Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and ecosystem processes: Prospects for future research in tropical soils

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are more widely distributed and can associate with a wide range of plant species. AMF are keystone organisms that form an interface between soils and plant roots. They are also sensitive to environmental changes. AMF are important microbial symbioses for plants under conditions of P-limitation. The AMF are crucial for the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems as they form symbiotic interactions with plants. Mycorrhizal fungi are known to influence plant diversity patterns in a variety of ecosystems globally. AMF hyphae form an extensive network in the soil. The length is a common parameter used to quantifying fungal hyphae. The mycelial network of AM fungi extends into the soil volume and greatly increases the surface area for the uptake of immobile nutrients. Also, AM symbioses improve plants tolerance to drought and enhance plants’ tolerance of or resistance to root pathogens. Also, the networks of AM hyphae play a crucial role in the formation of stable soil aggregates and in the building up of a macroporous structure of soil that allows penetration of water and air and thereby prevents erosion. The functioning of AMF symbiosis is mediated by direct and indirect effects of biotic and abiotic factors of the surrounding rhizosphere, the community, and the ecosystem. AMF have great potential in the restoration of disturbed land and low fertility soil. However, despite the importance of AMF to terrestrial ecosystems, little is known about the effects of environmental changes on AMF abundance, activity and the impact of these changes on the ecosystem services. Therefore, it is important to gain a clearer understanding of the effects of environmental changes on the AM fungal species to guide conservation and restoration efforts.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis facilitates apricot seedling(Prunus sibirica L.)growth and photosynthesis in northwest China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi can successfully enhance photosynthesis(P_(n))and plants growth in agricultural or grassland ecosystems.However,how the symbionts affect species restoration in sunlight-intensive areas remains largely unexplored.Therefore,this study’s objective was to assess the effect of AM fungi on apricot seedling physiology,within a specific time period,in northwest China.In 2010,an experimental field was established in Shaanxi Province,northwest China.The experimental treatments included two AM fungi inoculation levels(0 or 100 g of AM fungal inoculum per seedling),three shade levels(1900,1100,and 550µmol m^(−2) s^(−1)),and three ages(1,3,and 5 years)of transplantation.We examined growth,Pn,and morphological indicators of apricot(Prunus sibirica L.)seedling performances in 2011,2013,and 2015.The colonization rate in mycorrhizal seedlings with similar amounts of shade is higher than the corresponding controls.The mycorrhizal seedling biomass is significantly higher than the corresponding non-mycorrhizal seedling biomass.Generally,P_(n),stomatal conductance(G_(s)),transpiration rate(T_(r)),and water use efficiency are also significantly higher in the mycorrhizal seedlings.Moreover,mycorrhizal seedlings with light shade(LS)have the highest Pn.WUE is increased in non-mycorrhizal seedlings because of the reduction in T_(r),while T_(r) is increased in mycorrhizal seedlings with shade.There is a significant increase in the N,P,and K fractions detected in roots compared with shoots.This means that LS had apparent benefits for mycorrhizal seedlings.Our results also indicate that AM fungi,combined with LS,exert a positive effect on apricot behavior.

Symbiosis between fungi and the hybrid Cymbidium and its mycorrhizal microstructures

Tissue culture seedlings of the hybrid Cymbidium were inoculated with six different fungal strains, isolated from the roots of different wild terrestrial orchids. About three months later, the average increment of fresh weight of seedlings inoculated with strains CF1, CF3 and CF12 were respectively 130.26%, 345.65% and 153.34% while that of the control was only 88.40%. The differences between the three treatments and the control were statistically significant （α = 0.05）, highlighting the treatment with strain CF3 （α = 0.01）. In addition, the three strains were obtained by re-isolating. Pelotons, regarded as typical structures of orchid mycorrhiza, were also found in the inoculating roots under a microscope. It seems that the strains of CF1, CF3, and CF12 are associated with the hybrid Cymbidium and supplied the orchid with nutrition. It can be confirmed that the three strains are beneficial for the seedlings of this hybrid.

Development of Preparative Chromatography for Proteomic Approach of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

Although mechanism of symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and host plants has been investigated by genetic analysis, very little knowledge has been obtained because genome analysis of AMF is not perfect yet. Thus, we tried to develop mass purification of proteins using preparative chromatography in order to accelerate roteomic analysis of proteins related to mycorrhizal symbiosis, such as 24 and 53 kDa proteins. In particular, our data showed that 53 kDa proteins would be restrictively expressed when mycorrhizal fungi and host plants were stressed. However, 24 kDa proteins, which appear to be a usable indicator for the existence of various my-corrhizal fungi, were habitually detected in not only AMF but also other mycorrhizal fungi such as ectomycorrhizal fungi (EF). Moreover, we discovered new preparative chromatographical techniques for isolation and mass purification of those proteins. We are convinced that this chromato-graphical technique will greatly contribute to proteomic approach of mycorrhizal symbiosis.

A Rice GRAS Gene Has an Impact on the Success of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization

Arbuscular mycorrhiza?(AM) is one of the most spread symbiosis established between 80% of land plants and soil fungi belonging to the Glomeromycota. Molecular determinants involved in the formation of arbuscular mycorrhizas are still poorly understood. It has been demonstrated that in both Legumes and rice plants, several GRAS transcription factors are directly involved in both mycorrhizal signaling and colonization, namely NSP1, NSP2, RAM1, DELLA, DELLA-interacting protein (DIP1) and RAD1. Here, we focused on a rice GRAS protein, named Arbuscular Mycorrhizal 18 (OsAM18), previously identified as specifically expressed in rice mycorrhizal roots, and considered as an AM-specific gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that OsAM18 had a peculiar amino acid sequence, which clustered with putative SCARECROW proteins, even though it formed a separate branch. Allelic osma18 mutant displayed a drastic reduction in mycorrhizal colonization in-tensity and in arbuscule abundance, as mirrored by OsPT11 expression level. Non-mycorrhizal osam18 plants displayed a comparable plant development and root apparatus compared with the WT, while mycorrhizal osam18 mutants showed a reduction of plant biomass compared with mycorrhizal WT plants. The results suggest that OsAM18?is a rice protein, which is likely to have an impact not only on the colonization process and AM functionality, but also on the systemic effects of the AM symbiosis.

Transcriptome analysis of the symbiosis-related genes between Funneliformis mosseae and Amorpha fruticosa

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) can colonize and form associations with the roots of Amorpha fruticosa L.(desert false indigo). Various genes are induced during the symbiotic process. In this study, de novo transcriptome sequencing using RNA-seq was conducted for the first time for a comprehensive analysis of AMF-A. fruticosa symbionts at the transcript level. We obtained 12 G of raw data from illumina sequencing and recovered 115,786 unigenes with an average length of547 bp, among them 41,848 of significance. A total of2460 diffexpression genes were identified, including 1579 down-regulated and 881 up-regulated genes. A threshold for false discovery rate of \ 0.001 and fold change of [ 1 determined significant differences in gene expression.Using these criteria, we screened 285 significant differentially expressed genes, of which 82 were up-regulated and203 down-regulated. The 82 up-regulated genes were classified according to their functions and assigned into seven categories: stress and defense, metabolism, signaling transduction, protein folding and degradation, energy,protein synthesis, and transcription. The 203 down-regulated genes were screened according to fold change [ 2,and 50 highly significant down-regulated genes were obtained related to stress and defense. The results of this study will provide a useful foundation for further investigation on the metabolic characteristics and molecular mechanisms of AMF associations with leguminous woody shrubs.

Signaling events during initiation of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Under nutrient-limiting conditions, plants will enter into symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi for the enhancement of mineral nutrient acquisition from the surrounding soil. AM fungi live in close, intracellular association with plant roots where they transfer phosphate and nitrogen to the plant in exchange for carbon. They are obligate fungi, relying on their host as their only carbon source. Much has been discovered in the last decade concerning the signaling events during initiation of the AM symbiosis, including the identification of signaling molecules generated by both partners. This signaling occurs through symbiosis-specific gene products in the host plant, which are indispensable for normal AM development. At the same time, plants have adapted complex mechanisms for avoiding infection by pathogenic fungi, including an innate immune response to general microbial molecules, such as chitin present in fungal cell walls. How it is that AM fungal colonization is maintained without eliciting a defensive response from the host is still uncertain. In this review, we present a summary of the molecular signals and their elicited responses during initiation of the AM symbiosis, including plant immune responses and their suppression.

Medicago AP2-Domain Transcription Factor WRI5a Is a Master Regulator of Lipid Biosynthesis and Transfer during Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

Most land plants have evolved a mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM)fungi that improve nutrient acquisition from the soil.In return,up to 20% of host plant photosynthate is transferred to the mycorrhizal fungus in the form of lipids and sugar.Nutrient exchange must be regulated by both partners in order to maintain a reliable symbiotic relationship.However,the mechanisms underlying the regulation of lipid transfer from the plantto the AM fungus remain elusive.Here,we show that the Medicago truncatula AP2/EREBP transcription factor WRI5a,and likely its two homologs WRI5b/Erfl and WRI5c,are master regulators of AM symbiosis Controlling lipid transfer and periarbuscular membrane formation.We found that WRI5a binds AW-box cis-regulatory elements in the promoters of M.truncatula STR,which encodes a periarbuscular membrane-localized ABC transporter required for lipid transfer from the plant to the AM fungus, and MtPT4,whichr encodes a phosphate transporter required for phosphate transfer from the AM fungus to the plant.The hairy roots of the M.truncatula wti5a mutant and RNAi composite plants displayed impaired arbuscule formation,whereas overexpression of WRI5a resulted in enhanced expression of STR and MtPT4,suggesting that WRI5a regulates bidirectional symbiotic nutrient exchange.Moreover,we found that WRI5a and RAM1(Required for Arbuscular Mycorrhization symbiosis 1),which encodes a GRASdomain transcription factor,regulate each other at the transcriptional level,forming a positive feedback loop for regulatingAM symbiosis.Collectively,our data suggest a role for WRI5a in controlling bidirectional nutrient exchange and periarbuscular membrane formation via the regulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and phosphate uptake in arbuscule-containing cells.

Screening for differentially expressed genes in Anoectochilus roxburghii (Orchidaceae) during symbiosis with the mycorrhizal fungus Epulorhiza sp.

Mycorrhizal fungi promote the growth and development of plants, including medicinal plants. The mechanisms by which this growth promotion occurs are of theoretical interest and practical importance to agriculture. Here, an endophytic fungus （AR-18） was isolated from roots of the orchid Anoectochilus roxburghii growing in the wild, and identified as Epulorhiza sp. Tissue-cultured seedlings of A. roxburghii were inoculated with AR-l 8 and co-cultured for 60 d. Endotrophic mycorrhiza formed and the growth of A. roxburghii was markedly promoted by the fungus. To identify genes in A. roxburghii that were differentially expressed during the symbiosis with AR-18, we used the differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reac- tion （DDRT-PCR） method to compare the transcriptomes between seedlings inoculated with the fungus and control seedlings. We amplified 52 DDRT-PCR bands using 15 primer combinations of three anchor primers and five arbitrary primers, and nine bands were re-amplified by double primers. Reverse Northern blot analyses were used to further screen the bands. Five clones were up-regulated in the symbiotic interaction, including genes encoding a uracil phosphoribosyltransferase （UPRTs; EC 2.4.2.9） and a hypothetical protein. One gene encoding an amino acid transmembrane transporter was down-regulated, and one gene encoding a tRNA-Lys （trnK） and a maturase K （matK） pseudogene were expressed only in the inoculated seedlings. The possible roles of the above genes, especially the UPRTs and marK genes, are discussed in relation to the fungal interaction. This study is the first of its type in A. roxburghii.

The RNAome landscape of tomato during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis reveals an evolving RNA layer symbiotic regulatory network

Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis(AMS)is an ancient plant-fungus relationship that is widely distributed in terrestrial plants.The formation of symbiotic structures and bidirectional nutrient exchange requires the regulation of numerous genes.However,the landscape of RNAome during plant AMS involving different types of regulatory RNA is poorly understood.In this study,a combinatorial strategy utilizing multiple sequencing approaches was used to decipher the landscape of RNAome in tomato,an emerging AMS model.The annotation of the tomato genome was improved by a multiple-platform sequencing strategy.A total of 3,174 protein-coding genes were upregulated during AMS,42%of which were alternatively spliced.Comparative-transcriptome analysis revealed that genes from 24 orthogroups were consistently induced by AMS in eight phylogenetically distant angiosperms.Seven additional orthogroups were specifically induced by AMS in all surveyed dicot AMS host plants.However,these orthogroups were absent or not induced in monocots and/or non-AMS hosts,suggesting a continuously evolving AMS-responsive network in addition to a conserved core regulatory module.Additionally,we detected 587 lncRNAs,ten miRNAs,and 146 circRNAs that responded to AMS,which were incorporated to establish a tomato AMSresponsive,competing RNA-responsive endogenous RNA(ceRNA)network.Finally,a tomato symbiotic transcriptome database(TSTD,https://efg.nju.edu.cn/TSTD)was constructed to serve as a resource for deep deciphering of the AMS regulatory network.These results help elucidate the reconfiguration of the tomato RNAome during AMS and suggest a sophisticated and evolving RNA layer responsive network during AMS processes.

利用代谢组学分析红汁乳菇-马尾松菌根苗根系分泌物

为探究红汁乳菇(Lactarius hatsudake)与宿主共生后菌根苗根系分泌物中促进红汁乳菇生长及菌根合成的潜在物质,利用非靶向代谢组(LC-MS/MS)分析红汁乳菇-马尾松菌根苗与马尾松非菌根苗的根系分泌物。结果表明:与马尾松非菌根苗相比,红汁乳菇-马尾松菌根苗根系分泌物在正、负离子模式下的差异代谢物共有352种,其中315种显著上调,37种显著下调;差异代谢物主要分布在代谢途径、抗生素生物合成、赖氨酸降解、次生代谢产物生物合成等28条通路中;差异代谢物2-异丙基苹果酸、磷酸、UDP-N-乙酰葡糖胺、茉莉酸、甲羟戊酸等参与多条代谢通路,可能在红汁乳菇-马尾松菌根形成中起重要作用。选取的9种差异显著代谢物中,1 mg·L^(-1)的D-天冬氨酸、DL-精氨酸、脱硫生物素、脱落酸对红汁乳菇JH5菌丝生长具有促进作用;1 mg·L^(-1)脱硫生物素、烟酸、脱落酸对红汁乳菇-马尾松菌根形成有促进作用。本研究可为红汁乳菇-马尾松菌根苗的高效培育提供参考。

丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌与植物共生研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和根瘤菌可以影响植物生产力、微生物群落结构和土壤质量,是生态系统可持续发展的重要驱动因子。在长期的进化过程中,AMF和根瘤菌逐步形成了互惠互利共生关系,充分发挥AMF-根瘤菌-植物共生体的生物固氮和养分吸收等作用,对于减少化学肥料的投入,保障农业可持续发展具有重要意义。但也有研究表明AMF和根瘤菌之间存在相互制约的作用,这可能与环境因素密切相关。因此,需要系统总结AMF-根瘤菌与植物共生相互作用的机理及其影响因素。本研究通过文献梳理以及定性比较分析,阐明了植物根系通过根系分泌物刺激根瘤菌和AMF形成结瘤因子和菌根因子,激活后续信号通路,从而使根瘤菌和AMF与植物建立共生关系的过程和机制;概述了AMF-根瘤菌与植物共生的协同增效和拮抗作用;总结了影响AMF和根瘤菌与植物共生及其相互作用的生物和非生物因素。最后,本研究提出AMF-根瘤菌与植物建立共生关系的作用机理目前还不完全明确,微生物菌肥研发缓慢等问题,并从理论、技术和应用等层面对未来研究的重点方向进行了展望,以期为利用AMF和根瘤菌促进农业可持续发展提供新思路和新方法。

印度梨形孢与杜鹃共生体系建立及提高抗旱性效应

【目的】从印度梨形孢入手,建立印度梨形孢与杜鹃共生体系,为提高现有园林绿化杜鹃的抗旱性提供新思路。【方法】采用国内园林绿地常用锦绣杜鹃品种‘紫蝴蝶’,持续浇灌印度梨形孢菌液6次,共计30天,建立印度梨形孢与杜鹃共生体系,探究定殖印度梨形孢的杜鹃植株形态结构变化,评价印度梨形孢对杜鹃抗旱性的作用及部分相关生理生化指标的变化。【结果】浇灌印度梨形孢菌液4次(第20天)后发现印度梨形孢已逐步定殖于杜鹃根系,浇灌5、6次(第25、30天)后的定殖率分别达91.67%、100%。定殖30天后的杜鹃叶片鲜质量、干质量、叶面积增大,叶片解剖结构的上、下表皮厚度减小,栅栏组织与栅海比增大,叶片结构更紧密,根细胞截面积增大。随着干旱胁迫时间延长,定殖印度梨形孢的杜鹃生长状态较好,干旱胁迫20天后存活率高,叶片相对电导率、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性随干旱时间延长的差异不显著,半致死时间显著延长,受胁迫程度轻,抗旱性显著增强。【结论】锦绣杜鹃能与印度梨形孢建立互利共生关系,从而提高其对干旱胁迫的抗性。印度梨形孢可作为提高园林绿化植物杜鹃抗旱性的一种菌剂进行应用。

Responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to straw return and nitrogen fertilizer reduction in a rainfed maize field

Straw return can be used to reduce fertilizer input and improve agricultural sustainability and soil health.However,how straw return and reduced fertilizer application affect beneficial soil microbes,particularly arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF),remains poorly understood.Here,we conducted a five-year field experiment in a rainfed maize field on the Loess Plateau of northwestern China.We tested four treatments with straw return combined with four nitrogen(N)application rates,i.e.,100%,80%,60%,and 0%of the common N application rate(225 kg N ha^(-1)year^(-1))in this region,and two reference treatments(full or no N application),with three replicates for each treatment.Mycorrhizal colonization was quantified and AMF communities colonizing maize roots were characterized using Illumina sequencing.Forty virtual taxa(VTs)of AMF were identified in root samples,among which VT113(related to Rhizophagus fasciculatus)and VT156(related to Dominikia gansuensis)were the predominant taxa.Both root length colonization and AMF VT richness were sensitive to N fertilization,but not to straw return;furthermore,both gradually increased with decreasing N application rate.The VT composition of the AMF community was also affected by N fertilization,but not by straw return,and the community variation could be well explained by soil available N and phosphorus concentrations.Additionally,60%,80%,and full N fertilization produced similar maize yields.Thus,our study revealed the response patterns of AMF to straw return and N fertilizer reduction and showed that straw return combined with N fertilizer reduction may be a promising practice to maintain mycorrhizal symbiosis concomitantly with crop productivity.

蒺藜苜蓿LysM类受体激酶的研究进展

LysM类受体激酶属于多基因家族,其胞外域直接参与几丁质、肽聚糖和脂壳寡糖等糖化合物的感知,从而激活植物免疫或共生信号转导。豆科模式植物蒺藜苜蓿中第1个LysM受体基因LYK3的功能于2003年被表征。此后,越来越多的LysM类受体激酶的功能相继被鉴定。本文总结了蒺藜苜蓿LysM类受体激酶家族基因功能特征,综述了蒺藜苜蓿LysM类受体激酶家族分别在根瘤共生、菌根共生和免疫感知等方面的研究进展。研究发现,蒺藜苜蓿LysM类受体激酶家族基因数量的扩张导致了功能分化,但也存在部分基因间功能冗余现象。此外,研究还揭示了免疫与共生信号在LysM类受体激酶介导的受体感知层面存在着密切的交联,为后续研究蒺藜苜蓿中LysM类受体激酶家族基因提供有效参考。

Effects of microplastic polystyrene,simulated acid rain and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Trifolium repens growth and soil microbial community composition

Microplastic pollution is a global and ubiquitous environmental problem in the oceans as well as in the terrestrial environment.We examined the fate of microplastic polystyrene(MPS)beads in experimental soil in the presence and absence of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and simulated acid rain(SAR)to determine whether the combinations of these three factors altered the growth of white clover Trifolium repens.We found that MPS,SAR,or AMF added singly to soil did not alter T.repens growth or yields.In contrast,MPS and AMF together significantly reduced shoot biomass,while SAR and MPS together significantly reduced soil available phosphorus independent of AMF presence.Microplastic polystyrene,AMF,and SAR together significantly reduced soil NO_(3)^(-)-N.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi added singly also enriched the beneficial soil bacteria(genus Solirubrobacter),while MPS combined with AMF significantly enriched the potential plant pathogenic fungus Spiromastix.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation with MPS increased the abundance of soil hydrocarbon degraders independent of the presence of SAR.In addition,the abundance of soil nitrate reducers was increased by MPS,especially in the presence of AMF and SAR.Moreover,SAR alone increased the abundance of soil pathogens within the fungal community including antibiotic producers.These findings indicate that the coexistence of MPS,SAR,and AMF may exacerbate the adverse effects of MPS on soil and plant health.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi regulate plant mineral nutrient uptake and partitioning in iron ore tailings undergoing eco-engineered pedogenesis

Excess available K and Fe in Fe ore tailings with organic matter amendment and water-deficiencies may restrain plant colonization and growth,which hinders the formation of eco-engineered soil from these tailings for sustainable and cost-effective mine site rehabilitation.Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi are widely demonstrated to assist plant growth under various unfavorable environments.However,it is still unclear whether AM symbiosis in tailings amended with different types of plant biomass and under different water conditions could overcome the surplus K and Fe stress for plants in Fe ore tailings,and if so,by what mechanisms.Here,host plants(Sorghum sp.Hybrid cv.Silk),either colonized or noncolonized by the AM fungi(Glomus spp.),were cultivated in lucerne hay(LH,C:N ratio of 18)-or sugarcane mulch(SM,C:N ratio of 78)-amended Fe ore tailings under well-watered(55%water-holding capacity(WHC)of tailings)or water-deficient(30%WHC of tailings)conditions.Root mycorrhizal colonization,plant growth,and mineral elemental uptake and partitioning were examined.Results indicated that AM fungal colonization improved plant growth in tailings amended with plant biomass under water-deficient conditions.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization enhanced plant mineral element uptake,especially P,both in the LH-and SM-amended tailings regardless of water condition.Additionally,AM symbiosis development restrained the translocation of excess elements(i.e.,K and Fe)from plant roots to shoots,thereby relieving their phytotoxicity.The AM fungal roles in P uptake and excess elemental partitioning were greater in LH-amended tailings than in SM-amended tailings.Water deficiency weakened AM fungal colonization and functions in terms of mineral element uptake and partitioning.These findings highlighted the vital role AM fungi played in regulating plant growth and nutrition status in Fe ore tailings technosol,providing an important basis for involvement of AM fungi in the eco-engineered pedogenesis of Fe ore tailings.

橙黄乳菇-马尾松菌根广靶代谢组学比较与分析

【目的】分析比较橙黄乳菇-马尾松菌根合成前后根系代谢物差异,为探究调控橙黄乳菇-马尾松共生的潜在根系代谢物提供参考。【方法】在纯培养条件下进行橙黄乳菇-马尾松菌根合成,基于液质联用技术测定马尾松及橙黄乳菇-马尾松菌根根系代谢物成分,利用KEGG和HMDB数据库进行代谢物的定量与注释,采用主成分分析、正交偏最小二乘-判别分析等多元统计方法进行代谢组数据的比较,并筛选差异代谢物。【结果】共检测出代谢物627种,其中差异代谢物95种,上调39种,下调56种,主要集中在黄酮类化合物、萜类化合物、氨基酸及其衍生物、酚类化合物、生物碱类化合物、有机酸及其衍生物、核苷酸及其衍生物、香豆素和木脂素、植物激素等。KEGG代谢通路分析显示次生代谢产物的生物合成、苯丙烷类化合物的生物合成、类黄酮生物合成、神经活性配体-受体相互作用、铁载体基非核糖体肽的生物合成、苯甲酸盐降解途径、植物激素的生物合成、莽草酸途径生物碱的生物合成和氨基苯甲酸降解等9条差异代谢途径在橙黄乳菇-马尾松菌根形成后差异代谢物显著富集,可能对橙黄乳菇-马尾松菌根形成具有重要调节作用。【结论】利用广泛靶向代谢组学技术可在整体水平上揭示橙黄乳菇-马尾松菌根形成前后的代谢组学差异,研究结果可为明晰橙黄乳菇-马尾松共生机制及橙黄乳菇-马尾松菌根合成提供科学依据。

春兰与丝核菌共生菌根及结构研究

将丝核菌CLB111和KW214菌株及兰科丝核菌CLB113菌株接种到春兰组培苗,对兰苗生长有不同程度的促进作用。处理苗4.5个月后鲜重分别是初始值的170.6%,170.2%和166.1%,其中CLB111,CLB113菌株处理苗与对照达极显著差异(α=0.01),KW214菌株处理苗与对照达显著差异(α=0.05)。通过光学显微镜和电子显微镜连续切片观察发现,菌根结构与普通营养根的结构基本相同,但在菌根的皮层组织细胞中有着色较深、形状不一的菌丝结。春兰外皮层无通道细胞,真菌是通过破坏根被组织进入皮层细胞,并通过菌丝穿越细胞壁不断向内继续扩展。在电子显微镜下观察发现菌丝结是真菌菌丝围绕细胞核形成的,菌丝结在皮层组织靠外的几层细胞中出现较多,随着菌丝团被逐渐消解吸收,伴随新菌丝生长和入侵,为春兰的生长提供营养。从生物量增长、显微及超微结构表明,CLB111,CLB113及KW214等3个菌株与春兰可形成菌根。

外生菌根菌与森林树木的相互关系

生态系统的每个过程都伴随着各种微生物的活动 ,其中最重要的功能群之一是菌根真菌 (菌根菌 )。一般认为 ,菌根菌是自然界多数植物生存最基本的组成部分 ,陆地上约 90 %以上的高等植物都具有菌根菌。这些菌类的菌丝体与植物根系结合形成菌根 ,使植物生长成为可能 ,使不同种类植物的根系联在一起。根据菌根菌入侵植物根系的方式及菌根的形态特征 ,菌根可分为外生菌根、内生菌根和内外生菌根 3组共 7种类型。外生菌根主要出现在松科、桦木科、壳斗科等树种的森林生态系统中 ,在根系表面形成菌丝鞘 ,部分菌丝进入根系皮层细胞间隙形成哈氏网表面。菌根菌剂在森林经营中得到广泛地应用。外生菌根菌对森林树木的作用可归纳为 :1)促进造林或育苗成活与生长 ;2 )提高森林生态系统中植物的多样性、稳定性和生产力 ;3)对森林生态系统的综合效应 ,主要表现在增加植物 -土壤联结 ,改善土壤结构 ,促进土壤微生物 ,增强植物器官的功能 ;4 )抗拮植物根命病宫病原菌等。树木与菌根菌相互关系研究主要包括 :1)菌根共生的机理 ;2 )菌根菌在退化森林生态系统恢复与改造中的作用 ;3)菌根菌的分布格局与森林生态系统服务功能的关系 ;4 )菌根菌对森林生态系统的综合效应 ,如菌根菌与森林植物群落结构。