Experimental Characterization of the Plasma Synthetic Jet Actuator

The plasma synthetic jet is a novel active flow control method because of advantages such as fast response, high frequency and non-moving parts, and it has received more attention recently, especially regarding its application to high-speed flow control. In this paper, the experimental characterization of the plasma synthetic jet actuator is investigated. The actuator consists of a copper anode, a tungsten cathode and a ceramic shell, and with these three parts a cavity can be formed inside the actuator. A pulsed-DC power supply was adopted to generate the arc plasma between the electrodes, through which the gas inside was heated and expanded from the orifice. Discharge parameters such as voltage and current were recorded, respectively, by voltage and current probes. The schlieren system was used for flow visualization, and jet velocities with different discharge parameters were measured. The schlieren images showed that the strength of plasma jets in a series of pulses varies from each other. Through velocity measurement, it is found that at a fixed frequency, the jet velocity hardly increases when the discharge voltage ranges from 16 kV to 20 kV. However, with the discharge voltage fixed, the jet velocity suddenly decreases when the pulse frequency rises above 500 Hz, whereas at other testing frequencies no such decrease was observed. The maximum jet velocity measured in the experiment was up to 110 m/s, which is believed to be effective for high-speed flow control.

Influence of air pressure on the performance of plasma synthetic jet actuator

Plasma synthetic jet actuator（PSJA） has a wide application prospect in the high-speed flow control field for its high jet velocity.In this paper,the influence of the air pressure on the performance of a two-electrode PSJA is investigated by the schlieren method in a large range from 7 k Pa to 100 k Pa.The energy consumed by the PSJA is roughly the same for all the pressure levels.Traces of the precursor shock wave velocity and the jet front velocity vary a lot for different pressures.The precursor shock wave velocity first decreases gradually and then remains at 345 m/s as the air pressure increases.The peak jet front velocity always appears at the first appearance of a jet,and it decreases gradually with the increase of the air pressure.A maximum precursor shock wave velocity of 520 m/s and a maximum jet front velocity of 440 m/s are observed at the pressure of 7 k Pa.The averaged jet velocity in one period ranges from 44 m/s to 54 m/s for all air pressures,and it drops with the rising of the air pressure.High velocities of the precursor shock wave and the jet front indicate that this type of PSJA can still be used to influence the high-speed flow field at 7 k Pa.

Experimental and numerical investigation of a self-supplementing dual-cavity plasma synthetic jet actuator

The primary issue regarding the plasma synthetic jet actuator(PSJA)is its performance attenuation at high frequencies.To solve this issue,a self-supplementing,dual-cavity,plasma synthetic jet actuator(SD-PSJA)is designed,and the static properties of the SD-PSJA are investigated through experiments and numerical simulations.The pressure measurement shows that the SD-PSJA has two saturation frequencies(1200 Hz and 2100 Hz),and the experimental results show that both the saturation frequencies decrease as the volume of the bottom cavity of the SD-PSJA increases.As the size of the supplement hole increases,the first saturation frequency increases continuously,while the second saturation frequency shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing.Numerical simulations show that the working process of the SD-PSJA is similar to that of the PSJA,but the volume of the cavity in the SD-PSJA is smaller than that of the PSJA;the SD-PSJA can supplement air to the top cavity through two holes,thus reducing the refresh time and effectively improving the jet intensity of the actuator at high frequencies.

Experimental characteristics of a two-electrode plasma synthetic jet actuator array in serial

Plasma Synthetic Jet(PSJ) actuators have shown wide and promising application prospects in high-speed flow control, due to their advantages including high exhaust speed, wide frequency band, rapid response, and non-moving components. Although previous studies on PSJ actuators are abundant, most of them have focused on the performance of a single actuator. However, in practice, an actuator array is very necessary for large-scale aerodynamic actuation on account of the small affected area of a single PSJ. In this paper, the characteristics of a twoelectrode plasma synthetic jet actuator array in serial are investigated experimentally. Compared to a parallel actuator array, the serial actuator array requires simpler power supply design and is much easier to realize. High-speed photography of the discharge evolution, voltage-current measurement, and shadowgraphy visualization are used in the investigation. Experimental results show that, for the serial actuator array, weak discharges happen firstly between energized and suspending electrodes, and then a strong pulse arc discharge is triggered. The breakdown voltage in serial is irrelevant to such factors as the number of actuators, the maximum or minimum gap in serial,the connection sequence, etc. It is mainly determined by the sum of gaps. For serial actuators with the same anode-to-cathode spacing, the energy deposition is the same, and the jet is synchronous and similar. Because of the entrainment and merging of adjacent jet vortices, the jet front speed of an aligned synchronous jet array increases as the orifice distance decreases. To achieve the highest jet front velocity, the orifice of the actuator has an optimal diameter.

Effect of pressure on the performance of plasma synthetic jet actuator

The effects of the ambient air pressure level on the performance of plasma synthetic jet actuator have been investigated through electrical and optical diagnostics.Pressures from 1 atm down to 0.1 atm were tested with a 10 Hz excitation.The discharge measurement demonstrates that there is a voltage range to make the actuator work reliably.Higher pressure level needs a higher breakdown voltage,and a higher discharge current and energy deposition are produced.But when the actuator works with the maximum breakdown voltage,the fraction of the initial capacitor energy delivered to the arc is almost invariable.This preliminary study also confirms the effectiveness of the plasma synthetic jet at low pressure.Indeed,the maximum velocities of the precursor shock and the plasma jet induced by the actuator with maximum breakdown voltage are independent of the ambient pressure level;reach about 530 and 460 m/s respectively.The mass flux of the plasma jet increases with ambient pressure increasing,but the strength of the precursor shock presents a local maximum at 0.6 atm.

The effect of actuation frequency on the plasma synthetic jet

The flow induced by plasma synthetic jet actuator was simulated through solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations augmented by body force phenomenological plasma model.The effect of actuation frequency on the plasma synthetic jet was examined by case study.The numerical results present that with the actuation frequency increasing,the stream-wise distance of the adjacent vortex pairs induced by the actuator decreases monotonically,which is the same as the situation of the velocity fluctuations field caused by the vortex pairs.When the actuation frequency is 60 Hz,the vortex pairs formed during the adjacent actuation periods merge together quickly,and the flow structure in the downstream region is more close to that of the steady case.The actuation frequency has no visible influence on the time-averaged flow field of plasma synthetic jet.However,when the actuation frequency is relatively low(f<40 Hz),the momentum flux close to the actuator increases with the actuation frequency increasing,which is contrary to the situation in the far field from the wall.

三电极合成射流激励器电极布局与电源系统的匹配特性

为了有效增加合成射流激励器的放电强度,提高放电稳定性,使用直流电源和不同类型的触发电源,对三电极合成射流激励器的放电特性进行研究,提出了设计准则,优化了电极布局。结果表明:触发电源脉冲电压的上升时间对触发特性有重要的影响。纳秒触发源电压上升时间与击穿延迟时间相近,可促使2个放电通道同时形成,实现同时击穿;微秒触发源配合直流激励只能使2个放电通道依次形成,放电模式为依次击穿。三电极合成射流激励器的放电通道长度和稳定放电时放电通道的可调节范围由触发电源与直流电源共同决定。采用纳秒脉冲触发源和较大的直流电压激励时,可显著提高三电极合成射流激励器的最大放电间距和放电稳定性。在4 k V直流激励下微秒脉冲触发形成的最大间距为7.5 mm,而在无直流电压输入时,纳秒脉冲触发形成的最大放电间距已达10 mm。当施加-4 k V直流电压时,纳秒脉冲触发形成的最大放电间距更是达到了17.5 mm。

面向等离子体高能合成射流应用的重频脉冲源研制

等离子体合成射流是高速流场控制的一种重要手段,而高重频、大能量的等离子体合成射流可以产生更好的流动控制效果。为此研制了一台可实现高重频等离子体高能合成射流的脉冲电源,输出参数为:电压幅值0~10k V,重复频率0~1 000 Hz可调,脉宽15μs,放电电流峰值320 A,放电能量超过150 m J。首先,对脉冲源的拓扑结构进行了设计,对其工作原理进行了说明。其次研究了放电电容对于输出波形的影响,并在高重频条件下进行了放电特性和能量特性分析。最后,利用纹影系统观察了射流流场的发展过程。实验结果表明:高重频条件下输出电压稳定性良好;随着放电电容的增大,放电持续时间延长,放电电流增大,放电能量增加;此外,纹影系统观测表明合成射流速度可达150 m/s。该电源可应用于流动控制领域。

面向等离子体合成射流应用的微秒脉冲源研制

为了产生高能等离子体合成射流,设计了一台面向等离子体合成射流应用的微秒脉冲源,输出电压为10kV,重复频率为100Hz,可承受高达250A的放电电流。详细介绍了微秒脉冲源的工作原理,比较了不同放电电容对脉冲变压器原边电流及输出电压的影响。进一步将所设计的微秒脉冲源成功应用于等离子体合成射流实验中,研究了不同间距对等离子体合成射流的影响,比较了有无放电电容条件下的能量消耗率。实验结果表明:不同放电电容在相同激励器间距的条件下,击穿电压基本相同;击穿电压随激励器间距增大而增大。有放电电容能产生较大的放电电流,且电流值随电容值的增大而增大。有放电电容条件下的能量消耗率比无放电电容要高,易于产生高能的等离子体合成射流。

三电极等离子体合成射流激励器工作特性参数影响实验

采用放电测量和光学诊断技术对三电极等离子体合成射流激励器放电特性及流场特性进行了实验研究分析了放电电容、激励器腔体体积和射流出口直径对三电极等离子体合成射流流场分布及速度特性的影响.实验结果表明三电极等离子体合成射流激励器放电过程包含触发、放电增强、放电衰减和电弧熄灭4个阶段表现出典型的欠阻尼放电特征等离子体合成射流流场包含射流主流、"前驱激波"和复杂的反射波系.放电电容、腔体体积和射流出口直径均存在一阈值当电容和出口直径小于阈值、腔体体积大于阈值时"前驱激波"以当地声速(约345 m/s)恒速传播否则"前驱激波"则以大于345 m/s的速度传播且与射流速度呈现相同的变化趋势即随着放电电容和出口直径的增加而增大随着腔体体积的增加而减小.

纳秒脉冲等离子体合成射流特性实验研究

设计了新型的等离子体合成射流激励器,采用实验方法研究了该激励器的放电特性、合成射流强度特性以及时均冲力特性。实验结果表明:存在一个饱和激励频率使合成射流的强度达到最大值,当射流孔径为1mm和1.5mm时,这一饱和频率分别为4k Hz和6k Hz;随着与出口距离的增加,射流的强度呈指数衰减,射流的影响距离约为10mm;在4k Hz下,激励器所产生的时均冲力随着激励频率的增加而近似线性增加,该时均冲力与单位长度介质阻挡放电(SDBD)激励器所产生的体积力处于同一量级(m N),孔径为1.5mm下的时均冲力约为孔径为1 mm时的两倍。

直缝式等离子体合成射流激励器特性的实验研究

为了研究一种新型的直缝式等离子体合成射流激励器,采用高速纹影技术和电参数测量的方法,对激励器的瞬态流场特性和放电特性进行了研究。实验结果表明:在相同出口面积的情况下,直缝式等离子体合成射流激励器的初始射流速度是直孔式激励器的1.4倍。直缝式激励器速度衰减更快,喷气时间更短,和外部气流的动量交换更加迅速。实验中首次对直缝激励器的三维流场进行描述及分析,发现其前驱激波及射流形态具有更好的平面度,存在较大的均匀区。直缝式等离子体合成射流激励器在提高工作频率、扩大流动控制区间等方面具有一定优势。

几种关于附面层分离主动控制方法机制的概述

随着飞机和发动机设计性能要求的不断提高,流体的主动控制变得越来越重要,并显出不可替代的作用。流体主动控制方式通过小尺度、局部的能量注入,特别是通过对临界点附近的控制来改变全场的流动结构,并且能够对复杂的动态系统进行精确的相位控制,所以在近年的流动控制领域变得非常活跃。本文对合成射流、等离子体、电磁体积力这些主动控制方法及其机制进行了详细的介绍,并得出结论:相对于被动控制方式,主动控制方式具有明显的优势。

等离子体激励器的静特性与高速特性仿真研究

将实验测得的电弧放电能量分布规律拟合为理想热源,采用数值仿真方法对一种高频等离子体射流激励器进行参数化研究,探索了激励器出口角度对激励器静特性的影响,并获得了在超声速来流(Ma0=2.0)情况下射流激励器的高速特性。结果显示:当射流出口流通面积相同时射流出口角度越小,激励器沿流向的动量注入能力越强,并且这一规律在高速射流条件的情况下仍然适用。相比静止条件,在超声速来流条件下,射流的动量注入能力更强,影响域更大。

Characteristics of High Speed Electro-thermal Jet Activated by Pulsed DC Discharge

Experimental study of synthetic jet produced by pulsed direct current （DC） discharge is presented. High velocity jet is acti- vated electro-thermally by high frequency pulsed DC discharge in small cavity. A cavity of 2.38 mm diameter cylinder bounded by circular electrode is made in a ceramic plate and a small orifice of 1.78 mm diameter is drilled in the middle of cavity. High frequency pulsed DC discharge instantaneously heats air in the cavity and produces high velocity jet at the exit of the orifice. Schlieren imaging at high framing rate of 100 kHz reveals the presence of supersonic precursor shock followed by the jet emerg- ing from the orifice. The jet velocity reaches as high as about 300 m/s. Jet with smaller cavity volume produces lesser effect and jet velocity reaches maximum at certain cavity volume with given discharge current and orifice size. As duty time of pulse increases from 5 to 20 μs at fixed frequency of 5 kHz, the jet velocity also increases and becomes nearly constant with further increase in duty time. At fixed duty time of 20 μs, higher frequency pulsing of 10 kHz produces degradation of the jet as the discharge pulse continues. The jet developed in this study is demonstrated to be strong enough to penetrate deep into supersonic boundary layer and to produce a bow shock when the jet is issued into Mach 3 supersonic flow.

等离子体合成射流激励器阵列破除翼前缘三维冰特性

无人机结冰将严重影响其安全性,机翼前缘更容易结冰及积冰,对无人机气动性能影响更为严重,而机翼前缘结冰形状具有三维特性,亟须发展有效破除机翼前缘三维冰的低能耗、快响应除冰技术。分别根据NACA0012、NACA0018及NACA00243种翼型前缘曲率制作了3种不同弧度的冰型,基于等离子体合成射流激励器响应快、能耗低、射流强度高等优点,开展了单个及阵列布置激励器破除三维形态冰特性研究,分析了45°和90°两种不同方向出口对破冰特性的影响,阐明了等离子体合成射流激励器的破除冰机理及规律。结果表明:放电总能量为16.66 J时,在单个激励器作用下,对于翼前缘类似NACA0012的曲率半径较小的冰,射流冲击应力易在前缘驻点处集中,在翼前缘驻点线处能产生长达20 cm的贯穿裂纹,从而实现有效破除冰;对于曲率半径较大的冰,破冰半径约5 cm。保持放电总能量16.66 J不变,激励器采用沿驻点线的“一字型”阵列布置时对3种弧度的冰都能产生贯穿裂纹实现破除冰,表明激励器阵列能有效拓展破除冰面积,具备低能耗、大面积破除冰能力。研究成果可为无人机低能耗、大面积破除冰提供理论及实践参考。

多电极等离子体合成射流激励器频率特性实验

为研究多电极等离子体合成射流激励器(ME-PSJA)的重频工作特性,实验使用微秒脉冲电源驱动ME-PSJA,实现了ME-PSJA的多脉冲工作模式。并通过电参数测量、高速纹影观测研究了不同激励频率下激励器的放电特性及流场特性。实验结果表明:ME-PSJA完整放电通道建立所需时间小于2μs,实时响应频率大于1 400 Hz。当频率低于饱和频率时,提高频率可有效提高合成射流的时均动量与扩散范围,增强MEPSJA的流动控制能力。当频率高于饱和频率时,ME-PSJA无法持续产生稳定射流,工作可靠性下降。

等离子体合成射流激励器及其流动控制技术研究进展

等离子体合成射流(PSJ)激励器是通过半封闭容腔内电弧放电的温升及压升作用产生高温高速零质量射流的装置,具有射流速度高、边界层穿透能力强、响应速度快、激励频带宽、无活动部件等优势,是一种应用前景广泛的新型主动流动控制激励器。对等离子体合成射流激励器近些年来的研究进展进行了综述,重点综述了激励器在增大控制能力、提高能量效率、拓展环境适应性等方面所进行的优化设计,介绍了激励器研究中所发展的创新手段,并对激励器的能量效率特性和参数影响规律进行了归纳总结。重点综述了等离子体合成射流激励器在横向主流干扰、分离流控制、激波控制、激波/边界层干扰控制等应用领域的研究进展,深入探讨了等离子体合成射流与横向主流、分离泡、激波等典型流场结构的耦合作用机理,分析了等离子体合成射流主动流动控制存在的动量注入效应、冲击波效应、局部加热效应等复杂作用机制,并对未来的研究方向进行了探讨。

等离子体合成射流能量效率及工作特性研究

基于等离子体激励器工作过程中气体放电的焦耳加热作用,并结合局部热力学平衡等离子体物理假设,开展了等离子体合成射流三维唯象数值研究,获得了完整工作周期内等离子体合成射流流场发展演变过程.研究结果表明,单次能量沉积建立的自维持周期性射流中存在有实现激励器腔体"充分"回填的最大脉冲工作频率——饱和频率.大的能量沉积、小的激励器出口直径和相同腔体体积下大的径高比都可以产生速度更高的射流,而射流速度的提高会伴随有饱和频率的降低.一个饱和周期内,最多约有16%的初始腔内气体喷出,吸气复原仅能实现初始腔体质量90%左右的回填.一个大气压条件下,容性电源供能的等离子体合成射流激励器电能向气体热能和射流动能的转化效率分别约为5%和1.6%.

压电式微型合成射流多域耦合数值模拟

合成射流器的设计与仿真是优化其性能参数的关键。针对目前合成射流器的计算模型在建立物理模型时存在简化误差而导致仿真精度降低的问题,提出了一种基于多域耦合分析的全流场计算模型。该模型采用通用有限元分析软件ANSYS中的压电耦合单元实现电场-结构场的直接耦合分析,并通过ANSYS与流体仿真软件CFX间的耦合接口完成流场-结构场的同步双向耦合,最终实现了压电式合成射流器真实物理过程的数值模拟。基于此模型对合成射流器的工作过程进行了模拟,并研究了驱动电压和腔体结构参数对喷口速度的影响。结果表明:多域耦合模型能准确模拟合成射流的形成过程,数值模拟与实验结果的变化趋势一致,且相对误差不超过8%,为合成射流器的优化设计及控制提供了理论依据。