Flow stress model considering the transformation-induced plasticity effect and the inelastic strain recovery behavior

On the basis of continuum mechanics and the Mori-Tanaka mean field theory, a micro-mechanical flow stress model that considered both the transformation-induced plasticity （TRIP） effect and the inelastic strain recovery behavior of TRIP multiphase steels was presented. The relation between the volume fraction of constituent phases and plastic strain was introduced to characterize the transformation-induced plasticity effect of TRIP steels. Loading-unloading-reloading uniaxial tension tests of TRIP600 steel were carried out and the strain recovery behavior after unloading was analyzed. From the experimental data, an empirical elastic modulus expression is extracted to characterize the inelastic strain recovery. A comparison of the predicted flow stress with the experimental data shows a good agreement. The mechanism of the transformation-induced plasticity effect and the inelastic recovery effect acting on the flow stress is also discussed in detail.

Feature of flow stress of aluminum sheet used for can during hot compression

The flow stress feature of aluminum sheet used for pressure can during plastic deformation at elevated temperature was studied by isothermal compression test using Gleeble 1 500 dynamic materials testing machine. The experimental results show that the steady state deformation is remarkable when the material is deformed in the temperature range of 350～500 ℃ at strain rates within the range of 10 -2 ～10.0 s -1 . The material is sensitive to positive strain rate. A hyperbolic sine relationship is found to correlate well the flow stress with the strain rate, and an Arrhenius relationship with the temperature. Semi empirical constitutive equations of the flow stress are derived from all experimental data for tested material during plastic deformation at elevated temperature by polyelement linear regression analysis. [

BEHAVIOR OF FLOW STRESS OF ALUMINUM SHEETS USED FOR PRESSURE CAN DURING COMPRESSION AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE

The behavior of flow stress of Al sheets used for pressure can prepared by different melt-treatment during plastic deformation at elevated temperature was studied by isothermal compression test using Gleeble1500 dynamic hot-simulation testing machine. The results show that the AI sheets possess the remarkable characteristic of steady state flow stress when they are deformed in the temperature range of 350-500℃ at strain rates within the range of 0.01-10.0s^-1. A hyperbolic sine relationship is found to correlate well the flow stress with the strain rate, and an Arrhenius relationship with the temperature, which implies that the process of plastic deformation at elevated temperature for this material is thermally activated. Compared with the AI pieces prepared by no or conventional melt-treatment, hot deformation activation energy of AI sheets prepared by high-efficient melt-treatment is the smallest （ Q= 168.0kJ/mol）, which reveals that the hot working formability of this material is very better, and has directly to do with the effective improvement of its metallurgical quality.

Prediction of flow stresses at high temperatures with artificial neural networks

On the basis of the data obtained on Gleeble 1500 Thermal Simulator, the predicting models for the relation between stable flow stress during high temperature plastic deformation and deformation strain, strain rate and temperature for 1420 Al Li alloy have been developed with BP artificial neural networks method. The results show that the model on basis of BPNN is practical and it reflects the actual feature of the deforming process. It states that the difference between the actual value and the output of the model is in order of 5%. [

Discussion and prediction on decreasing flow stress scale effect

Based on crystal plasticity theory and surface layer model, relation of flow stress to billet dimension and grain size was built, and rationality of derived relation was verified with tensile tests of different size billets. With derived expressions, relation of decreasing flow stress scale effect to billet dimension, grain size as well as billet shape was discussed and predicted. The results show that flow stress is proportional to billet size; with decrease of grain size, flow stress is less influenced by billet dimension. When both cross section area and grain size are same, flow stress decrease of rectangular section billet or sheet is larger than that of circular section billet.

固体力学跨尺度计算若干问题研究

本文展示了固体力学领域跨尺度计算的若干问题和研究概况。(1)建立位错动力学与有限元耦合DDD-FEM的计算模型,实现了能够基于纳米尺度离散位错运动机制计算分析连续介质有限变形晶体塑性问题,提出微纳尺度(200 nm~10μm)晶体塑性流动应力解析公式,结合试验数据揭示了在无应变梯度下强度和变形的尺寸效应;(2)建立具有微相分离结构的纳米尺度粗粒化分子动力学模型CG-MD,计算获得聚脲材料在时域和频域下的存储模量和损耗模量,通过动态加载分析的DMA试验和超声波试验的数据验证,解决了连续介质尺度下微相分离高分子共聚物的设计难题;(3)通过数据驱动关联高分辨率的微米尺度CT影像和临床低分辨率的毫米尺度CT影像的特征值,建立了围关节松质骨小梁的等效模量和结构张量,为骨组织增材制造点阵结构设计和实现个性化骨缺损重建奠定了基础。

Influence of stress path change on the resistance to plastic deformation of cold rolled sheets

Flat workpieces have been tested in order to investigate the influence of stress path change （loading mode） while keeping strain path unchanged. These investigations are pertinent to the testing of cold rolled strips and to subsequent forming. The workpieces which first compressed by plane strain compression in thickness direction were then tested in perpendicular direction in order to measure the influence of strain and stress path. The tension workpieces came from flat die compression test at different deformation histories. Two different materials were investigated： 18/8 Ti stainless steel and AW-1050 aluminium. The results show that the plastic flow by tension in lengthwise direction after pre-strain by compression in thickness direction will begin at an appreciably lower stress than that of the workpieces unloaded after pre-compression. Comparing with two materials, it can be seen that both 18/8 Ti stainless steel and AW-1050 aluminium behave similarly. The drop in yield stress is lower for AW-1050 aluminium than that for 18/8 Ti stainless steel. However, reloading in different directions than in the precious step results in significantly higher strain hardening.

基于间接热力学方法的变换应力方法推导

金属等没有剪胀性的连续材料在根据试验结果建立屈服函数后,可以由Drucker公设及其相关联流动法则推论直接唯一地确定出与屈服函数一致的塑性势函数。但大量试验结果与理论分析都表明Drucker公设对于土材料这种有剪胀性的颗粒材料并不适用,所以更具普适性的热力学成了正确描述土材料塑性流动方向的必要条件。然而塑性流动方向无法只由热力学这一描述材料特性的必要条件唯一地确定,因此便出现了先由试验确定屈服面与塑性流动方向再对其进行热力学验证的间接热力学方法。此外,由于土材料在三维应力空间中不同洛德角对应子午面上的应力应变规律并不一致,因此一般会通过三维化方法来描述土材料在三维应力空间中的力学特性。三维化方法会使得不同子午面上的屈服面及塑性流动方向与三轴压缩状态下所建立的本构模型有所不同,导致三维化后的本构模型是否符合热力学原理成为新的问题。所以本文利用间接热力学方法推导了符合热力学原理的三维化方法,并通过构建变换应力空间将其整理为更有实用性的变换应力方法。

基于SHPB技术测试典型金属动态压缩性能的尺寸效应分析

为探究金属材料在SHPB动态测试中的尺寸效应问题,该文选用3种具有典型晶体结构的金属材料2A12铝合金(面心立方,FCC)、45钢(体心立方,BBC)以及TC4钛合金(密排六方,HCP),分别加工成具有相同长径比(0.8)、不同尺寸(Φ10 mm×8 mm,Φ5 mm×4 mm,Φ2 mm×1.6 mm)的圆柱形压缩试样,并采用三组不同杆径的SHPB装置(杆径分别为Φ19 mm、Φ12.7 mm、Φ5 mm)进行动态力学性能测试。结果表明:在金属材料的动态压缩力学性能测试中,所用试样的尺寸在满足一定要求时方可获得其稳定的塑性流动应力,对于绝大多数金属建议采用直径大于5 mm的试样进行测试;采用微型SHPB装置配合小尺寸试样所测得材料的塑性流动应力偏低;对应变率敏感的材料,其尺寸效应也更为显著;被测试样的塑性流动应力或与试样的应力三轴度(即一维应力程度)相关。该文意在分析SHPB测试中的尺寸问题以期对相关学者和工程技术人员准确地获取金属材料的动态实验数据提供参考。

在线热处理U20MnH钢轨耐磨性能试验研究

通过对在线热处理U20MnH钢轨进行磨损试验研究,并结合显微镜和扫描电镜观测到的试样磨损表面和剖面的形貌特征,分析了不同载荷条件下钢轨的磨损行为特征和变化规律。结果表明:分别在1 200 N、1 500 N、1 800 N载荷的条件下,在线热处理U20MnH钢轨磨损量随载荷的增大而显著减小。

Ti-6Al-4V合金温变形性能研究

目的为了解决螺纹滚压加工缺陷问题,对Ti-6Al-4V合金进行温热环境变形研究,以期获得合适的温加工温度。方法通过Gleeble-3500型热模拟试验机进行了温拉伸和温剪切试验,应变速率为0.05~1 s^(−1),变形温度为100~600℃。分析了变形温度和应变速率对拉伸性能、剪切性能和延伸率的影响。研究了不同变形温度下Ti-6Al-4V合金微观组织演变情况。结果拉伸试样的流变应力随变形温度的升高而不断下降,且更快达到峰值应力。随应变速率的增加,流变应力上升。在温拉伸过程中,晶粒会发生转向以及拉长,且有再结晶现象出现。在300℃变形时组织中α相变形程度较为均匀。随变形温度的升高,合金组织中α相晶粒尺寸降低,晶粒的拉长变形程度增大。延伸率随着变形温度的升高整体呈现上升趋势,在300℃左右时存在一个区域塑性区。应变速率越高,试样的延伸率越低。试样的剪切强度随变形温度的升高而下降。剪切强度随应变速率的升高而逐渐提高。结论在300℃时组织中α相变形程度均匀,且塑性略高,为了避免较高变形温度时剪切强度过低材料出现粘连的情况,选择该温度为温滚压加工合适温度。

INSTANTANEOUS THERMAL EXPANSION BEHAVIOR OF HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS WITH A WORK-HARDENING ELASTOPLASTIC MATRIX AND ELASTIC SPHEROIDAL INHOMOGENEITIES

The instantaneous thermal expansion behavior of-two-phase heterogeneous materials subjected to a uniform temperature change is explored in the present study. The matrix phase is assumed to be a work-hardening ductile metal and the dispersive phase is assumed to consist of either aligned or randomly-oriented, elastic,, spheroidal inhomogeneities. The plastic flow and decreasing stiffness of the matrix during Eshelby's transformation strain of the equivalent inclusions are accounted for by using the deformation theory of plasticity. The explicit results of the instantaneous overall thermal expansion coefficients and the critical inelastic temperature changes are presented for aligned disc- and fiber-inclusions. For the spherical and randomly-oriented spheroidal inclusion, the present study demonstrates that when the yielding of the composites is governed by the average matrix stress, the overall response is always elastic in spite of the temperature change.

基于L型流动仪的水泥砂浆流变参数预测

针对在施工现场对新拌砂浆的流变行为难以进行定量描述的问题,采用L型仪流动度试验,通过数学关系进行理论分析,将流变参数用L型仪试验参数表征,并采用计算流体力学软件Flow-3D对新拌砂浆的流动性能进行数值模拟,对比模拟值与实验值,得出流动结束时浆体的近端、远端高度以及流动时间,可以在一定范围内表征流体的屈服应力以及塑性黏度。该方法减少了流变仪的使用,降低了工作量,可为现场定量测量砂浆等拌合物流变特性提供依据和参考。

PRINCIPAL SHEARING STRESS LOCUS THEORY OF AXISYMMETRICALLY PLASTIC FLOW

The slip-line method is one of the fundamental solving methods for the plastic deformation. However, the existing slip-fine theory, strictly speaking, is only confined to solving a rigid-perfectly plastic material under the plane strain conditions. Although some authors (such as Shield) have made an extension to the axisymmetdeally plastic problems with the aid of the "perfect plasticity" hypothesis, more axisymmetric problems still cannot be solved by the method. For this reason, in the present note, a new hypothesis is proposed for analysing the axisymmetric plastic problems, and then, according to this hypothesis,

热加工工艺对GH4586合金微观组织的影响

在MTS热模拟实验机上采用热压缩实验的方法研究了在温度为950-1150℃、应变速率为0.001-1 s-1的实验 条件范围内, GH4586合金高温塑性变形过程中变形温度、应变速率及变形量等工艺参数对流变应力和微观组织的影响.结果表 明,流变应力随着变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高而迅速增大.提高变形温度能够有效的促进动态再结晶过程,在1100℃以上 变形时,在30％的工程应变量下即能够获得完全再结晶的锻态组织;当变形温度低于1050℃时,工程应变超过60％仍未观察 到动态再结晶.在变形量与热处理制度一定的条件下,材料热处理后的晶粒度随变形温度的升高而增大.有效控制材料的变形温度 是获得良好热加工塑性、降低变形抗力和获得均匀微观组织的关键措施.

AZ80镁合金高温塑性研究

对变形镁合金AZ80高温流动行为进行了研究,确定了AZ80高温变形时的最佳工艺参数,建立了AZ80的流动应力模型,找出了影响变形参数的因素。结果表明,AZ80有应力峰和变形软化特征,在ε≥0.3时,流动应力趋于稳定状态。在热加工图中应变速率为10s-1、变形温度为370℃附近区域对应的工艺参数最佳。在中温(300～370℃)时,组织以动态再结晶的等轴晶为主,晶粒均匀细小,表现出良好的综合性能。

随焊冲击碾压减小应力变形防止热裂纹应变场分析

随焊冲击碾压法 (WeldwithTrailingImpactRolling ,WTIR)是一种降低应力、减小变形防止热裂纹的新方法。文中分析了在前后冲击碾压轮作用下 ,焊缝金属塑性流动和应变场的变化规律 ,揭示了这种方法的机理。前轮周面内凹 ,迫使焊缝金属由焊趾处向焊缝中心流动 ,对处于脆性温度区间的焊缝金属施加一个横向挤压塑性应变 ,减小甚至抵消致裂的拉伸应变 ,防止了焊接热裂纹的产生。后轮缘稍向外凸 ,将焊缝金属冷却产生的压缩塑性变形充分碾开 ,减小了工件的应力和变形。试验结果表明 ,随焊冲击碾压能有效地防止焊接热裂纹的产生 ,将试件的纵向挠曲变形与横向收缩变形量控制到常规焊接状态的 1 / 1 0和 1 / 5左右 ,同时能将薄壁构件焊接残余应力控制到非常低的水平 ,甚至由拉应力状态转变为压应力状态 。

热加工工艺对医用TC20合金显微组织的影响

通过Gleeble-1500热模拟机对TC20合金的热压缩行为进行了研究。变形温度分别为:750、800、850、900℃;变形速率分别为:0.001、0.01、0.1、1.0 s-1;最大变形量为60%。结果表明:流变应力和微观组织受变形温度和应变速率影响显著;流变应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低。随着应变速率的减小,微观组织中α相尺寸增大,所占的比例减少;随着变形温度的升高,初生α相逐渐粗化,并转变为β相,所占比例降低。按照变形行为和微观组织大小,合适的热加工区域温度是750～850℃,应变速率是0.01～0.1s-1。

高温高应变率下纯锆的本构模型研究

研究了常温至1073K、不同应变率下（4．1×10^-4s^-1～2．8×10^3s^-1）锆的压缩力学性能。结果表明，锆的流动应力对温度和应变率的变化比较敏感，随应变率的提高而增大，随温度的升高而降低。基于位错动力学理论，建立了锆的本构模型，并考虑塑性变形过程中孪晶演化的影响，对模型进行了修正。修正后的本构模型预测结果与实验结果吻合较好，可描述很宽应变率和温度范围内锆的塑性变形行为。