Numerical Modeling of the High-Intensity Transferred Arc with a Water-Cooled Constrictor Tube

Stable and axi-symmetrical DC high-intensity transferred arcs with a coaxial water-cooled constrictor tube have been used to study the arc characteristics for many years. All the previous modeling studies concerning the high-intensity transferred arcs were restricted to the near-anode region. Modeling results are presented in this paper concerning the characteristics of the whole high-intensity transferred arc, referring to a recent experiment. It is shown that the computed flow and temperature fields for different flow rates of the working gas are overall similar, but a fully developed flow regime can only be achieved in the water-cooled constrictor tube at low working-gas flow rates. The predicted radial profiles of plasma temperature at the cross section near the constrictor-tube exit compare favorably with available experimental data, but corresponding comparison about the plasma axial-velocity profiles shows appreciable difference, revealing that there may exist considerable errors in the plasma velocity measurements using a sweeping Pitot tube.

Numerical study of flow and thermal characteristics of pulsed impinging jet on a dimpled surface

This research comprehensively investigates the flow and thermal characteristics of a pulsating impinging jet over a dimpled surface.It analyzes the impact of key parameters(e.g.,inlet velocity pulsation functions,pulsation frequency,amplitude,dimple pitch,dimple depth,Reynolds number)on flow patterns and heat transfer.Validated computational fluid dynamics and the Re-normalization group turbulence model are employed to accurately simulate complex turbulent flow behavior.Local and average heat transfer coefficients are calculated and compared to steady impingement cases,revealing the potential benefits of pulsation for heat transfer enhancement.The study also examines how pulsation-induced flow modulation and thermal mixing affect heat transfer mechanisms.Results indicate that combining fluctuating flow with a dimpled surface can improve heat transfer rates.In summary,increasing pulsation amplitude consistently enhances heat transfer,while the effect of frequency varies between impinging and wall jet zones.

Convective Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Rectangular Flat Plate by an Impinging Jet in Cross Flow

Experiments were carried out to study the heat transfer performance of an impinging jet in a cross flow.Several parameters including the jet-to-cross-flow mass ratio(X=2%-8%), the Reynolds number(Red=1434-5735)and the jet diameter(d=2-4 mm) were explored. The heat transfer enhancement factor was found to increase with the jet-to-cross-flow mass ratio and the Reynolds number, but decrease with the jet diameter when other parameters maintain fixed. The presence of a cross flow was observed to degrade the heat transfer performance in respect to the effect of impinging jet to the target surface only. In addition, an impinging jet was confirmed to be capable of enhancing the heat transfer process in considerable amplitude even though the jet was not designed to impinge on the target surface.

Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics Predictions with a Refined k-ε-f_u Turbulent Model in Impinging Jet

Local heat transfer and flow characteristics in a round turbulent impinging jet for Re≈23 000 is predicted numerically with the RANS approach and a k-ε-fu turbulence model. The heat transfer predictions and turbulence parameters are verified against the axis-symmetric free jet impingement measurements and compared with previous other turbulence models, and results show the k-ε-fu model has a good performance in predictions of the local wall heat transfer coefficient, and in agreement with measurements in mean velocity profiles at different radial positions as well. The numerical model is further used to examine the effect of the fully confined impingement jet on the local Nusselt number. Local Nusselt profiles in x and y-centerlines for the target plate over three separation distances are predicted. Compared with the experimental data, the numerical results are accurate in the central domain around the stagnation region and present a consistent structure distribution.

Heat Transfer of an Array of Round Impinging Jets with One-Sided Exhaust of the Spent Air

When air gas heat exchanger works with high temperature combustion gas, the temperature of inner wall will be very high, which affects the safety of the exchanger. Considering that heat transfer with impinging jet is one of the high efficient heat transfer forms , it can greatly decrease the temperature of inner wall to use it on air side of the heat exchanger. This paper presents the results of experimental investigations on heat transfer at the surface flown by an array of round impinging jets with the spent air exhaust on one side. The effects of the factors such as velocity of jet, spacing from jet to test plate and hole to hole spacing etc. on the coefficient of heat transfer are considered and analysed. An empirical equation correlated from more than 90 sets of experimental data was obtained and it has been used in design for a heat exchanger of an experimental furnace.

An experimental study on heat transfer process of multiple mist impinging jets

Mist jet impingement cooling is an enhanced heat transfer method widely used after the continuous galvanizing process. The key of a successful design and operation of the mist jet impingement cooling system lies in mastering heat transfer coefficients. The heat transfer coefficients of high temperature steel plates cooled with multiple mist impinging jets were experimentally investigated, and the effects of gas and water flow rates on heat transfer coefficients were studied. The test results illustrate that the gas flow rate has little effect on the mist heat transfer rate. It is also found that the water flow rate has a great impact on the heat transfer coefficient. When the water flow rate ranges from 0.96m3/h to 1.59 m3/h, an increase in the rate will produce a higher heat transfer coefficient with a maximum of 5650 W/（m2 · K）. Compared with the conventional gas jet cooling, the heat transfer coefficient of the mist jet cooling will be much higher, which can effectively strengthen the after-pot cooling.

Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Modeling of AC Arc in Ferrosilicon Submerged Arc Furnace

A two-dimensional mathematical model was developed to describe the heat transfer and fluid flow in an AC arc zone of a ferrosilicon submerged arc furnace. In this model, the time-dependent conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy in the specified domain of plasma zone were numerically solved by coupling with the Maxwell and Laplace equations for magnetic filed and electric potential, respectively. A control volume-based finite difference method was used to solve the governing equations in cylindrical coordinates. The reliability of the developed model was checked by experimental data from the previous available literature. The results of present model were in good agreement with the given data comparing with other models, because of solving the Maxwell and Laplace equations simul- taneously in order to calculate current density. In addition, parametric studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of electrical current and arc length on flow field and temperature distribution within the arc. According to the computed results, a lower power input led to a higher arc efficiency.

Experimental Investigation on Flow and Heat Transfer of Jet Impingement inside a Semi-Confined Smooth Channel

Experimental investigation is conducted to investigate the flow and heat transfer performances of jet impingement cooling inside a semi-confined smooth channel.Effects of jet Reynolds number(varied from 10 000to 45000),orifice-to-target spacing(zn=1d—4d)and jet-to-jet pitches(xn=3d—5d,yn=3d—5d)on the convective heat transfer coefficient and discharge coefficient are revealed.For a single-row jets normal impingement,the impingement heat transfer is enhanced with the increase of impingement Reynolds number or the decrease of spanwise jet-to-jet pitch.The highest local heat transfer is achieved when zn/dis 2.For the double-row jets normal impingement,the laterally-averaged Nusselt number distributions in the vicinity of the first row jets impinging stagnation do not fit well with the single-row case.The highest local heat transfer is obtained when zn/dis 1.A smaller jetto-jet pitch generally results in a lower discharge coefficient.The discharge coefficient in the double-row case is decreased relative to the single-row case at the same impingement Reynolds number.

Transient heat transfer characteristics of air-array-jet impingement with different nozzle arrangements on high-tempera-ture flat plate in small jet-to-plate distance

Numerical studies on transient heat transfer characteristics of air-array-jet impingement with a small jet-to-plate distance and a large temperature difference between nozzles and plate were presented.The dimensionless jet-to-plate distance(H/D)was 0.2,and non-dimensional nozzle-to-nozzle spacing(S/D)was 3,4,5 and 6,respectively.It is found that the quenching time is shortened at a constant total mass flow at air jet inlet m·(m·=218.21 kg/h),and the heat transfer uniformity is deterio-rated as S/D increases.However,the adding reversed-flow nozzles can shorten the quenching time of the glass plate considerably with a modest change in the heat transfer uniformity.The results at variable m·are the same as those at a fixed m·.Furthermore,the parity and arrangement of nozzles are also discussed,It is found that an odd number of nozzles is more beneficial for transient heat transfer.Based on these results,an appropriate proposal for ultra-thin glass tempering process is presented.

Modelling Study on the Plasma Flow and Heat Transfer in a Laminar Arc Plasma Torch Operating at Atmospheric and Reduced Pressure

A modelling study is performed to investigate the characteristics of both plasma flow and heat transfer of a laminar non-transferred arc argon plasma torch operated at atmospheric and reduced pressure. It is found that the calculated flow fields and temperature distributions are quite similar for both cases at a chamber pressure of 1.0 atm and 0.1 atm. A fully developed flow regime could be achieved in the arc constrictor-tube between the cathode and the anode of the plasma torch at 1.0 atm for all the flow rates covered in this study. However the flow field could not reach the fully developed regime at 0.1 atm with a higher flow rate. The arc-root is always attached to the torch anode surface near the upstream end of the anode, i.e. the abruptly expanded part of the torch channel, which is in consistence with experimental observation. The surrounding gas would be entrained from the torch exit into the torch interior due to a comparatively large inner diameter of the anode channel compared to that of the arc constrictor-tube.

Modelling Study to Compare the Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Low-Power Hydrogen,Nitrogen and Argon Arc-Heated Thrusters

A modelling study is performed to compare the plasma flow and heat transfer characteristics of low-power arc-heated thrusters （arcjets） for three different propellants： hydrogen, nitrogen and argon. The all-speed SIMPLE algorithm is employed to solve the governing equations, which take into account the effects of compressibility, Lorentz force and Joule heating, as well as the temperature- and pressure-dependence of the gas properties. The temperature, velocity and Mach number distributions calculated within the thruster nozzle obtained with different propellant gases are compared for the same thruster structure, dimensions, inlet-gas stagnant pressure and arc currents. The temperature distributions in the solid region of the anode-nozzle wall are also given. It is found that the flow and energy conversion processes in the thruster nozzle show many similar features for all three propellants. For example, the propellant is heated mainly in the near-cathode and constrictor region, with the highest plasma temperature appearing near the cathode tip; the flow transition from the subsonic to supersonic regime occurs within the constrictor region; the highest axial velocity appears inside the nozzle; and most of the input propellant flows towards the thruster exit through the cooler gas region near the anode-nozzle wall. However, since the properties of hydrogen, nitrogen and argon, especially their molecular weights, specific enthMpies and thermal conductivities, are different, there are appreciable differences in arcjet performance. For example, compared to the other two propellants, the hydrogen arcjet thruster shows a higher plasma temperature in the arc region, and higher axial velocity but lower temperature at the thruster exit. Correspondingly, the hydrogen arcjet thruster has the highest specific impulse and arc voltage for the same inlet stagnant pressure and arc current. The predictions of the modelling are compared favourably with available experimental results.

Numerical simulation of circular jet impinging on hot steel plate

Flow structure and heat transfer characteristics of an axisymmetric circularjet impinging on a hot 1Cr18Ni9Ti medium plate have been simulated numerically using computationalfluid dynamic (CFD) code. The relation between flow field of jet impingement and its heat transfercapability is analyzed, and the phenomenon that heat transfer at stagnation point is smaller thanthat of points directly around is discussed. The simulation result provides boundary conditions forthermal analysis of medium plate quenching.

Numerical Analysis of the Flow Field of an Inclined Turbulent Impinging Jet

A three-dimensional numerical study has been applied to examine the effects of impinging angle of incline impinging jet on heat transfer and flow field characteristic. Other parameters such as nozzle to plate distance and jet velocity and temperature are also examined to investigate their influences on jet flow. The impinging angle in range of 900-650, the nozzle exit-to-plate spacing(H/D) in range of 2 to 10, the Reynolds number in range of 1.27x102to 1.27x104and the jet temperature in range of323K to 773K have been considered in this project.

A Confined Laminar Slot Impinging Jet at Low Reynolds Numbers:Unsteady Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics

In this study,the unsteady flow and heat transfer characteristics of a laminar slot jet at low Reynolds numbers impinging on an isothermal plate surface in a two-dimensional confined space are numerically investigated.The investigations are performed at Reynolds numbers of 120,150 and 200 based on the nozzle width and mean inlet velocity of the jet.Results show that the Reynolds numbers of 120,150 and 200 correspond to different flow features,namely,a steady flow,an intermittent flapping motion of jet column and a continuous sinusoidal flapping state,respectively.Based on some time snapshots of the flow field,the dynamic characteristics and driving mechanism of the intermittent flapping motion of the jet column and the continuous sinusoidal flapping state are explained.When the jet flaps at the Reynolds number 150 and 200,there are other Nusselt number peaks outside the stagnation zone,which are related to the interference between the vortices shedding on both sides of the jet and the boundary layers of the plate surface.Furthermore,the dynamic mode decomposition is implemented to accurately extract flow modes with characteristic frequencies.For a Reynolds number of 150,there is a flapping mode,which describes the lateral flapping motion of the jet column.When the Reynolds number is 200,there are multiple modes related to the flapping motion of the jet,as well as a low-frequency mode,which reflects the periodic changes of the boundary contour and position of the recirculation zone.

热风加热沥青路面冲击射流共轭传热特性

为提高热风加热沥青路面的就地再生加热效果,基于热风冲击射流对流换热和沥青路面内部导热的共轭传热过程,建立了热风加热沥青路面的冲击射流共轭传热理论模型,选取有限容积法得到了共轭传热模型的通用离散方程,采用压力-速度耦合半隐式算法(semi-implicit method for pressure linked equations,SIMPLE)获得了整个求解域内温度场分布,选取平均热流密度和平均换热系数反映沥青路面加热效果,通过正交试验研究了热风出口速度和热风出口温度对路面加热效果的影响程度。仿真和试验结果表明:理论计算与实验温度场分布趋势吻合度高,两者平均误差为8.4%;平均热流密度和平均换热系数在加热初期均从最大值急剧下降,而后下降幅度逐渐减小趋于平衡,两者的仿真计算与实验结果趋势相同,平均误差分别为6.4%和7.8%;热风出口速度和热风出口温度对平均热流密度均有显著影响,热风出口速度对平均换热系数有显著影响,热风出口温度对平均换热系数的影响相较于平均热流密度指标表现为不显著。研究结果为后续沥青路面就地热再生热风加热温度控制和加热器设计提供了理论依据。

延伸冲击-扇形气膜孔复合结构耦合换热实验与数值研究

针对冲击-气膜复合冷却结构,采用实验与数值方法,对比了基于圆形气膜孔的传统冲击、延伸冲击、小距离冲击、基于扇形气膜孔的传统冲击、延伸冲击5种复合冷却系统的耦合换热和流动特性。采用红外热成像技术,获得了5种复合冷却结构在吹风比分别为0.6、1.0、1.5时外壁面的综合冷却有效度,并通过数值计算进一步揭示了内部冷却的流动和换热特征。研究结果表明:在不产生额外气动损失的前提下,延伸冲击孔结构可提升内部冷却的换热系数,进而小幅度提升壁面的综合冷却有效度,幅度为1.2%~4.6%,但随着冷气量的增大综合冷却有效度提升幅度有所减小;减小冲击距离能够提升内部冲击换热效果,但不会对综合冷却有效度产生明显影响;采用扇形气膜孔可大幅度提升外部气膜冷却性能,且提升幅度大于采用延伸冲击内部改进结构的。相较于传统的圆形气膜孔-冲击复合冷却结构,在相同冷气量条件下,基于扇形孔的延伸冲击改进方案可将壁面的面平均综合冷却有效度提高7.6%~8.5%,并将系统的流量系数提升30%以上。

变径孔射流冲击冷却的流动与传热特性数值研究

采用数值方法开展了变径孔射流冲击冷却的流动与传热性能研究。设计了3种变径孔射流冲击冷却结构,即收缩孔、直孔、扩张孔。对比了不同雷诺数情况下3种孔型射流冲击冷却的流动与传热特性。分析了雷诺数和孔型对射流冲击冷却流动性能、传热性能和综合热力性能的影响。拟合得到了不同孔型冲击冷却的平均努塞尔数、压力损失系数和综合热力系数有关于雷诺数的经验关联式。结果表明:与直孔冲击冷却相比,雷诺数为6000~30 000时,收缩孔冲击冷却的压力损失系数增加了约16.67倍~21.09倍,靶面平均努塞尔数提升了约0.96倍~1.85倍;扩张孔冲击冷却的压力损失系数降低了约22.55%~33.68%,靶面平均努塞尔数降低了约5.62%~10.85%。在3种孔型中,收缩孔冲击冷却的传热性能最优、流动性能最差,直孔冲击冷却的传热性能和流动性能都处于中等水平,而扩张孔冲击冷却的传热性能最差、流动性能最好。当雷诺数小于24 000时,扩张孔冲击冷却的综合热力性能最优,其次为直孔冲击冷却,而收缩孔冲击冷却的综合热力性能最差。当雷诺数大于等于24 000时,3种孔型冲击冷却的综合热力性能很接近。研究结果可以为未来先进燃气轮机内部变径孔冲击冷却的设计提供一定的参考。

冲击孔阵列几何特征对冷却特性的影响研究

为了提高燃气轮机燃烧室过渡段冲击冷却效率,本文通过构建三维过渡段简化模型,利用数值模拟的方法研究了锥形冲击孔几何结构和不同孔径阵列特征对靶板流动换热特性的影响规律,着重研究了不同冲击孔板结构的射流Re数对靶板换热Nu数的影响规律。结果表明:在冷却空气入口条件相同的情况下,锥形孔结构的射流雷诺数随着锥度的增加而增大,当锥形孔的锥度为1∶4时,靶板可以获得最好的换热效果,相应的壁面平均换热Nu数可以提高15%以上。此外,在三种不同冲击孔阵列排布方式的孔板结构中,孔径差值Δd=0.125 d时的靶板换热效果最好,尽管其平均换热Nu数相对较小,但靶板整体温度分布更加均匀,可以有效地降低燃烧室过渡段的温度梯度。

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON SLOTTED & PERFORATED ELECTROPLATED CBN GRINDING WHEEL WITH RADIAL JET

A creative conception is proposed to enhance heat transfer in grinding contact zone through jet impinging on the basis of analysis on the mechanism of burn during creep feed grinding, and a new apparatus of slotted & perforated electroplated CBN grinding wheel with radial jet is developed, the effect on heat transfer is studied through the experiment of intermitted creep feed grinding. Experimental results show that the technology of enhancing heat transfer through jet impinging is valid to raise the efficiency of heat transfer in grinding contact zone and it is widely applied to solve the problem in grinding burn for difficult to machine materials.

Experimental study on heat transfer enhancement of square-array jet impingement by using an integrated synthetic jet actuator

A novel concept is proposed in the present study for improving the square-array jet impingement heat transfer by integrating a synthetic jet actuator into the array unit.To illustrate the potential of this concept,an experimental investigation is performed,wherein two jet Reynolds numbers(Re=3000 and 5000),three hole-to-hole pitches(X/d=Y/d=4,5 and 6),and three impinging distances(H/d=2,6 and 10)are considered while the synthetic jet is actuated at a fixed frequency of 180 Hz with a characteristic Reynolds number(Re_(0))of about 2430.The results show that the synthetic jet has rare influence on the stagnation heat transfer of square-array jet but effectively improves the local heat transfer at the central zone of array unit.Its potential is tightly dependent on the array layout,Reynolds number and impinging distance.In general,the spatially-averaged Nusselt number augment behaves more significantly for the situations with smaller jet Reynolds number and bigger impinging distance.