Detection of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Plastic Bottles Using Vertical Cultivation at Various Temperatures

Polycarbonate plastics containing bisphenol A (BPA) used to manufacture drinking water bottles. Kurdistan region in northern Iraq is a developed area with increased pollution from plastic bottles. Trace amounts of BPA have been detected in bottled water samples. The absorption of BPA was measured with HPLC using a vertical cultivation system with Bulbs of the Allium Cepa plant planted in these plastic bottles with monitored growth. Vertical cultivation was found to have a low level of BPA in the plant cells, making it a safe cultivation method under specific climate conditions. The mean concentration of BPA in vertical cultivation is 0.19 ug/ml (3.8 ng for a 20 uL injection), and the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) is 0.63 ug/ml (12.7 ng for 20 uL injection). While Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows that the concentrations are relatively low in water samples stored at room temperature compared to those exposed to direct sunlight (40°C) and water bottle samples stored at (-4°C), The correlation coefficients were found to be good (0.9992). SEM is used for plastic bottle samples stored at different temperatures. The images identify compound decay and explore the morphology of BPA in manufactured plastic materials.

Effects of Planting Density, Duration of Disclosing Plastic Film and Nitrogen Fertilization on the Growth Dynamics of Rapeseed under No-tillage Cultivation

[ Objective] This study was to understend the optimized combination of planting density, duration of disclosing plastic film and nitrogen fertilization under no-tillage cultivation. [ Method] Quadratic polynomial regression and saturated D-optimal design were employed to investigate the effects of planting density, duration of disclosing plastic film and nitrogen fertilization on the dynamics growth of rapeseed under no-tillage cultivation.[ Result] Within the experimental range, the growth dynamics of no-tillage cultivated rapeseed assumed a rise-fall tend. For the effects to the growth dynamics of no-tillage cultivated rapeseed, nitrogen application amount was higher than planting density and duration of disclosing plastic film. The interaction effect between planting density and duration of disclosing plastic film was higher than that between nitrogen application amount and planting density, and between nitrogen application amount and duration of disclosing plastic film. [ Conclusion] The optimized combination of these factors for dynamic growth of rapeseed under no-tillage cultivation was determined to be： planting density of per hectare 154 925 individuals, duration of disclosing plastic film of 110 d, nitrogen application amount of 315 kg/hm^2.

Light Simplified Foxtail Millet Cultivation Technique Adopting Furrow Sowing beside Plastic Film Covering Micro-ridges

In order to solve the problem that dry-land foxtail millet production completely relies on rainwater with the characteristics of low instable yield, manual thinning and weeding, high labor intensity, and labor and time saving, Millet Research Institute of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences integrated furrow sowing beside plastic film covering micro-ridges, simplified cultivation and mechanized production, forming the simplified foxtail millet cultivation technique adopting furrow sowing beside plastic film covering micro-ridges. This study introduced the technique points of the simplified foxtail millet cultivation technique adopting furrow sowing beside plastic film covering micro-ridges, including preparation before sowing,sowing, attached agricultural machines, field management, harvest and residual film recovery.

Effects of plastic mulching film-induced leaf burning on seedling growth in tobacco cultivation:Different findings beyond conservation view

Solving high-temperature plastic mulching film-induced leaf burning in the first week during tobacco cultivation would take much time and effort. In the present study, the growth as well as the leaf sugar and nicotine contents of seedlings with or without leaf burning induced by high-temperature plastic mulching film were tested at two independent sites in 2015 and 2016 to identify the influence of leaf burning on seedling growth. The results showed that the growth of seedlings with leaf burning was improved with increased leaf area, leaf number and plant height compared to those without leaf burning, combined with an increased seedling survival rate at two sites in two years. In seedlings with leaf burning, the contents of fructose and glucose increased and peaked at 11：00 and 13：00 in the leaf and root, respectively, with an increased root nicotine content beginning at 13：00, highlighting the signalling role of sugars. Activities of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase （POD）, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） were all increased in seedlings with leaf burning. More plant biomass was allocated to roots in seedlings with leaf burning with increased root volume compared to control seedlings, which might facilitate the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. Our findings demonstrate that high-temperature plastic mulching film-induced leaf burning not inhibited but benefited seedling survival and growth, suggesting that the time and labour-consuming manual plucking of burnt leaves can be avoided during tobacco cultivation.

Biological Characteristics of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.niveum Isolated from Watermelon Cultivated in Plastic Greenhouse and Indoor Toxicity Determination of Different Fungicides in Hainan Province of China

[ Objective] The paper was to study biological characteristics of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum in watermelon cultivated in plastic greenhouse in Hainan Province of China and to determine indoor toxicity of fungicides. [ Method] Effects of various factors on mycelial growth and spore germination were stud- ied, and the lethal temperature of spores and indoor toxicity of fungicides were also determined. [Result] The fungal mycelium had a better growth rate on water- melon juice medium than the others. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth and spore germination were 28 ℃ and 30 ℃, and the optimum pH values were 7 - 8 and 7 - 9, respectively. Light-dark alternation was conducive for mycelial growth. The lethal temperature of spore was 60 ℃ for 5 min. The fungal mycelium grew better while taking fructose and glucose as carbon sources and yeast extract and peptone as nitrogen sources. Toxicity determination showed that 50% pro- chloraz-manganese chloride complex WP had the greatest inhibition effect on mycelial growth, with the ECso value of 0.730 9 μg/mL; followed by 32.5% benzoic azoxystrobin SC, 30% benzoylate· propieanazol EC, 10% difenoconazole WG, 25% bromothalonil · carbendazim WP and 25% bromothalonil WP, with the ECso values from 1.884 7μg/mL to 8. 161 0μg/mL. [Conclusion] The study provided basic data for field control against F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum on watermelon cultivated in plastic greenhouse in Hainan Province.

北方地区塑料大棚内葡萄与香菇生态套种技术

基于葡萄树下套种香菇试验,总结出北方地区塑料大棚内葡萄树下香菇半熟料畦床套种和香菇菌棒地表摆放套种两种生态套种模式,系统介绍了茬口安排、场地消毒、原料准备、原料处理、播种、发菌管理、转色管理、出菇管理和采收管理等不同栽培阶段的技术要点,并讨论了塑料大棚内葡萄香菇生态套种的注意事项。

塑料大棚萝卜-番茄-黄瓜一年三茬高效栽培技术规程

渭河流域河谷川道地区利用塑料大棚进行春番茄-秋黄瓜并套种萝卜的种植模式,实现了一年三茬高效栽培,这种模式在天水市武山县城关镇、洛门镇等地形成了一定规模。为促进武山县塑料大棚蔬菜产业健康可持续发展,根据国家及行业标准,结合多年试验示范和生产实践,从适用范围、规范性引用文件、产地环境、品种选择、茬口安排、栽培技术要点等方面总结制定了塑料大棚萝卜-番茄-黄瓜一年三茬栽培技术规程。本规程的制定将为武山塑料大棚多熟制蔬菜的发展提供有力的技术支撑,进而促进渭河流域塑料大棚蔬菜产业的高质量绿色标准化生产。

基于生命周期评价的东北地区覆膜水稻环境影响分析

为探明覆膜水稻生命周期过程的资源消耗和环境影响,本研究基于2021—2022两年的田间试验对东北地区覆膜水稻进行生命周期评价。结果表明:仅考虑资源消耗、气候变化和环境酸化的情况下,覆PE膜旱直播水稻的环境影响潜值更小,对环境更友好。东北地区覆PE膜育秧移栽水稻能源消耗、水资源消耗、气候变化、环境酸化、富营养化和生态毒性6个环境影响指标对应的环境影响潜值分别为14046.40 MJ、957082.47 kg、1663.15 kg CO_(2)-eq、8.70 kg SO_(2)-eq、1.84 kg PO^(3-)_(4)-eq和57.05 kg 1,4-DCB-eq;东北地区覆PE膜旱直播水稻这6个环境影响指标对应的环境影响潜值分别为11990.32 MJ、312102.92 kg、1071.41 kg CO_(2)-eq、6.85 kg SO_(2)-eq、1.88 kg PO^(3-)_(4)-eq和73.75 kg 1,4-DCB-eq。造成资源消耗和气候变化的主要原因是氮肥和燃油的生产及使用,另外地膜生产和滴灌设备的生产也对环境造成了较大的影响。研究表明,水稻清洁生产的关键在于农资产品生产技术的优化和氮肥的合理施用。在两种覆膜水稻栽培方式中,覆膜旱直播水稻造成的环境影响更低,更适合我国农业绿色低碳发展。

农机农艺融合条件下塑料大棚黄瓜适度规模化生产技术

针对北京地区蔬菜种植设施面积小、种植零散问题,借鉴工业生产的思维模式,开展适度规模化管理模式,以塑料大棚黄瓜为例进行生产示范,统一育苗、定植、水肥管理、植株调整等环节的操作标准,通过互联网智能化手段监测大棚内环境条件、植株生长状态、病虫害发生等情况,针对灌水、施肥、采收等关键技术环节,集成省力化精准作业模式,缓解作业强度,实现农技、农机和设施的深度融合。

长期覆膜旱作和施用包膜尿素对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及土壤养分的影响

水稻覆膜旱作栽培(non-flooding plastic film mulching cultivation,PM)是以地膜覆盖为核心来实现水稻节水生产的综合集成创新技术。然而,在覆盖地膜后,氮肥只能在移栽前作为基肥一次性施用,导致水稻前期营养生长过盛和生育后期潜在缺氮,从而限制了水稻高产。聚合物包膜尿素(polymer coated urea,CR)是一种控释氮肥,在传统淹水栽培(traditional flooding cultivation,TF)模式下已成为提高作物产量和氮肥利用率的最佳管理措施之一,但尚未在PM模式下进行长期定位试验评估。本研究以高产中熟籼型杂交稻‘两优培九’为供试水稻品种,比较在PM和TF 2种栽培模式下施用CR和普通尿素(urea,UR)对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明:与UR相比,在TF和PM模式下施用CR使水稻氮肥利用率分别提高9.2%和15.4%(P<0.05),使水稻产量分别提高8.6%和15.0%(P<0.05)。与TF模式相比,PM模式加速了土壤有机质的分解,降低了土壤全氮、碱解氮含量。与施用UR相比,在PM模式下施用CR能缓解土壤全氮、碱解氮含量的下降,并使经济效益提高16.8%。综上所述,施用CR是解决在PM模式下水稻生育后期缺氮问题的有效途径。

浅谈新时代背景下整复外科的人才培养

整复外科作为外科的分支学科,主要有修复重建外科和美容整形外科两个主要的发展方向。近年来,青年医师在专业选择上出现“重美容、轻修复”倾向,影响着整复外科的可持续发展。同时,新兴技术的出现也为新一代整复外科人才的培养提供了新的机遇。整复外科青年医生的培养教育模式应当与时俱进,因此我们提出通过加强医史教育、引导专业认知、革新教学模式等措施以提高人才培养的质量和效率,以期培养具备高素质、高技能、高责任感的修复重建外科人才来适应学科发展的需要。

水稻覆膜栽培技术应用研究现状与展望

我国水稻在实现持续丰产的过程中,仍然面临着农药、肥料和灌溉水的高投入,以及产量、品质和效益协同性偏差等问题。以生物可降解地膜为材料、机械化覆膜为途径的水稻覆膜栽培技术是实现水稻优质丰产高效协同生产、促进稻田绿色可持续发展的有效途径之一。本文在简要介绍覆膜栽培技术发展的基础上,系统综述了水稻覆膜栽培技术在节水保墒、保肥增效、防草减药和增温保湿方面的作用及对水稻产量、品质和效益等的影响,并总结了覆膜栽培技术在水稻生产上应用存在的问题,展望了下一步研究的方向。

莱阳市春播花生地膜覆盖高产栽培技术要点

从良种选择、种子处理、整地施肥、适时早播、地膜覆盖、破膜放苗、查苗补苗、田间灌溉、看苗施追肥、病虫害防控、适时收获等方面论述了春播花生地膜覆盖高产栽培技术,系统地归纳了技术要点,为花生高产栽培提供技术指导。

塑料大棚西瓜“4膜1毡”促早熟栽培技术

为了克服早春低温、寡照、雾霾、倒春寒等不利条件的影响,实现早春茬西瓜提早上市,经过多年实践经验,总结形成了塑料大棚西瓜“4膜1毡”覆盖促早熟栽培技术,即“塑料大棚+棚内二膜+小拱棚+小拱棚上面加盖毛毡+地膜”模式,配合嫁接育苗及高效田间管理技术,可以实现第1茬西瓜4月中下旬上市、第2茬西瓜5月中下旬上市,每667 m^(2)西瓜总产值为2.36万元、纯收入1.8万元。

不同类型地膜覆盖和环境条件对蔬菜土壤温度的影响

本文以不覆盖地膜为对照,选用普通聚乙烯PE黑色地膜和黑色生物降解膜进行覆盖,研究其在露地、单体大棚、连栋大棚等不同环境条件下对蔬菜土壤温度的影响。结果表明:黑色生物降解膜和普通聚乙烯PE黑色地膜的增温效果接近,露地和单体大棚内二者的平均土壤温度比不使用地膜高1℃左右,连栋大棚内增温效果稍差。在露地条件下,普通聚乙烯PE黑色地膜覆盖下的土壤温度变化较大,白天增温快,夜晚则下降到与黑色生物降解膜相近的温度;而黑色生物降解膜覆盖下土壤温度变化幅度比较小,在昼夜温差大的天气,夜间最低温比普通聚乙烯PE黑色地膜覆盖高2℃左右。由此可见,在露地条件下,黑色生物降解膜夜间保温效果要好于普通聚乙烯PE黑色地膜,更适合在露地早春作物上应用,可有效抑制杂草生长。

大拱棚西瓜复种辣椒高效栽培技术

为进一步提高大拱棚西瓜设施利用率、挖掘土地增产潜力、提高种植效益,在瓜后复种作物种类、种植模式、栽培技术等方面进行了大量的尝试,探索总结出了大拱棚西瓜后茬复种辣椒高效栽培技术,通过合理安排种植茬口,配合定植、缓苗、温光水肥调控及病虫害防治等关键环节的技术要领,可以实现每667 m^(2)净产值17400元,效益显著。

马铃薯闽薯1号在仙游县种植表现与地膜覆盖栽培技术

马铃薯闽薯1号系龙岩市农业科学研究所与福建省农业科学院作物研究所共同选育的鲜食型马铃薯品种。2021—2022年在仙游县稻后作示范种植,表现长势旺、产量高与商品性好等特点。根据闽薯1号在仙游县稻后作的表现,针对地膜覆盖栽培的特点,从整地、种薯处理、地膜覆盖、科学施肥、合理灌溉、中耕培土、绿色防控、防冻减灾与适时收获等方面总结了仙游县稻后马铃薯的栽培技术。

Z市粮食产量影响因素分析

以Z市2013—2023年粮食生产相关数据为基础,选择粮食生产农机总动力、粮食生产化肥施用量、平均气温等14项指标,运用灰色关联度分析和相关性分析法,分析影响研究区粮食产量的关键因子,分析粮食单产与部分粮食作物面积占粮食种植面积比例的相关性。结果表明,研究区粮食产量与粮食生产农机总动力、薯类面积占粮食面积比例、粮食播种面积关联度较大;与粮食生产化肥施用量、粮食播种面积相关性具有统计学意义(P<0.01),与玉米面积占粮食面积比例相关性具有统计学意义(P<0.05),与薯类面积占粮食面积比例相关性具有统计学意义(P<0.05);粮食单产与稻谷面积占粮食面积比例相关性具有统计学意义(P<0.01),与豆类面积占粮食面积比例相关性具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。综合考虑化肥施用零增长、耕地面积有限等因素,增加稻谷和玉米种植面积占粮食面积的比例,同时适当降低薯类面积占粮食面积的比例利于粮食产量提高,有利于推动研究区粮食增产。

不同栽培方式对马铃薯田间土壤温湿度及产量的影响

为了研究地膜覆盖和绿肥对提高我国西南高寒山区春播马铃薯田间耕层土壤温度和水分的影响,通过2009-2010年设置地膜覆盖和绿肥的不同处理,研究其对马铃薯田间土壤耕层温度、水分及产量的影响。结果表明:与传统栽培方式相比,播种后至封行前,地膜覆盖且施绿肥栽培方式和地膜覆盖栽培方式耕层土壤(0～20cm)日平均温度提高3.6℃和2.9℃。地膜覆盖且施绿肥栽培方式、施绿肥栽培方式和地膜覆盖栽培方式田间土壤(0～21cm)平均含水率提高了12.93%、6.3%和10.88%;封行后,地膜覆盖且施绿肥栽培方式和地膜覆盖栽培方式田间土壤平均含水率低6.35%和6.4%。地膜覆盖且施绿肥栽培方式和施绿肥栽培方式马铃薯的块茎产量增加25.6%和2.3%。因此,地膜覆盖且施绿肥栽培方式能显著地提高苗期耕层土壤温度、含水率和马铃薯的块茎产量。

不同栽培方式和秸秆还田对水稻产量和营养品质的影响

为阐明水稻产量和营养品质在不同栽培方式和秸秆还田条件下的表现特性,以两优培九(籼稻)为材料,常规水作(CFC)为对照,通过长期定位试验(2001—2010年)研究了覆膜旱作(PFMC)、裸地旱作(NMC)和秸秆还田对水稻产量、精米中蛋白质和氨基酸、糙米中铁和锌含量的影响。2008—2010三年试验结果(平均值)表明,与CFC相比,PFMC能显著增加水稻产量,增产幅度达8.0%,精米中总氨基酸含量下降3.5%,精米中蛋白质,糙米中铁锌含量与CFC处理差异不显著;NMC处理产量显著下降5.1%,蛋白质、总氨基酸和铁含量分别下降4.4%、9.3%和11.9%。秸秆还田较不还田处理,CFC条件下,产量增加了113.6kghm2;NMC条件下,产量增加142.6kghm2;PFMC条件下,产量增加522.1kghm2;3种栽培方式产量平均增加3.3%,糙米中的铁和锌含量平均增加3.1%和6.4%,精米中蛋白质和总氨基酸含量差异不显著。本试验结果表明,PFMC能显著提高水稻产量,秸秆还田能显著提高水稻产量和稻米中铁、锌含量。