Identification of Empirical Models for the Prediction of the Plasticity Index:Case of the KhôDepression in South Benin

The plasticity index is an essential design parameter used as a standard input in fine-grained soil investigation programs.It is used to estimate the plasticity and physical properties of soils,and indirectly their strength properties.This index is determined from the Atterberg limit tests,starting from the limits of liquidity and plasticity.However,the realization of the test considered as basic and simple,is not so much.The effects of the operator,the calibration of the apparatus and the environmental aspects during the tests affect the reliability and accuracy of the results.In this paper,the objective is to overcome these difficulties by evaluating the plasticity index of clay and loam soils by considering only the values of the liquid limit.Soil samples were collected from 0 to 5 m depth in the localities of the Khôdepression in Benin.On these samples,Atterberg limit tests were performed in the laboratory.Using MATLAB’s Curve Fitting Toolbox,linear,exponential and power prediction models were analyzed.The results showed that there is indeed a good correlation between the plasticity index and the liquid limit of the soils.For the linear model,it was observed R2 equal to 0.9891.For the exponential model,R2 is 0.98871 and for the power model 0.9802.A study of the residual plot validated the models found,as well as comparisons with well-known literature sources.Through the equations obtained,it is now possible to study the plasticity of soils in the Khôdepression only from the liquid limit,without determining the plasticity limit.

Effects of Moisture Content and Plasticity Index on Duncan-Chang Model Parameters of Hydraulic Fill Soft Soil

In order to explore the effects of moisture content and plasticity index on Duncan-Chang model parameters?K,n,?C?and?Rf,?we selected 8 groups of soft soil with water content of 69.1%?-?94.3% and plasticity index of 32.2?-?54.1 for triaxial unconsolidated undrained shear test. The results show that?Cuu,?K?and?n?values all showed a downward trend, and?Rf?variation was not obvious with the increase of moisture content. The variation rule of each parameter is not obvious with the increase of plasticity index. When moisture content is constant,?Cuu?and?n?values do not change much,?K?increases with the increase of plasticity index within the range of 70%?-?80% moisture content, and does not change much with the increase of plasticity index when moisture content is greater than 80%,?Rf?has no obvious rule.?When the plasticity index is constant,?Cuu,?Kand?n?decrease with the increase of moisture content,?Rf?has no obvious rule. The maximum value of?Cuu?is 20.18?kPa, the minimum is 3.72?kPa, and the maximum to minimum ratio is 5.42. The maximum value of?K?is 0.517, the minimum is 0.022, and the maximum to minimum ratio is 23.5. The maximum value of?n?is 1.198, the minimum is 0.150, and the maximum to minimum ratio is 7.99. The maximum value of?Rf?is 0.872, the minimum is 0.679, and the maximum to minimum ratio is 1.28.

Determination of the Plasticity Index of Soils with Fine-Grained Soils Using Methylene Blue Test

The amount of fine material available in the soil is significant in Atterberg limits and methylene blue tests. In the context of Atterberg limits, increased amount of clay minerals contained in the soil increases liquid and plastic limit values;however, increasing sand content reduces the moisture content reducing the water retention capacity of the soil which in return reduces the plasticity index (PI) value. In the case of methylene blue test, which is used to specify the quality of the amount of fine material, existence of clay in the medium increases the pollution level of the sand and the amount of methylene solution (V1) used. In this study, soil classes were determined and pollution rates were identified with Atterberg limits, pycnometer, sieve analysis, hydrometer analysis and methylene blue tests conducted on 11 different natural soil samples collected from different regions. From the data obtained, first the relationship between PI and methylene blue (MB) was examined and was evaluated according to the results of the “single regression” method. Furthermore, the other coefficient of uniformity (Cu), coefficient of graduation (Cc), unit weight of soils (γs) parameters obtained from experimental studies were also subjected to “multiple regression analysis” in order to reveal their impact on the MB and this impact was confirmed taking both statistical analyses into account.

Using Malmquist Index Approach to Measure Productivity Change of a Jordanian Company for Plastic Industries

Measurement of a production unit-performance is crucial in determining whether it has achieved its objectives or not, and it generates a phase of management process that consists of feedback motivation phases. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the growth potentials of five production machines in a Jordanian company for plastic industries by employing the non-parametric Malmquist productivity index (MPI) over the period from February to July 2014 in both day and night shifts. The productivity change is decomposed into technical efficiency change (TEC) and technological change (TC). Inefficiency values are observed in each period. The percentage of input utilization is determined in all periods. Then, the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) values are calculated for all periods. Finally, comparisons of TEC, TC and MPI are conducted among the five machines and between the day and night shifts for each machine. The MPI results indicate that the needs for internal training, effective operating procedures, and enhancing quality procedures are required to increase the technical efficiency. On the other hand, figuring out more efficient ways of making existing products allowing output to grow at a faster rate than economic inputs, like using new technologies, will increase technological change. In conclusions, Malmquist model analysis shall provide valuable reference information to management when evaluating the progress in the performances of production machines in plastic industry.

铁路空心高墩弹塑性地震反应特征

以某铁路高墩大跨简支梁桥的矩形空心截面桥墩为研究对象,构建了4种墩高的计算模型。考虑了纵筋、分段配筋、加强筋截断位置及加强筋设置数量等因素,采用OpenSees软件建立单墩计算模型进行了增量动力分析,总结了铁路高墩弹塑性地震反应特征,对抗震设计提出了建议。结果表明:纵筋配筋率在0.63%~0.89%条件下,当墩高小于42.0 m且纵筋通长布置时,空心墩底截面为薄弱部位;当墩高大于67.0 m且纵筋分段配筋时,则空心墩底截面、纵筋截断处截面以及墩中某一截面均可能为薄弱部位,但空心墩底截面均为首先出现塑性铰的区域;墩中塑性铰需要较大地震动激励才可能产生,纵筋配筋方式的选择应考虑地震动峰值加速度的影响;增加墩底加强纵筋数量总体上对降低墩底截面的塑性程度是有利的,但强震作用下未必能提高桥墩整体的抗震性能;对于高墩,当墩身出现两个或多个塑性铰区时,建议采用曲率延性系数作为评价指标。

崩岗土壤液塑限的离子特异性效应

为探究崩岗土壤液塑限的离子特异性效应,选取福建省长汀县河田镇一处稳定型崩岗的3个土层土壤(红土层、砂土层和碎屑层)为研究对象,用液塑限联合测定仪对不同离子(Li^(+)、Na^(+)和K^(+))盐溶液交换处理后的土壤液塑限进行分析。结果表明,红土层的土壤塑限、液限和塑性指数均显著高于砂土层和碎屑层(P<0.05)。土壤塑限和液限均与土壤黏粒含量、有机质含量、阳离子交换量以及高岭石含量呈正相关关系,其中,土壤塑限与黏粒含量和阳离子交换量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。K^(+)交换处理后,红土层土壤塑限、液限和塑性指数比Li^(+)交换处理分别高5.80%、9.53%和12.99%,比Na^(+)交换处理分别高3.50%、9.77%和15.86%;K^(+)交换处理后,砂土层土壤塑限、液限和塑性指数比Li^(+)交换处理分别高7.22%、6.69%和6.83%,比Na^(+)交换处理分别高4.33%、5.27%和7.32%;而不同离子对碎屑层土壤液塑限的影响不显著。不同离子对同一土层土壤液塑限的影响不同,K^(+)交换处理后红土层、砂土层的土壤液塑限总体高于Li^(+)和Na^(+)交换处理,即较Li^(+)和Na^(+)而言,K^(+)可提高崩岗土壤液塑限。

自然群体小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型变异分析

【目的】通过对我国小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型的分析,多角度展示小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型的多样性,为相关的光合遗传机制的探究奠定基础。【方法】针对我国小叶杨叶绿素荧光参数的表型数据,通过聚类分析、表型可塑性和变异系数计算、动态拟合等方法来探究其变化规律。【结果】(1)在静态光照强度下(同一光强)对小叶杨4类荧光表型进行k均值聚类,最优聚类数目受光照强度影响显著。不同类别下,所研究的经过光系统Ⅱ的电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ实际的光量子产量(Yield)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)4个叶绿素荧光参数具有显著差异。(2)4个小叶杨荧光参数的表型可塑性指数和变异系数的计算结果显示:所选小叶杨群体在可变环境下具有丰富的表型可塑性,随光照强度的逐渐增强,ETR、Yield、qP的表型可塑性呈现出先减后增再减的整体变化趋势,而qN的表型可塑性整体呈下降趋势,这可能与各表型内部的遗传控制有关,也反映了不同表型对梯度光强的不同响应程度;ETR、Yield、qP的变异系数随光照强度的增加呈现出先下降后上升的趋势。qN的变异系数随光照强度的增加而逐渐减小,当光照强度达最大值时,所有类别样本的变异系数均小于0.1。(3)梯度光照强度下,小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型经聚类后可划分为2个大类,经生长方程拟合后可发现,不同类别样本的表型变异速率和最大(最小)值差别明显。【结论】小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型变异丰富,受光照强度的影响显著。通过聚类分析、表型可塑性及变异系数计算和生长方程拟合等方法可以有效地探究小叶杨叶绿素荧光表型的变化规律,为小叶杨遗传分析、光合作用机制挖掘奠定了基础,对小叶杨的培育提供了科学指导。

淮北1/3焦煤与不同地域同类炼焦煤的差异性研究

选取4种淮北典型1/3焦煤和4种不同地域同类1/3焦煤为研究对象,对比分析了不同煤样官能团结构、化学性质和工艺性质的差异。结果表明,4种淮北1/3焦煤煤样总体挥发分和硫分相对较低,灰分偏高,而灰成分中矿物质催化指数MCI相对较低,碱金属含量低;其中,许疃、杨柳和孙疃1/3焦煤的活惰比、b值和Y值相对较高,且煤样软化温度低,软固区间温度宽,最大流动度高于其它煤样,表明煤样胶质体的流动性和热稳定性较好,可以替代部分优质肥煤使用。与印尼1/3焦煤相比,国内7种1/3焦煤整体的芳香缩合度较高,变质程度高,煤中SiO_(2)含量较高,其中淮北煤样中的杨柳、孙疃1/3焦煤的羟基含量高,而芦岭、许疃1/3焦煤的SiO_(2)含量相对较高。

金沙江观音岩水库消落带绝对优势植物的表型可塑性与适应策略

金沙江是长江上游梯级大库富集之地,在金沙江地区选择典型水库开展植物表型可塑性和适应策略研究对该区一众水库生态治理具有重要的参考价值。本文以金沙江观音岩水库消落带为研究区,定量比较了经多年周期性水淹干扰后,绝对优势植物根茎叶性状的表型可塑性,分析了绝对优势植物应对主导因子的关键性状及其协同响应特征和权衡策略。结果表明:1)调查共记录了植物种类11科21属21种,优势度大于0.1的仅有狗牙根和苍耳,为绝对优势种。2)淹水对狗牙根和苍耳功能性状具有极显著影响,是二者功能性状变异的主导因子。3)狗牙根的株高、主茎长、分茎数量、主茎宽、叶片数量和叶面积,以及苍耳的分茎数量、叶片数量、根冠比和比叶面积的表型可塑性指数均超过0.6,是应对淹水的敏感性状。但是,狗牙根的叶片数量、叶面积以及苍耳的比叶面积对淹水的可塑性响应表现出短期时效性,为非适应性可塑性。4)淹水深度调控狗牙根在“逃避”策略和“静默”策略之间的权衡选择,并通过不同的性状组合以及地上和地下部分资源分配以协同响应。5)淹水导致狗牙根和苍耳的生态对策趋同,均采取S/SR策略。此外,相比于狗牙根为水库消落带的普遍推荐种,苍耳因其存在水质污染风险而褒贬不一,但苍耳具有重要的药用价值,能否在每次淹水来临前进行刈割值得进一步探讨。

中美孟细粒土液化判别标准对比

中国、美国、孟加拉国三国现行抗震设计规范中针对细粒土的液化判别标准各不相同。为提出可供工程应用及中国规范修订参考的评判标准,该文通过对比三国判别流程和标准,并分析其形成过程后,在孟加拉国达卡及周边城市采取的168个细粒土样液化判别应用基础上,综合评价了各判别流程和标准的合理性。最后提出了一套融合各标准的细粒土液化判别流程及其结果评价标准。

钒尾渣真空挤出板材用塑化剂的研究及应用

针对钒尾渣塑性差,无法直接应用于真空挤出板材领域的难点问题,主要通过对纤维、保水剂、增塑剂的筛选,通过正交试验设计、极差分析、效应曲线图分析,优选出了一种塑化剂配方。该配方应用后,能够使钒尾渣原料的塑性指数达到13.1,满足真空挤出工艺要求。

某重油罐区机柜间和外操间抗爆改造结构计算分析

针对某重油罐区机柜间和外操间采取的抗爆改造方案,使用ABAQUS有限元软件进行仿真模拟,对建筑物爆炸荷载作用下结构有限元弹塑性进行时程分析。对建筑物各面墙体、屋面的爆炸变形下支座转角、相应基础承载力、抗倾覆、抗滑移等相关性能指标进行验算,其中,墙体的最大转角为0.13°,屋面位移最大转角为0.26°,基底最大压力P_(max)≤2×f a,基底最小压力P_(min)>0,M抗力>M倾覆,F抗力>F滑移。结果表明,经过改造处理后的建筑物结构安全性能满足现行国家规范的要求,可根据所采用的改造方案对建筑物进行相应抗爆加固。

Plasticity role in strength behavior of cement-phosphogypsum stabilized soils

Dredged soil and phosphogypsum are frequently regarded as wasted materials,which require further treatment to control their environmental impact.Hence,phosphogypsum is proposed as a binder to stabilize dredged soil,aiming at efficiently reducing and reusing these waste materials.In this study,the engineering properties of cement-phosphogypsum stabilized dredged soils were investigated through a series of unconfined compression tests,and the effects of plasticity index of original soils on the strength improvement were identified.Then,the microstructure test and mineralogical test were performed to understand the mechanism of physical role of original soils in strength improvement.The results revealed that the unconfined compressive strength significantly decreased with the increase in plasticity index at the same binder content.The essential factor for strength improvement was found to be the formation of cementitious materials identified as calcium silicate hydrate(CSH),calcium aluminate hydrate(CAH),and ettringite(Aft).The normalized integrated intensity of cementitious materials(CSH+CAH+Aft)by pore volume decreased with the increase in plasticity index.Consequently,the density of cementitious materials filling the soil pores controlled the effectiveness of strength improvement.More cementitious materials per pore volume were observed for the original soils with lower values of plasticity index.That is,the higher strength of stabilized soils with lower values of plasticity index was attributed to a packed structure forming by integrated fabric through denser cementitious components.It can be anticipated from the above findings that the effectiveness of stabilization treatment will significantly reduce with the increase in plasticity of origin soil.

塑料制品企业社交电商平台营销策略与保障措施研究

本文分析了目前塑料制品企业社交电商平台营销的现状和存在的问题,针对这些问题提出了产品定价、营销渠道等方面的优化建议和不同类型社交电商平台的优化措施,并提出了塑料制品企业在实施这些优化措施所需的保障措施,以期探索更适合市场发展的营销模式来完善塑料制品企业对社交电商渠道的运用。

Plasticity of leaf morphology of Bruguiera sexangula to salinity zones in Bangladesh's Sundarbans

Bruguiera sexangula(Lour.)Poir is an exclusive evergreen mangrove species to the Sundarbans of Bangladesh.It grows well in moderate saline zones with full sunlight.This study presents leaf morphological plasticity in B.sexangula to saline zones.Leaves were sampled from different saline zones and various morphological traits were measured.The results exposed a wide deviations of leaf size parameters:leaf length varied 6.6–17.3 cm;width 2.7–7.8 cm;upper quarter width 2.2–6.5 cm;down quarter width 2.5–7.3 cm;and petiole length 0.17–1.43 cm.Leaf length was significantly larger in fresh water than in other salinity zones,whereas,leaf width,upper and lower leaf quarters were significantly larger in medium saline zone.Leaf shape parameters showed a large variation among saline zones.Leaf base angle was significantly larger in both medium and strong salinity zones.Tip angle was significantly greater in medium salinity zone.Leaf perimeter was significantly larger in fresh water but leaf area was significantly bigger in medium saline zone.Leaf index and specific leaf area were maximum in moderate saline zone.Plasticity index was the highest in moderate saline for almost all the parameters presented.The ordination(PCA)showed clusters of leaf samples although there were some overlap among them which suggested a salt-stress relationship among salinity zones.The results indicate that B.sexangula had a plasticity strategy on leaf morphological parameters to salinity in the Sundarbans.This study will provide basic information of leaf plasticity of this species among saline zones which will help for site selection of coastal planting and will also provide information for policy makers to take necessary steps for its conservation.

Predictive plots for conical pick performance using mechanical and elastoplastic properties of rocks

Conical picks are by far the most widely used drag type cutting tools employed on partial face rock excavation machines.The cutting force and specific energy are two important design parameters for the conical pick performance,and the rock cutting testing is considered as the promising tool for determining these parameters.In the absence of an instrumented cutting rig,researchers generally rely on empirical predictive plots.For this,this paper suggests predictive plots for estimating the cutting force and specific energy,in consideration of the cutting depth to define the cuttability with conical picks.In this context,rock cutting tests were carried out on six volcanic rock samples with varying cutting depths using the unrelieved and relieved cutting modes.The cutting force and specific energy were correlated with the uniaxial compressive strength,Brazilian tensile strength,elasticity modulus,and plasticity index.Predictive plots were proposed for different cutting depths in the unrelieved and relieved cutting modes and exponential relationships were obtained among the cuttability parameters,and mechanical and elastoplastic properties of rocks.

7种重塑黏土的一维压缩-卸荷行为

重塑黏土的一维压缩-卸荷行为是黏土最基本的力学特征。为此,开展系统的7种重塑黏土一维压缩-卸荷试验与相应物理化学性质指标及矿物成分测试,在此基础上,评价黏土压缩-卸荷行为经典预测公式的适用性。结论如下:(1)4个经典压缩指数公式预测效果均较好,其中Nagaraj公式最优。(2)7种重塑黏土孔隙比指数-有效一维固结压力关系与Burland固有压缩线经验公式几乎重合。(3)Nagaraj、Burland一维压缩曲线方程预测效果均较好,其中Burland方程更优。(4)Nagaraj、Kulhawy回弹指数公式预测效果均较好,其中Kulhawy公式更优。(5)压缩指数、回弹指数与比表面积、阳离子交换量均有很强的相关性,且与比表面积的相关性强于与阳离子交换量的相关性。(6)压缩指数与回弹指数比值最低为3.0,最高为10.2,超出了5~10的范围,且随塑性增大而降低。

k_(0)固结与等向固结三轴不排水抗剪强度研究

为研究不同固结方式下土体不排水抗剪强度的差异,基于应力控制式三轴仪对饱和细粒土进行了k_(0)固结和等向固结三轴不排水压缩试验,结果表明:k_(0)固结三轴不排水抗剪强度为等向固结不排水强度的0.87倍,后者高估了土体实际强度,实际应用中可在比对试验基础上,通过等向固结三轴试验结果换算k_(0)固结不排水抗剪强度;等向固结、k_(0)固结三轴不排水标准强度随塑性指数增大呈减小趋势,分布于0.27~1.15之间。标准强度随着超固结比的增大而增大,正常固结或接近正常固结的黏土,其标准强度介于0.27~0.47之间,OCR大于2.2的超固结黏土,其标准强度大于0.50。

调理剂对多环芳烃污染黏性土壤热脱附的影响

黏性土壤具有颗粒细小和通透性弱等特点,会影响受多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的黏性土壤的热脱附效率,因此本研究选择6种调理剂(CaO、MgO、Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2CO3和沸石)来改良黏性土壤,考察调理剂对PAHs污染黏性土壤热脱附的影响,分析了调理剂对黏性土壤塑性指数、pH、阳离子交换量、粒径的影响,探讨了调理剂对PAHs污染黏性土壤热脱附的影响机制.结果表明:(1)添加6种调理剂均提高了PAHs污染黏性土壤的热脱附效率,可有效去除总PAHs,并显著降低超标物质苯并[a]蒽(Baa)和苯并[a]芘(Bap)的残留浓度,其中在添加10%CaO条件下,总PAHs去除率最高,达97.48%.(2)分别添加6%的CaO、MgO、K2CO3调理剂后,黏性土壤塑性指数由18.55%分别降至14.38%、13.58%和15.25%,但添加Al2O3、Fe2O3和沸石均增加了黏性土壤的塑性指数.(3)综合分析,调理剂改良黏性土壤主要通过阳离子交换作用和絮凝作用.研究显示,调理剂改变了黏性土壤的细粒含量和阳离子交换量,进而影响其塑性指数,提升了PAHs热脱附去除效率,CaO、MgO、K2CO3可作为调理剂的合适选择.

基于统一理论的配筋钢管混凝土柱承载力研究

尽管配筋钢管混凝土(R-CFST)构件因其优越的力学性能越来越引起工程界的重视,但其承载力计算方法仍存在不合理之处。为此,采用非线性数值模拟方法研究R-CFST短柱基于统一理论的承载力。首先基于既有模型修正得到适合R-CFST的混凝土本构模型和非线性数值模拟方法,并用试验数据验证模型的可靠性;然后基于统一理论修正得到R-CFST的套箍指标,再以套箍指标为参数分析了108个试件模型;最后给出基于统一理论的R-CFST短柱承载力公式。结果表明:R-CFST的承载力随套箍指标的变化规律与常规钢管混凝土(CFST)相似,呈二次抛物线关系,而其塑性变形能力优于常规CFST;所提出公式的形式与规范公式相匹配,计算结果安全、可靠,符合工程实际。