Stimulatory Effect of Tithonya diversifolia-by Products on Plantain Banana Vivoplants in Nursery (A Review)

Plantain banana is an important cash crop that serves as stable food for millions of people around the world and contributes to income generation. Indeed, they provide a major staple food crop for millions of people and play an important role in the social fabric of many rural communities. Plantain banana cultivation encounters major problem of seedlings unavailability that are essential for the creation of new plantations, as well as parasitic constraints. Mycosphaerella fijiensis is the main pathogen attack constraints of banana plant responsible of black Sigatoka disease, and viruses, which can severely reduce the photosynthetic leaf area, leading to banana production losses of more than 80% in plantations with soil fertility problems. The repeated use of synthetic input is the origin of contamination to the environment, different pollution sources of plants and human health, as well as resistance to some strains of pathogens and plant fertilization problems over time. Recent works carried out in nursery have shown that vivoplants of plantains treated with biostimulants based on natural products notably Tithonia diversifolia biopromote good growth and less susceptibility to M. fijiensis. Indeed, an increase in agromorphological characteristics, good accumulation of growth and defense biomarkers was also observed. In this context, Tithonia diversifolia is shown to be involved in the stimulatory effect mechanism of growth promotion and defensive reaction of plantain vivoplants against various pathogens and it is suggested to be acting as a vital stimulator. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on plantain banana cultivation constraints and on the potential of Tithonia diversifolia in relation with its different stimulatory effects on plantain vivoplants.

Plantain Bananas PIF Seedlings Treatment with Liquid Extracts of <i>Tithonia diversifolia</i>Induces Resistance to Black Sigatoka Disease

Plantain bananas culture encounters the problems of seedlings quantity and quality unavailability. Black Sigatoka Disease (BSD) is one of the main pathological constraints of banana that can severely reduce the photosynthetic leaf area, leading to the losses of production of about 50% in banana plantation. The use of liquid extracts of Tithonia diversifolia could potentially induced the resistance of the PIF seedlings to BSD during the vegetative stages in the nursery. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of Tithonia diversifolia liquid extracts against the development of BSD on the PIF plantain bananas seedlings. The explants in the greenhouse and the seedlings in the shade were watered with liquid extracts of T. diversifolia during the process of PIF seedling production in sterile and non-sterile conditions. The treated seedlings show a more effective enhancement of seedlings quality parameters and also induce resistance against BSD. The vegetative stages parameters (the number of shoots, the diameter and the height of shoots, the foliar area, the length and weight roots) were improved in treated seedlings compared to controls ones. The treated seedlings showed maximum protection against BSD of up to 87% compared to controls. They also exhibited an increase in the accumulation of total proteins and total phenolics, as well as the activity of defense-related enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and glucanase). The treatment seems to acts as a vital stimulator and could therefore be a useful tool for small holder farmers favouring an eco-friendly agriculture using fewer synthetic inputs.

Biofuel Recovery from Plantain and Banana Plant Wastes:Integration of Biochemical and Thermochemical Approach

Globally,fossil fuel dependence has created several environmental challenges and climate change.Hence,creating other alternative renewable and ecologically friendly bio-energy sources is necessary.Lignocellulosic biomass has gained significant attention recently as a renewable material for biofuel production.The large amounts of plantain and banana plant parts wasted after harvesting,as well as the peels generated daily by the fruit market and industries,demonstrate the potential of bioenergy resources.This review briefly assesses plantain and banana plant biomass(PBB)generated in the developing,developed,and underdeveloped countries,the consumable parts,and feasible products yield.It emphasized the advantages and disadvantages of the commonly adopted treatment technologies of composting,incineration,and landfilling.Further,the utilization of PBB as catalysts in biodiesel synthesis was briefly highlighted.To optimize recovery of biofuel,different integration routes of pyrolysis,anaerobic digestion,fermentation,hydrothermal carbonization,hydrothermal liquefaction,and hydrothermal gasification for the valorization of the PBB were proposed.The complex compounds present in the PBB(hemicellulose,cellulose,and lignin)can be converted into valuable bio-products such as methane gas and bio-ethanol for bioenergy,and nutrients to promote bioactive ingredients.The investigation of the viability and innovation potential of the integrated routes’technology is necessary to improve the circular bio-economy and the recovery of biofuels from biomass waste,particularly PBB.

Constraints, and Implications of Organic Farming in Bananas and Plantains Production Sustainability in Benin

Bananas and plantains production is an important income source for millions of small farmers. The increased demand for bananas and plantains on national and international market would justify its value chain development. However, its value chain faces several constraints, of which production and marketing turn out to be the most important. This study aimed at determining and analyzing the constraints related to Bananas and Plantains value chain and showing the gaps between agroecological and agricultural practices used by farmers in southern Benin. Characterization was carried out on the seed production systems, agricultural practices, bananas and plantains production, fruit availability and commercialization constraints with farmers using individual and focus groups surveys. Bananas and plantains seedlings production and acquisition varied according to production areas. Their seedlings self-production was widespread in production areas and 26 cultivars have been identified as major. The availability of these cultivars varied across time and production areas. There were significant negative effects of agricultural practices on major banana pest’s presence. Bananas and plantains production was limited by 12 factors, from which banana plants fall related to the wind, lack of financial support to irrigate banana fields, climate changes, no availability of cultivable lands and low rainfall are revealed to be the most important. Regarding commercialization constraints, low sale prices and difficult access to markets were the most important. Better knowledge of bananas and plantains production systems would help to develop sustainable organic farming strategies to reduce the constraints identified.

The Application of a Mathematical Modelling of Drying Kinetics in the Natural Solar Drying of Banana

In this work, a new mathematical modelling of drying kinetics is described. At first, the modelling of the transfer speed （St） of water was performed. Then St was used as basis to state the drying rate model. The drying rate depends not only on drying time, but also on some modelling parameters which are themselves time-dependent. All the modelling parameters are calculated directly from the experimental drying data. Then the theoretical model of the moisture content was stated. Subsequently, the drying kinetics of natural solar drying of plantain banana was studied as illustration. The drying rate was investigated. The comparison with other models encountered in literatures proved that the current theoretical model was decidedly more accurate. Then the modelling of moisture content of banana was performed and the results were compared with the Henderson and Pabis model. The current theoretical modelling provided by far the best fit.

Nutritional Composition of Staple Food Bananas of Three Cultivars in India

Banana (Musa spp.) is an important ingredient of several dishes and its nutritional and other biochemical composition at different stages is yet to be scientifically studied. In the present study the most popularly cultivated species of Nendran, Nijali poovan and Robusta banana in Southern India are selected. Variations in the nutritional and biochemical compositions associated with ripened and unripened stages of banana fruits were studied. Proximate composition, mineral and phytochemical compositions of ripened and unripened banana flours were analyzed and the total soluble sugars in unripened banana range from 1.70 to 2.15 mg/100g of the samples and that of ripened banana range from 37.5 to 43.8 mg/100g of the samples. Mineral compositions show that they are rich sources of calcium, phosphorus and iron. In addition to this they are rich sources of antioxidant potential phytochemicals such as polyphenols, flavanoids, vitamin C and lesser in quantity of anti nutritional factors such as phytates and oxalates. The current study revealed the variations of biochemical compositions of three varieties in unripened and ripened stages. This will be useful for the exploitation of these crops to obtain and formulate the value added products.

粉蕉矿质元素吸收积累与分配特征

为探明粉蕉矿质营养元素的累积分配特征,以主栽品种"广粉1号"为试材,采用彻底刨根、分解取样的方法,研究了干物质的构成特点、各器官矿质元素含量和累积分配特性。结果表明,粉蕉植株总干质量为17.6kg/plant,其中叶片占16.4%,假茎占32.8%,球茎占9.6%,果实占37.3%,果轴占1.1%,根占2.8%。平均每株累积吸收N 167.0 g、P 19.3 g、K 521.7 g、Ca 118.3 g、Mg 54.7 g、S 16.6 g、Fe 6650.5 mg、Mn 16142.9 mg、Cu152.3 mg、Zn 607.7 mg、B 212.2 mg、Mo 4.2 mg。其中N、P、Ca和S主要向叶片、假茎和果实分配,K和Mg主要向假茎分配,Fe主要向叶片、根和球茎分配,Cu主要向假茎和果实分配,Zn和Mo主要向叶片、假茎和球茎分配,B和Mn主要向假茎和叶片分配。要获得60 t/hm2的产量,每公顷粉蕉需要吸收N 385.6 kg、P 44.6 kg、K 1205.1 kg、Ca 273.3 kg、Mg 126.6 kg、S 38.3 kg、Fe 15.4 kg、Mn 37.3 kg、Cu 352.0 g、Zn 1403.8 g、B 490.1 g、Mo 9.6 g。

蔗糖浓度和激素对粉蕉离体快繁的影响

本实验取 2 0 0个经离体培养已萌动的粉蕉芽 ,分别接入添加蔗糖和激素的 5种增殖培养基中培养。结果表明 ,蔗糖浓度从 3 0 %提高到 3 9% ,增殖率提高 1 72～ 3 4 2倍 ;在BA4 0mg/L基础上增加KT0 5mg/L ,增殖率提高 0 18～ 1 88倍。以改良MS为基本培养基附加BA4 0mg/L +KT0 5mg/L +蔗糖浓度 3 9% ,增殖率最高为 6 4

香蕉和大蕉果实在不同温度下催熟后的色泽变化

香蕉和大蕉在20℃和30℃条件下果实催熟期间果皮色泽及几种色素含量的变化结果表明:在20℃下香蕉、大蕉具有正常的呼吸和乙烯释放高峰,果皮色泽由绿转黄,叶绿素含量逐渐降低,类胡萝卜素含量逐渐上升;但在30℃下,香蕉果实虽然出现了正常的呼吸和乙烯释放的高峰,但叶绿素的降解受到了一定的抑制,果皮不能正常褪绿,出现了青皮熟现象,而大蕉却能正常褪绿转黄。

大蕉苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的克隆、鉴定和表达分析(英文)

为了研究苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因与大蕉(Musa ABB cv. Dongguandajiao)抗枯萎病的关系,利用 RT-PCR 和 RACE技术克隆了大蕉苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因全长 cDNA。此 cDNA 长 1 300 bp,包含一个长为 1 191 bp,编码 397 个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框(ORF),推导的氨基酸序列与水稻 PAL 基因氨基酸序列同源性达 89%,将此基因命名为 M-PAL。Southern杂交结果表明大蕉中存在一个包含 4-5 个 PAL基因的基因家族,将此基因克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体 pET32(a+)中,表达的蛋白质分子量大小与推导的相一致,并且表达的蛋白质表现出 PAL 酶活性。对接种香蕉枯萎病菌 4 号生理小种(Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. cubense (FOC) race 4 )后大蕉叶片中 M-PAL基因的转录谱进行研究表明,在接种枯萎病菌后,M-PAL基因在叶片中的转录水平提高,因此推测 M-PAL基因的表达可能与香蕉枯萎病抗性相关。

贵州册亨山地糯米蕉无公害生产技术规程

为了提升贵州省册亨县山地糯米蕉生产技术水平,进一步规范糯米蕉生产管理操作行为,结合前期生产技术试验结果并借鉴相关香蕉生产经验,总结形成立地环境、种苗质量、整地建园、水肥管理、树体管理、病虫害防控、果实采收、分级处理、包装运输等册亨糯米蕉无公害生产技术规程,供贵州糯米蕉种植户应用参考。

粉蕉离体快速繁殖技术的研究

以粉蕉的吸芽为试材,进行离体快速繁殖研究,结果表明:以改良MS+BA4.0mg/L(单位下同)+AD5.0+NAA0.1作诱导培养基,外植体褐变率低,芽的诱导率高,且芽的生长良好;以改良MS+BA3-6+AD5.0+NAA0.1为继代培养基,可以获得较高的不定芽增殖率,在增殖过程中,给予一定的低温处理和变化调整BA的用量,可以保持较高的增殖率(2.6倍以上),而且芽的长势好;生根培养以1/2MS+IBA1.0+NAA0.2+AC1为宜。

非洲香蕉和大蕉产销概况

非洲是全球重要的香蕉和大蕉产出地。2009年非洲香蕉总产约为世界的12.6%;大蕉总产约为世界的81%。两者合计非洲香蕉和大蕉总产约为世界的28%。尤其在非洲撒哈拉边缘,大蕉占了当地大约1亿居民主食的四分之一。非洲香蕉和大蕉主生产区主要分布在非洲东部、西部和中部。东部非洲各国香蕉总产大约为780万t,平均每公顷香蕉产出仅6.7t;大蕉总产大约为1 400万t;香蕉产量上乌干达、卢旺达,坦桑尼亚,肯尼亚分别为前4名;大蕉产量方面,坦桑尼亚,布隆迪、乌干达、肯尼亚分别为前4名。西部非洲各个国家香蕉总产大约为92万t;大蕉总产大约为840万t;香蕉产量上科特迪瓦、几内亚、利比里亚、加纳分别为前4名;大蕉产量方面加纳、尼日利亚、科特迪瓦、几内亚分别为前4名。中部非洲各个国家香蕉总产大约为170万t;平均每公顷单产约7 t;大蕉总产大约为306万t;香蕉产量中安哥拉、喀麦隆、刚果民主共和国、中非分别为前4名;大蕉产量方面喀麦隆、刚果民主共和国、加蓬、中非分别为前4名。尽管非洲是重要的大蕉和香蕉生产区,但只有香蕉被用于出口,目前非洲香蕉出口地主要集中在欧共体市场,占欧共体市场11%的份额,其出口长期由喀麦隆和象牙塔国家垄断,自2006年后加纳开拓了欧盟市场。

香蕉、大蕉、粉蕉胚性愈伤组织的诱导

本文分别以大蕉、香蕉、粉蕉的未成熟雄花为材料,取其幼嫩花序和花序轴薄片作外植体,研究了不同浓度的2,4-D、6-BA、KT、IAA、NAA对其胚性愈伤组织的诱导和增殖的影响及诱导过程的一系列反应。结果表明,前胚性性愈伤的诱导难易程度为:大蕉难于香蕉,粉蕉最难,胚性愈伤组织相似。诱导前胚性愈伤组织适宜的培养基配方,大蕉为:MS+6-BA4.0+2,4-D1.;香蕉为:MS+BA6.0+2,4-D2.0;粉蕉的配方和香蕉一样。诱导胚性愈伤组织适宜的培养基配方MA+IAA1.0+2,4-D4.0+NAA1.0。增殖适宜的培养基,大蕉为:MS+6-BA3.0+2,4-D0.5。香蕉为:MA+IAA1.0+2,4-D4.0+NAA1.0粉蕉的配方和香蕉一样。

粉蕉离体的快速繁殖技术

以粉蕉的吸芽为试材 ,进行了离体快速繁殖研究 ,结果表明 :以改良MS +BA4 .0mg/L(单位下同 ) +AD5.0 +NAA0 .1作诱导培养基 ,外植体褐变率低 ,芽的诱导率高 ,且芽的生长良好 ;以改良MS +BA3- 6 +NAA0 .1为继代培养基 ,可以获得较高的不定芽增殖率 ,在增殖过程中 ,给予一定的低温处理和变化调整BA的用量 ,可以保持较高的增殖率 (2 .6倍以上 ) ,而且芽的长势好 ;生根培养以 1/ 2MS +IBA1.0 +NAA0 .2 +AC1为宜。

高浓度CO_2对香蕉和大蕉后熟及果皮叶绿素降解的影响

以香蕉和大蕉为试材,在20%CO_2+21%O_2气调环境和20℃的后熟条件下,通过测定叶绿素含量、果实硬度、细胞膜透性、丙二醛含量、叶绿素酶和脱镁螯合酶活力来研究高浓度CO_2对香蕉和大蕉后熟和果皮叶绿素降解的影响。结果表明:20%CO_2对香蕉和大蕉的后熟和叶绿素b含量均无显著影响,但对叶绿素a含量的影响不同,相比于大蕉,香蕉果皮叶绿素a的降解受到明显抑制;叶绿素酶不是香蕉和大蕉叶绿素降解的关键酶;20%CO_2明显抑制了香蕉脱镁螯合酶的活力,但大蕉脱镁螯合酶的活力反而提高,脱镁螯合酶是香蕉叶绿素降解过程中的关键酶。可见,相比于大蕉,香蕉果皮的褪绿更容易受到高浓度CO_2的贮藏环境的影响。

特色香蕉类型‘美食蕉’品种果肉中淀粉与矿物质在后熟期的变化

目的:以新选育的抗枯萎病特色香蕉栽培类型‘美食蕉’(Plantain)品种(‘美食蕉1号’、‘美食蕉2号’)为研究对象,比较其与鲜食香蕉栽培类型‘香牙蕉’(Cavendish)品种(‘中蕉8号’)在后熟期间果肉中淀粉质量分数和矿物质含量的变化,以期为美食蕉品种资源的利用提供参考。方法:采用比色卡和色差仪进行成熟度分析,通过抗性淀粉质量分数测定和光学显微镜观察进行淀粉物理性质的研究,此外,使用发射光谱仪测定果肉矿物质元素含量。结果:催熟前‘美食蕉1号’和‘美食蕉2号’抗性淀粉质量分数占总淀粉质量分数比例均比‘中蕉8号’高26%左右,三者分别为74.99%、75.23%、48.64%;后熟过程中,三者的总淀粉和抗性淀粉质量分数均随着催熟时间的延长而降低;‘美食蕉1号’和‘美食蕉2号’的香蕉粉颗粒均呈长椭圆形,‘中蕉8号’的香蕉粉颗粒多呈不规则状,后熟期间3种香蕉粉的颗粒数目逐渐减少;催熟后,‘美食蕉1号’和‘美食蕉2号’的果肉硬度比‘中蕉8号’大,其果皮炭疽病斑的形成也较晚;‘中蕉8号’果肉中的K含量高于‘美食蕉1号’和‘美食蕉2号’,然而‘美食蕉’果肉在后熟期可较多地保留K元素。结论:‘美食蕉’在香蕉深加工和健康食品开发方面具有更广阔的应用前景。

哈茨木霉 C184菌株对喀麦隆香蕉及大蕉根部病原菌的体外拮抗作用 (英文 )

体外测定了新近分离自喀麦隆香蕉及大蕉田间的哈茨木霉 (Trichoderma harzianum)菌株C184对香蕉和大蕉根部病原菌柱枝孢 (Cylindrocladium pteridis)及茄镰孢 (Fusarium solani) ,尖镰孢(Fusarium oxysporum)和曲霉 (Aspergillus sp.)的拮抗作用。在对峙培养中上述病原菌菌丝生长均受到明显抑制 ;在赛咯酚分层培养中木霉菌株对上述病原菌菌丝生长的抑制率为 6 7%～ 88% ;木霉菌株培养滤液对上述病原菌菌丝生长的抑制率为 5 2 %～ 87%。电镜下观察到木霉菌株对柱枝孢及镰孢霉的寄生过程 ,认为这可能是主要拮抗机制之一 ;此外木霉菌株在液体培养中产生的抗生素及细胞壁降解酶也可能是抑制病原菌菌丝生长的主要原因。

现代生物技术在香蕉种质资源的研究与应用

香蕉是重要的热带亚热带水果,本文综合相关文献资料,从香蕉的起源与分布和现代生物技术在香蕉种质资源的研究与应用等剖析香蕉种质资源研究和应用的现状。对香蕉起源与分布的认识是香蕉种质资源研究的基础,目前多数学者都承认香蕉起源东南亚,对演化路线却存在许多争议,现代分子生物技术为解决这一问题提供了机会;分子标记技术成为香蕉遗传多样性研究的重要工具,可以很方便地进行香蕉分类、亲缘关系及演化做较为精确的研究,甚至辅助育种的应用;组织培养、细胞悬浮体系和原生质体培养技术的不断成熟,促进香蕉种质创新的发展,使香蕉突变育种和转基因育种成为可能。

云南香蕉芭蕉中微量元素含量分析

目的测定云南香蕉、芭蕉中微量元素含量,为饮食提供基础数据。方法利用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定河口、景洪、瑞丽、版纳4个地方产香蕉、芭蕉中锌、铜、锰、钾元素的含量,采用SPSS 17.0软件t检验,秩和检验对数据进行统计分析。结果香蕉中铜、锰、钾含量显著高于芭蕉,锌含量没有差异;香蕉中4种元素含量无差异,芭蕉中亦无差异。结论香蕉、芭蕉中微量元素含量差别较大。