4%~92.7%和84.7%~93.6%,增产率分别为28.8%~35.1%和30.5%~38.3%,显著高于氯酯磺草胺和甲咪唑烟酸单用,且避免了单用氯酯磺草胺和甲咪唑烟酸的药害问题,提高了对紫花苜蓿的安全性,表明甲咪唑烟酸和氯酯磺草胺复配可有效防控香附子,对紫花苜蓿的安全性较好,具有良好推广应用前景。

Bio-Efficacy of Plant-Derived Pesticides against Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and Their Interactive Effects on Maize Agronomic Performance under Field Conditions

Maize is widely cultivated in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and provides farmers with nutrition and income. However, the fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) invasion is a threat to its production and supply. Hence, this field experiment was conducted to assess the bio-efficacy of plant-derived pesticides (PDPs) against FAW and their interactive effects on maize agronomic performance under field conditions. The treatments studied were turmeric rhizome extract (TRE), neem leaf ash solution (NLAS), neem bark extract (NBE), and untreated plots (control) and were replicated 5 times using the randomized complete block design. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated by Fisher’s protected least significant difference test. The result showed that the application of PDPs significantly reduced FAW infestation during the period of peak infestation. At 33 DAS, NBE significantly had the lowest number of FAW larvae (0.6) [F (4, 15) = 5.11, p = 0.02] and FAW attack intensity (29.8%) [F (4, 15) = 8.69, p F (4, 15) = 3.58, p = 0.04] and had the highest number of harvested ears (5.0) [F (4, 15) = 3.72, p = 0.04] and fresh ear weights (447 g) [F (4, 15) = 4.65, p = 0.02] compared to NLAS. The TRE and NLAS had performed poorly relative to the control. Hence, NBE can be used to control FAW infestation at a period of high attack intensity (33 DAS). Moreover, this study will provide basic information for future studies on biopesticidal plant extracts as a control of FAW infestation under field conditions in PNG.

黑龙江省大豆田苘麻田间发生动态

随着大豆种植面积逐年增加,黑龙江省大豆田苘麻的危害也显著加重。掌握苘麻在大豆田中的发生规律,抓住防除苘麻的关键时期,可以更好地制定科学有效的综合防除策略。本研究通过田间调查及数据统计分析初步分析了苘麻的田间发生动态。结果表明,拔除处理的苘麻种群数量达79.0株/m^(2),显著高于不拔除处理的苘麻累计出苗数18株/m^(2),且不拔除处理苘麻累计出苗数比其最高值33.8株/m^(2)减少了46.75%。5月下旬到9月初苘麻的株高及鲜重变化曲线呈S形,即表现“慢快慢”的基本规律。大豆播种后10~20 d为苘麻出苗高峰期,6月中旬到7月中旬为苘麻快速生长期,7月下旬苘麻进入开花结实期,8月中旬苘麻种子逐渐成熟,9月初苘麻种子大部分成熟。单株苘麻的生物量和结籽量随着出苗时间的推迟而降低。5月下旬到7月上旬出苗的苘麻均能开花结实完成整个生长繁殖过程,且出苗越早的苘麻开花期越长,苘麻蒴果的平均直径更大,单蒴果平均种子数更多,结实能力更强。7月中旬以后出苗的苘麻不能开花无生殖生长。

大豆株型与产量相关性状QTL定位及候选基因预测

为探究与大豆株型和产量相关QTL位点及候选基因,对以东农42(♀)和东农50(♂)为亲本,与168个家系构建的F_(2:12)、F_(2:13)重组自交系(Recombination inbred lines,RILs)群体的株高、分枝数、四粒荚数、百粒重性状测定表型数据,运用IBM SPSS Statistics、R语言进行统计和相关性分析,并利用完备区间作图法(Inclusive composite interval mapping,ICIM)进行加性效应及上位效应分析,共计定位到43个QTL位点,贡献率超过10%的主效位点为14个,包括株高3个、分枝数8个、四粒荚数1个和百粒重2个;其中11个位点与前人已报道位点重合,分别位于4、6、8、16和19号染色体上;qBN-6-2(13.21%)、qBN-6-5(19.96%)和qBN-6-6(13.69%)为3个环境重复定位到的位点,qHSW-19-1与多个已报道位点均有重合。通过上位性分析,获得株高、分枝数、四粒荚数和百粒重位点分别为3、6、6和62对。根据所定位到的物理区间和定量预测,筛选到Glyma.04G238800、Glyma.03G181600、Glyma.08G271900、Glyma.18G278800和Glyma.19G187000等5个与株高、分枝数、四粒荚数和百粒重性状相关的候选基因,为分子辅助育种奠定基础。

小麦E3泛素连接酶基因TaSINA-3A与多种环境下的株高和千粒重相关

E3泛素连接酶SINA(seven in absentia)家族参与植物的生长发育、免疫共生并响应逆境胁迫。本研究克隆了位于小麦染色体3A上的TaSINA-3A基因,其基因组序列长度为3897 bp,其中启动子区为2001 bp,基因序列为1896 bp,编码244个氨基酸,在50~91位氨基酸处有一个RING(really interesting new gene)保守结构域。RT-qPCR结果显示,TaSINA-3A基因在小麦的各个发育阶段的不同组织中均有表达。序列多态性分析表明,在TaSINA-3A的启动子区存在33个SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism)位点,编码区有4个SNP位点。基于启动子区的变异位点SNP-159、SNP-418和SNP-1286开发分子标记,扫描小麦自然群体,并与表型性状进行关联分析。结果表明,标记CAPS-159与多种环境下的株高和倒二节长显著相关,SNP-159-C是倒二节较短的矮秆等位变异,标记dCAPS-418分别与多种环境下的穗长和千粒重显著关联,SNP-418-A是长穗、高千粒重的优异等位变异;TaSINA-3A负调控穗和籽粒的发育,TaSINA-3A的表达可能受到MYC转录因子的抑制;在我国小麦育种进程中SNP-418-A受到正向选择,在育成品种中的频率逐步增加,但尚未充分利用。研究结果为深入探讨小麦株高、倒二节长及产量的形成机制提供参考,并为培育高产稳产广适新品种提供了基因资源。

东北天然次生针阔混交林乔木层碳储量变化的采伐干扰响应

[目的]探究采伐干扰对东北典型天然次生针阔混交林乔木层碳储量变化的影响,为东北地区森林可持续经营提供理论依据。[方法]在吉林省林业实验区国有林保护中心选取4块1 hm^(2)针阔混交林样地,2011年开展初次调查,同年冬季进行采伐作业,2013、2015、2018和2021年复测保留木。采用双变量线性回归法,探讨采伐强度、物种多样性、功能多样性、系统发育多样性和群落加权平均性状值对碳储量和碳增量的影响;使用多元线性回归模型,比较各变量的贡献程度;利用结构方程模型,检验各变量对碳储量和碳增量的直接和间接效应。[结果]1)碳储量和碳增量多元线性回归模型中,采伐强度对碳储量和碳增量的贡献分别占总解释量的25%和5%;植物物种多样性对碳储量和碳增量的贡献分别占总解释量(物种、功能、系统发育多样性)的67%和58%;群落加权平均性状值对碳储量和碳增量的贡献分别占总解释量的8%和37%。2)碳储量结构方程模型中,采伐强度对系统发育多样性、功能多样性、最大树高加权性状值和碳储量具有显著负向效应,路径系数分别为−0.221、−0.454、−0.337和−0.229;采伐强度对木质密度加权性状值具有显著正向效应,路径系数为0.368;采伐强度对物种多样性的直接效应不显著;物种多样性和功能多样性对碳储量具有显著正向效应,路径系数分别为0.306和0.235;系统发育多样性和群落加权平均值对碳储量的直接效应不显著。3)碳增量结构方程模型中,最大树高加权性状值对碳增量具有显著正向效应,功能多样性与木质密度加权性状值不相关,其他变量间的关系与碳储量模型相同。[结论]物种多样性、功能多样性、群落加权平均性状值对碳储量和碳增量具有直接影响,森林经营时可通过增加植物种类以促成功能多样的林分来提高森林碳汇能力。采伐强度直接或间接通过功能多样性和群落加权平均性状值减少碳储量和碳增量,在森林经营中应合理采伐,以提高森林碳汇能力。

5种除草剂对宁夏入侵生物刺苍耳的防控效果初探

本研究旨在筛选出适合在宁夏地区防控刺苍耳的除草剂,通过田间试验测定了2-甲基-4-氯二甲胺盐、氯氟吡氧乙酸、苯嘧·草甘膦、硝磺草酮、苯唑草酮5种除草剂对刺苍耳的株防效和鲜重防效。通过单因素方差分析及差异显著性检验,统计株防效。研究结果显示,在5种除草剂中,60%2-甲基-4-氯二甲胺盐AS 750 mL/hm^(2)、200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 900 mL/hm^(2)、40%苯嘧·草甘膦OD 1500 mL/hm^(2)对刺苍耳防效显著,21 d防效分别为96.62%、98.31%、100%;鲜重防效结果显示,200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 900 mL/hm^(2)、40%苯嘧·草甘膦OD 1500 mL/hm^(2)防控效果最好,21 d防效分别为93.94%、100%。综合以上防效结合作物种类,在荒地、林地、沟渠等防除刺苍耳,可选择灭生性除草剂苯嘧·草甘膦,在小麦、玉米等禾本科作物田防除刺苍耳,可优先选用氯氟吡氧乙酸类除草剂。本研究解过为筛选出高效防除药剂,及刺苍耳的防除提供了理论依据与数据支持。

光热电站太阳能典型气象年的气象要素权重取值分析

影响光热电站(CSP)性能的各气象要素主要有水平面总辐射(GHI)、法向直接辐射(DNI)、温度及风速,各气象要素的权重因子赋值不同会导致典型气象年(TMY)结果的差异。本文以西北某地区多年实测辐射数据以及长系列卫星辐射数据为研究基础数据,分别采用Sandia、SolarGIS及CSWD的分析方法,采用随机赋值法,得出我国西北某地区光热电站典型年太阳能资源分析DNI、GHI、风速、温度的权重取值如下:采用Sandia方法时,分别为0.6、0.2、0.1及0.1;采用SolarGIS方法时,分别为0.7、0.1、0.1及0.1;采用CSWD方法时,分别为0.6、0.1、0.2及0.1。本文的研究结果将为太阳能光热电站的高效利用及推广提供一定的借鉴。

不同授粉方式对“台农1号”百香果果实性状的影响

生产上发现授粉方式对百香果发育及果实性状产生较大影响,为揭示其具体影响方式,以“台农1号”紫果百香果为材料,设置异株异花、同株异花、自花授粉3种授粉方式,测定比较不同授粉方式的果实成熟时间、着果率、果实外观性状、内在品质和种子性状等,并分析各性状指标间的相关性。结果表明,异株异花授粉和自花授粉着果率较高,分别达到98.3%和96.7%;不同授粉方式的单果质量和单果种子数存在显著性差异,从高到低依次为自花授粉>异株异花授粉>同株异花授粉;自花授粉和异株异花授粉可食率较高,而自花授粉果实纵径、横径最大。单果质量与果实横径均呈显著正相关,果实横径与果实纵径也呈极显著正相关;异株异花授粉和同株异花授粉果实单果质量与单果种子数呈显著正相关;同株异花授粉的果实固酸比与成熟时间呈极显著正相关,与可滴定酸呈极显著负相关。推测不同授粉方式对供试百香果品种果实性状影响较大。

不同土壤封闭除草剂对南方大豆玉米带状复合种植地的防草效果

为解决南方大豆玉米带状间作复合种植杂草难以防治的问题,选用土壤封闭除草剂单剂、复配剂及土壤封闭除草剂单剂+草甘膦异丙胺盐等共8种,开展了复合种植生育中期及后期土壤封闭除草剂对杂草的株防效和鲜重防效研究。结果表明:土壤封闭除草剂复配剂平均效果好于单剂;鲜重防效高于株防效;随着生育进程的推进,株防效和鲜重防效随之降低,株防效降低幅度大于鲜重防效;药后97 d,土壤封闭除草剂鲜重防效依次为精异丙甲草胺+草甘膦异丙胺盐>噻磺·乙草胺>异丙甲草胺>精异丙甲草胺>二甲戊灵>扑·乙>乙草胺,防效分别为84.8%、83.04%、81.52%、80.11%、78.36%、77.35%、67.54%,均可作为湖南及南方大豆玉米带状间作复合种植土壤封闭除草剂使用;唑嘧磺草胺在南方作为土壤封闭除草剂仍需进一步研究。

考虑需求响应优先级的配电终端虚拟电厂优化调度研究

虚拟电厂技术提升了分布式能源消纳潜力、填补了电网调度盲区。为引导用户参与电力调度,在激励型需求响应购电协议基础上,构建了包含智能家居负荷和冷热联供建筑相变储能系统的虚拟储能模型,并量化分析各类资源可调度裕度;以用户响应特性为指标,采用熵权法评估各类用户负荷的动态响应性能,设置虚拟储能参与调度的动态响应优先级;以虚拟电厂收益最大为目标,综合考虑资源购电成本、电热平衡等因素,提出了集分布式电源和智慧社区激励响应负荷的终端虚拟电厂优化调度模型,采用改进光线寻优算法对模型求解。结果验证了所提方法的有效性。

不同除草剂和药械防除小麦田杂草的田间药效

为了掌握不同药剂、不同药械对小麦田杂草的防除效果及安全性,试验选用不同药剂、不同施药器械防除小麦田杂草。结果表明:用植保无人机喷施4%啶磺草胺可分散油悬浮剂375 mL/hm^(2)+聚醚改性的七甲基三硅氧烷可溶性液剂277.5 mL/hm^(2)处理对小麦田杂草的防除效果最好,药后15、30、45 d对小麦田总草的株防效分别为61.84%、88.07%和83.40%,药后45 d对总草的鲜重防效达到90.72%;在药剂种类及剂量相同的条件下,植保无人机飞防处理对小麦田杂草的防效明显高于人工喷雾处理。

NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂的研究进展

NLRP3被病原体和体内危险信号刺激,能够招募ASC和pro-caspase1等蛋白形成NLRP3炎症小体,进而诱导细胞焦亡和IL-1β等细胞因子的分泌,促进炎症反应发生,调节内稳态。然而NLRP3炎症小体过度活化与人类很多炎症性和自身免疫性疾病密切相关,靶向抑制NLRP3炎症小体能够显著抑制炎症反应并缓解该类疾病症状。寻找靶向NLRP3炎症小体活化的抑制剂并实现临床转化是重要的研究方向。本文介绍NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂的来源分类并综述最新研究进展。

草甘膦、草铵膦喷施对槟榔根系形态及生理的影响

除草剂防除杂草的同时会对非靶标作物造成一定危害,频繁使用除草剂的海南槟榔园叶片黄化症状更明显,我们推测除草剂可能导致槟榔根系退化,从而引起叶片黄化。为验证这一推断,以幼龄期与成龄期槟榔为试验材料,施用不同浓度草甘膦和草铵膦后,测定分析槟榔根系生长发育形态指标、根系活力、气生根组织结构、不同类型根系占比等。结果表明,幼龄期槟榔根系以直径0~1.5 mm根系为主,数量占总根的88%以上,表面积占总根的63%以上。与人工除草、对照(不除草)相比,喷施草甘膦和草铵膦显著降低槟榔幼苗根系鲜干质量、白色吸收根比例、吸收根活力。对于成龄期槟榔气生根,喷施草甘膦和草铵膦均引起气生根药剂残留,且农残量随施用浓度增加而增加,并阻碍槟榔气生根发育;草甘膦处理后14 d气生根死亡数达到最大,草铵膦处理后28 d达到最大。草铵膦损害气生根组织结构,使新根内皮层排列稀疏,表皮组织厚度增加,木栓化程度加深,导致根表皮细胞大量死亡,抑制气生根伸长与增粗。说明喷施草甘膦和草铵膦会导致槟榔根系木栓化,加速根系死亡,从而抑制其根系生长与发育,引起槟榔园叶片黄化。

基于熵权-TOPSIS的水电厂桥式起重机综合多轨迹规划控制策略

水电厂桥式起重机负载大,制动时加速度变化和惯性摆动会导致桥机定位精度低,对此,提出了基于熵权-TOPSIS评价方法的综合多轨迹控制策略,应用于桥式起重机行走过程控制。通过Matlab仿真获得桥机4种行走轨迹曲线,将4种轨迹曲线和桥机模型导入到Adams运动仿真平台,由仿真结果构建轨迹评价指标体系,基于熵权-TOPSIS评价方法对不同位移下的桥机行走轨迹规划算法进行综合评分。评分结果表明,不同轨迹算法在不同位移条件下运动特性不同。因此,在桥机行走控制过程中,可根据桥机行走距离的不同选择不同的轨迹曲线,相比于单一轨迹曲线控制,多轨迹规划控制可有效提高水电厂桥机定位精度以及大部件吊装的安全性。

A dCAPS marker developed from a stress associated protein gene TaSAP7-B governing grain size and plant height in wheat

Stress associated proteins（SAPs） are the A20/AN1 zinc-finger proteins which confer to abiotic stresses in plants. In this study, TaSAP7-B, including two AN1 domains, was isolated from B genome of wheat（Triticum aestivum L.）. Sequencing analysis on TaSAP7-B illustrated one In Del（insertion-deletion） and one SNP（single nucleotide polymorphism） in the promoter region while no diversity was observed in the coding region. On the basis of SNP in the promoter region（–260 bp）, a dCAPS（derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences） marker SNP-260 was developed for TaSAP7-B. Using a natural population consisting of 262 wheat accessions, significant associations were detected between the marker SNP-260 and agronomic traits, such as plant height（PH）, peduncle length（PL）, length of penultimate internode（LPI）, number of spike per plant（NSP）, and 1 000-grain weight（TGW）. Two genotypes were identified using marker SNP-260 in the natural population. Among them, the genotypes possessing C allele exhibited a higher TGW and shorter PH than the T genotypes. Hence, base C was considered as the superior allele. The dCAPS marker of TaSAP7-B can be instrumental for marker-assisted selection for high grain size and short plant height.

基于多子空间加权移动窗主成分分析的全厂流程早期故障检测

早期故障的特征不明显,在全厂流程中比常规故障难检测.为了提高全厂流程中早期故障的检测率和灵敏度,将检测视角由全局转移至局部,提出基于多子空间加权移动窗主成分分析(PCA)的早期故障检测方法.使用结合过程知识和数据驱动的双层子空间划分方法,将过程变量划分到不同子空间中.使用加权的移动窗口增大早期故障的偏移量,将局部离群因子(LOF)算法引入PCA,以便进一步关注数据的局部特征,在每个子空间中建立故障检测模型.通过贝叶斯推理融合法对各子空间的监测结果进行信息融合,获得分布式监测结果.通过工业实例验证所提方法的性能.结果表明,所提方法在全厂流程中有效提升了早期故障检测的准确率和灵敏度.

Morphological Features of Plants and Yield of Sunflower Hybrids Cultivated in the Northern Part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

In Ukraine, a sunflower is the main oil crop from which more than 90% of vegetable fats are produced. An increase in production is due to the expansion of cultivation area, which necessitates research on sunflower hybrids adaptability in the northern regions of Ukraine, where in recent decades, there has been a significant change of weather conditions and which may be favorable for its cultivation. The research was carried out in the Northern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on light loam chernozems. Reaction to growing conditions of four hybrids was studied by establishing the stability and plasticity of hybrids in terms of yield formation due to changes in morphological characteristics of plants. Yield potential realization is high enough, which is provided by sufficient amounts of positive, active, effective temperatures and precipitation. Calculation of the coefficients of plasticity and stability allows identifying stable sunflower hybrids, hybrids with a high level of plasticity, and recommending them to production. The yield of early-maturing hybrid Ukrainskyi F1 increases rectilinearly with plant density increasing (r = 0.977 - 0.998), while hybrids P63LL06 (r = 0.651 - 0.882);NK Ferti (r = 0.589 - 0.846), and NK Brio (r = 0.689 - 0.804) form a higher yield at standing densities up to 60 thousand plants per hectare, and with further thickening, the yield decreases. With the thickening of sowings, the height of all hybrids plants increases (r = 0.97 - 0.99), and there is a decrease in the number of seeds per anthode, and the weight of 1000 seeds. Sunflower hybrids can be divided into the groups according to the peculiarities of yield formation due to morphological features: 1) yield increases only due to sowings’ thickening— Ukrainskyi F1;2) combined efficiency-increasing sowings’ density to 60 thousand plants/ha and generative organs formation—NCKBrio;3) hybrids of intermediate type—NK Ferti and P63LL06.

Effects of High Plant Protein and High Soluble Fiber Beverages on Satiety, Appetite Control and Subsequent Food Intake in Healthy Men

Plant based proteins and fibers are attractive ingredients for weight management-dietary preventive strategies due to their positive satiety enhancement effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of beverages high in plant-protein and soluble fiber on satiety, appetite, hunger and subsequent food intake in healthy young men. This was a randomized crossover study with 30 normal weight male participants, BMI 23.6 ± 1.6 and age 22 ± 1.4. Volunteers consumed one high carbohydrates control (B) and 3 treatments on different days with 3-day washout period. Beverages had similar viscosity and energy content (238 ± 3.8 Kcal). The blank contained (B)-0 g protein/2g fiber), High protein (HP)-30 g protein/2g fiber, High Fiber (HF)-0 g protein/11g fiber and High protein high fiber beverage (HPHF)-30g protein/11g fiber. Visual Analogue Scales VAS were used for subjective satiety, hunger and appetite. Subsequent energy and macronutrient intake was measured by difference after consuming lunch ad libitum. Beverages HP, HF and HPHF showed higher satiety effect than B after 2 and 3 hours post consumption (P = 0.02). HP showed the most prolonged effect on satiety (4 h) compared to the control (P = 0.02). Appetite control was not different between treatments but significant differences were observed against the control after 2 h of consumption (P = 0.01). No differences on hunger perception, subsequent energy or macronutrient intake were observed among all beverages (P > 0.05). The current study demonstrates that HPHF, HP and HF beverages led to improved satiety over high carbohydrate beverages. In conclusion, beverages formulated with plant-based proteins, soluble corn fiber or both may be an effective strategy to promote satiety as part of an overall weight management plan.