Influence of Plasma Pressure Fluctuation on RF Wave Propagation

Pressure fluctuations in the plasma sheath from spacecraft reentry affect radiofrequency（RF） wave propagation.The influence of these fluctuations on wave propagation and wave properties is studied using methods derived by synthesizing the compressible turbulent flow theory,plasma theory,and electromagnetic wave theory.We study these influences on wave propagation at GPS and Ka frequencies during typical reentry by adopting stratified modeling.We analyzed the variations in reflection and transmission properties induced by pressure fluctuations.Our results show that,at the GPS frequency,if the waves are not totally reflected then the pressure fluctuations can remarkably affect reflection,transmission,and absorption properties.In extreme situations,the fluctuations can even cause blackout.At the Ka frequency,the influences are obvious when the waves are not totally transmitted.The influences are more pronounced at the GPS frequency than at the Ka frequency.This suggests that the latter can mitigate blackout by reducing both the reflection and the absorption of waves,as well as the influences of plasma fluctuations on wave propagation.Given that communication links with the reentry vehicles are susceptible to plasma pressure fluctuations,the influences on link budgets should be taken into consideration.

Influences of Turbulent Reentry Plasma Sheath on Wave Scattering and Propagation

The randomness of turbulent reentry plasma sheaths can affect the propagation and scattering properties of electromagnetic waves.This paper developed algorithms to estimate the influences.With the algorithms and typical reentry data,influences of GPS frequency and Ka frequency are studied respectively.Results show that,in terms of wave scattering,the scattering loss caused by the randomness of the turbulent plasma sheath increases with the increase of the ensemble average electron density,ensemble average collision frequency,electron density fluctuation and turbulence integral scale respectively.Also the scattering loss is much smaller than the dielectric loss.The scattering loss of Ka frequency is much less than that of the GPS frequency.In terms of wave propagation,the randomness arouses the fluctuations of amplitude and phase of waves.The fluctuations change with altitudes that when the altitude is below 30 km,fluctuations increase with altitude increasing,and when the altitude is above 30 km,fluctuations decrease with altitude increasing.The fluctuations of GPS frequency are strong enough to affect the tracking,telemetry,and command at appropriate conditions,while the fluctuations of Ka frequency are much more feeble.This suggests that the Ka frequency suffers less influences of the randomness of a turbulent plasma sheath.

Transmissivity of electromagnetic wave propagating in magnetized plasma sheath using variational method

A variational method is introduced to analyze the transmissivity of an electromagnetic wave propagating in the magnetized plasma sheath. The plasma density is modeled by two parabolic inhomogeneous regions separated by one homogeneous region. The Lagrangian density of the system is constructed based on the fluid energy density and the electromagnetic energy density.The total variation of the Lagrangian density is derived. The fluid and electromagnetic fields are numerically solved by expansion in piecewise polynomial function space. We investigate the effect of an external magnetic field on the transmissivity of the electromagnetic wave. It is found that the transmissivity is increased when an external magnetic field is applied. The dependence of transmissivity on the collision frequency between the electrons and the neutral particles has also been studied. We also show that the external magnetic field causes a shift in the critical frequency of the plasma sheath.

CFD simulation of pressure fluctuation characteristics in the gas-solid fluidized bed:Comparisons with experiments

A simple hydrodynamic model based on two-fluid theory, taking into account the effect of discrete particles on both the gas- and solid-phase momentum equations, was used to numerically investigate the pressure fluctuation characteristics in a gas-solid fluidized bed with the aid of CFX 4.4, a commercial CFD software package, by adding user-defined Fortran subroutines. Numerical simulations together with typical experimental measurements show that pressure fluctuations originate above the distributor when a gas pulse is injected into the fluidized bed. The pressure above the bubble gradually increases due to the presence of a rising bubble. When the bubble passes through the bed surface, the pressure near the bed surface gradually decreases to a lower value. Moreover, the pressure signals in the bubbling fluidized beds show obviously periodic characteristics. The major frequency of pressure fluctuations at the same vertical position is affected slightly by the operating gas velocity, and the amplitude of pressure fluctuations is related to both the operating gas velocity and the vertical height. In this study, the influence of the operating gas velocity on the pressure wave propagation velocity can be ignored, and only two peak frequencies in the power spectrum of the pressure fluctuations are observed which are associated with the bubble formation above the distributor and its eruption at the bed surface.

Attenuation characteristics of obliquely incident electromagnetic wave in weakly ionized dusty plasma based on modified Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook collision model

The attenuation characteristics of obliquely incident electromagnetic(EM) wave in L-Ka frequency band in weakly ionized dusty plasma are analyzed based on the modified Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook(BGK) collision model.According to the kinetic equation and the charging theory,the total complex dielectric constant of the weakly ionized dusty plasma is derived by considering that the minimum velocity of the electron accessible to the dust particle surface is non-zero and the second potential part of the collision cross-section contributes to the charging.The attenuation characteristics within the modified model are compared with those within the traditional model.The influence of the dusty plasma parameters and the incident angle of EM waves on the attenuation in weakly ionized dusty plasma is further analyzed.Finally,the influence of different reentry heights on the attenuation characteristics of the obliquely incident EM wave is discussed.The results show that the effect of the minimum electron velocity and the second term of the collision cross-section on the attenuation characteristics of EM waves cannot be ignored.When the dust density and dust radius are changed,the trends of the attenuation of obliquely incident EM waves are consistent,but the influence of dust density is weaker than that of dust radius due to the constraint of orbit-limited motion(OLM) theory.The plasma thickness,electron density,and incident angle are proportional to the attenuation amplitude of EM waves.The effect of different reentry heights on the attenuation obliquely incident EM waves is related to the electron density and plasma thickness.

Difference analysis in terahertz wave propagation in thermochemical nonequilibrium plasma sheath under different hypersonic vehicle shapes

Research on terahertz communication under different vehicles has important guiding significance for the design of future hypersonic vehicle and Radio Frequency(RF)blackout.In this paper,a joint simulation model of plasma flow under thermochemical nonequilibrium state and terahertz transmission is developed to investigate the differences in terahertz wave transmission characteristics under different vehicle shapes and the related mechanisms.By comparing the plasma sheath characteristics and terahertz transmission among HIFIRE-5b(Hypersonic International Flight Research Experimentation-5b),RAM C(Radio Attenuation Measurement C)and ARD(Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator)vehicles,it is found that the sheath thickness and electron density of ARD vehicles is significantly larger than that of HIFIRE-5b and RAM C vehicles,resulting in greater terahertz wave attenuation.Collision absorption plays a major role in the terahertz attenuation of vehicles,and the contribution of reflection effects is only observed in the ARD vehicle due to its larger plasma sheath thickness and spatial structure variation.Based on the above comparison results,a shape design scheme of reducing the vehicle head and tail for mitigating RF blackout is proposed,and the scheme is proved by further analyzing the effects of different vehicle heads and tails on the terahertz communication.With the decrease of the head radius and tail width of hypersonic vehicle,the wave attenuation at the same terahertz frequency decreases,and the contribution of reflection effect to wave attenuation gradually disappears.Therefore,the shape design scheme of reducing the vehicle head and tail can effectively alleviate the RF blackout problem,which provides an important reference value for future hypersonic vehicle design.

L、S频段电磁波在等离子体中衰减实验研究

利用低气压辉光放电原理在地面产生大面积、长时间稳定持续的可控等离子体,在此基础上进行了L、S频段的电波传播衰减实验,在实验室环境下持续再现了"黑障"现象,并获得了1.57GHz和2.49GHz电磁波衰减量随等离子电子密度变化的规律。将实验数据与经典传播理论以及薄层理论的预期值对比,结果表明:电波的衰减趋势与经典理论预期基本相符,验证了本文所提出的新实验方法的有效性;在等离子厚度约为波长的1倍与1.5倍条件下,未观测到明显的薄层效应。

等离子体鞘套中的电波传播特性研究

采用压力权函数修正的迎风型矢通量分裂格式(AUSMPW+),求解纳维-斯托克斯(Navier-Stokes)方程组,得出不同飞行速度下等离子鞘套内的电子密度分布。基于改进的文策尔-克拉莫斯-布里渊(WKB)方法分析了电磁信号经过等离子鞘套的幅频特性,同时还给出了电磁波在鞘套中传输的相频曲线、群时延特性曲线。计算结果表明:随着飞行器速度增大,鞘套内电子密度增加,电波衰减明显增大,且电磁波在等离子鞘套中传输的相频特性受等离子体频率以及碰撞频率影响,在等离子体频率附近群时延最大。

临近空间高超声速飞行器黑障问题研究综述

首先对国内外黑障问题研究历史进行了回顾,然后从等离子体鞘套形成机理和基本特征、电波传播机理及信道特征等方面阐述了高超声速飞行器黑障问题的成因。随后,着重介绍了等离子体流场和电波传播数值模拟方法并分析了方法的适用性。进一步对等离子体地面模拟方法和诊断技术进行了概述,并对国内外地面黑障实验结果进行了详细分析。在此基础上,针对临近空间高超声速飞行器的特点,采用层次分析法(AHP)对现有黑障消除技术进行了评估,给出了目前工程实用方法、近期可能实现的工程实用解以及未来具有应用潜力的消除技术。最后,对黑障问题后续研究方向提出了几点建议。

高超音速飞行器“黑障”解决方法

简述了"黑障"问题产生的原理、等离子鞘的流场分布及其对通信的影响;重点讨论了4种解决黑障的方法,从原理、具体实现等几个方面对其进行了阐述,并分析了这几种方法的优缺点。对其他的几种方法进行了简单的介绍。

塑料大棚结构风振响应规律研究

为研究塑料大棚结构的风振响应规律,提出了塑料大棚结构风振响应分析的被研究块体方法,推导了塑料大棚骨架结构单元段的段间内力计算公式,设计了被研究块体构成方式,构建骨架结构中被研究块体的力学模型,给出了被研究块体方法实现过程;采用等截面圆柱杆的波动传播算例,验证了方法的有效性。在同时考虑平均风和脉动风作用、仅考虑脉动风作用、仅考虑平均风作用的3种工况下,针对不同跨度塑料大棚骨架结构的风振响应进行时程分析,得到骨架结构的节点位移和截面应力空间最大值的出现位置。结果表明:节点位移和截面应力均为脉动风荷载作用的计算结果明显大于平均风荷载作用的计算结果。因此,塑料大棚结构的风振响应分析需要考虑脉动风荷载的作用。

等离子鞘套随机特性对电波传播影响分析

高超声速飞行器等离子鞘套由于湍流、姿态调整、非均匀烧蚀等因素的影响,其等离子参数具有一定的随机特性。随机媒质的时域有限差分法(Stochastic Finite Difference Time Domain,SFDTD)可用于快速分析随机媒质中电波传播的统计特性。本文将普通媒质的S-FDTD方法扩展到等离子色散媒质,并采用该方法分析了典型鞘套电子密度分布下,电子密度随机特性对电波传播的影响。结果表明:电子密度的随机变化会引起透射电磁波的幅度与相位的抖动,抖动幅度与电子密度变化幅度具有线性相关性;等离子碰撞频率越高,相同强度的电子密度变化引起的透射系数幅度与相位变化越小;提高入射波频率,有助于有减少透射电磁波幅度与相位抖动。

高超声速钝锥等离子体鞘套电波传播特性研究

目的改进现阶段地面指控站对临近空间高超声速飞行器的通信和测控效果。方法采用计算流体动力学技术模拟钝锥体在不同高超声速飞行条件下的头身部绕流流场特性,并运用相关公式建立钝锥等离子体鞘套电磁模型。然后运用改进的移位算子时域有限差分方法计算电磁波经过等离子体鞘套的传播特性。结果计算结果表明,电磁波在等离子体鞘套内的传播特性在频率处于最大等离子体频率附近时发生转折,电磁波通过等离子体鞘套的透射效果与飞行工况和入射波条件密切相关。相对其他入射角度,当电磁波垂直于飞行体物面入射到等离子体鞘套尾部时的电磁波衰减较小。飞行高度增加或飞行速度减小时,等离子体鞘套对电磁波的衰减效应将减弱。结论该研究可为有效测控临近空间高超声速飞行器、缓解再入通讯中断现象提供一定的技术突破方法。

太赫兹波在飞行器等离子体鞘套中的传输特性

针对临近空间飞行器的黑障问题,根据模拟的RAM C-Ⅲ飞行器周围的流场分布结果,计算了等离子体电子密度和碰撞频率,并根据其分布建立了非均匀的等离子体模型。在此基础上,利用散射矩阵方法分析了太赫兹波在等离子体中的传输特性随着等离子体密度、等离子体厚度、等离子体碰撞频率的变化以及外加磁场对传输特性的影响。结果表明,太赫兹波的传输损耗随着等离子体电子密度和等离子体厚度的增加而增加,而碰撞频率的增加会使得透射率先减小后增加。在外加磁场的作用下,左旋太赫兹波的传输特性会得到改善;而对于右旋太赫兹波,磁场的施加会引入吸收峰,并且随着磁感应强度的增加向高频方向移动。

太赫兹波在高速飞行器等离子体鞘套中的传输特性

文章针对临近空间高超声速飞行器的通信黑障问题,对“联盟号”飞船返回舱周围的流场分布进行模拟,根据流场压力、温度分布以及空气离解反应模型建立等离子体鞘套模型,并基于散射矩阵法分析不同飞行速度、不同入射角度下,频率在0~3.5 THz范围的太赫兹波的传输特性。结果表明,不同飞行马赫数及入射角度下,太赫兹波对等离子体鞘套都具有较好的穿透能力,且传输损耗随频率的提高明显降低。该研究对于实现临近空间飞行器的全时通信和实时探测具有重要意义。

等离子体中太赫兹波传输及成像探测特性研究

本文根据散射矩阵方法模拟等离子体并建立了非均匀等离子体理论模型,并在此基础上计算了0.1 THz^10 THz频段的全波段太赫兹波在其中的传输特性。根据介质阻挡放电原理在实验室环境下搭建等离子体射流产生装置并产生非均匀等离子体,进行了太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)以及宽带太赫兹源在等离子体中的透射光谱测量以及太赫兹波对等离子体遮挡下目标物的反射成像的试验。理论和实验结果均表明,较高频太赫兹波在等离子体中有良好的穿透性,这为太赫兹波在黑障区的通信以及雷达探测应用打下研究基础。

等离子鞘套热力学波动对电磁波传播的影响

针对等离子鞘套热力学波动造成电磁波传播特性变化的问题,结合湍流理论、等离子理论和电磁波传播理论,得到了热力学参数波动与介电常数间的关系。计算了不同状态下热力学参数波动引起S和Ka波段电磁波透射和反射系数的变化。结果表明,当电子密度增大,S波段反射系数变化减小、透射系数变化增大;当Ka波段在碰撞频率10MHz时,反射系数变化增大、透射系数变化减小,在碰撞频率1GHz和50GHz时透射系数变化反射系数变化先增后减。不同高度下波动的影响也不同,S波段透射和反射系数变化随高度升高先减后增;Ka波段透射系数变化先减后增、反射系数变化先减后增而后再次减小。因此,应根据实际环境状态获得波动的包络范围,进而针对性开展测控通信系统设计。

Experimental Investigation of the Rail Pressure Fluctuations Correlated with Fuel Properties and Injection Settings

Injection-induced rail pressure fluctuations are proven to cause nonuniform spray development.These fluctuations are also responsible for generating lower injection pressures,to the detriment of jet penetration length and break-up timing.Despite the vast literature dealing with such issues,several aspects of rail pressure fluctuations remain unclear.Additionally,the need for compliance with the emission legislation has shed light on the potential of alternative fuels,which represent a pathway for sustainable mobility.This scenario has motivated the present study dealing with the assessment of the time history of rail pressure correlated with fuel properties.Tests have been performed using a last-generation common rail injection equipment under various injection settings,employing diesel and 2-methylfuran-diesel blend.This paper describes the research activity and aims to provide new insights into the correlation of rail pressure fluctuations with fuel properties.

太赫兹波在非均匀等离子体鞘层中的传播特性

当飞行器以超高速返回大气层时,飞行器表面的空气发生电离,形成严重阻碍地面与飞行器之间通信的等离子鞘层。针对再入飞行器表面的等离子鞘层的特性,建立了具有非均匀电子密度和非均匀电子碰撞频率的等离子鞘层模型。基于非均匀介质的等效波阻抗思想,探讨了太赫兹波在具有不同分布特性的等离子体鞘层中的传播规律,研究了左右两种极化方式的太赫兹波在等离子体鞘层中的传播特性受不同因素的影响。研究发现太赫兹波在等离子体鞘层中的相移特性主要受入射角影响,且与波所处的位置和波的频率有关,与波的极化方式无关,相移特性呈周期性变化。左右两种极化方式的太赫兹波的传播特性在低频范围内受相同因素影响的差异较大,随着传输频率的升高,两种极化方式的传播特性逐渐趋于一致。

一种考虑电磁波驱动效应的等离子碰撞频率分段计算方法

针对高速飞行器等离子鞘套碰撞频率的经验公式忽略电子-带电粒子碰撞以及电磁波对粒子碰撞的驱动效应对碰撞频率计算的影响问题,提出了一种考虑电磁波驱动效应的碰撞频率分段计算方法.该算法以等离子动力论为基础,综合考虑了电子-中性粒子碰撞、电子-带电粒子碰撞以及电磁波驱动效应对碰撞频率计算的影响,定义了一种新参数—–电离热运动比来判断两类碰撞对碰撞频率计算的影响程度,并根据这一参数值的大小分段计算碰撞频率.理论分析和仿真结果表明:所提出的算法在电离热运动比大于5时比经验公式更接近碰撞频率的真实情况,有助于高速飞行器等离子鞘套碰撞频率的计算和诊断以及电波传播特性的计算.