Weakening effect of plastic yielding inception in thin hard coating systems

Hard coatings have been widely applied to enhance tribological performance of mechanical components.However,it was predicted that thin hard coatings may have a weakening effect which could reduce the coating/substrate system’s resistance to plastic yielding compared with the uncoated substrate material.In this paper,analytical simulation is utilized to investigate the origin of weakening effect.The functions of material mechanical properties and coating thickness on the weakening effect are theoretically investigated.Partial-unloading spherical nanoindentation tests are performed on tungsten coated single crystalline silicon and copper to acquire the stress-strain curves and compared with the uncoated cases.The experimental results are in consistence with the analytical solutions,demonstrating the presence of weakening effect.

Osteoporosis affects both post-yield microdamage accumulation and plasticity degradation in vertebra of ovariectomized rats

Estrogen withdrawal in postmenopausal women increases bone loss and bone fragility in the vertebra. Bone loss with osteoporosis not only reduces bone mineral density (BMD), but actually alters bone quality, which can be comprehensively represented by bone post-yield behaviors. This study aimed to provide some information as to how osteoporosis induced by estrogen depletion could influence the evolution of post-yield microdamage accumulation and plastic deformation in vertebral bodies. This study also tried to reveal the part of the mechanisms of how estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis would increase the bone fracture risk. A rat bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) model was used to induce osteoporosis. Progressive cyclic compression loading was developed for vertebra testing to elucidate the post-yield behaviors. BMD, bone volume fraction, stiffness degradation, and plastic deformation evolution were compared among rats raised for 5 weeks (ovx5w and sham5w groups) and 35 weeks (ovx35w and sham35w groups) after sham surgery and OVX. The results showed that a higher bone loss in vertebral bodies corresponded to lower stiffness and higher plastic deformation. Thus, osteoporosis could increase the vertebral fracture risk probably through microdamage accumulation and plastic deforming degradation.

Derivation of Plastic Work Rate Done per Unit Volume for Mean Yield Criterion and Its Application

In Haigh Westergaard stress space linear combination of twin shear stress and Tresca yield functions is called the mean yield （MY） criterion. The mathematical relationship of the criterion and its plastic work rate done per unit volume were derived. A generalized worked example of slab forging was analyzed by the criterion and its corresponding plastic work rate done per unit volume. Then, the precision of the solution was compared with those by Mises and Twin shear stress yield criterions, respectively. It turned out that the calculated results by MY criterion were in good agreement with those by Mises criterion.

Influence of pre- plastic deformation on thermal residual stress and yield strength of SiC_w/Al composites

With a micro mechanical model, the feasibility of modification of thermal residual stress of the composites treated by tensile pre plastic deformation was analyzed. The relationship between pre plastic strain and variation of thermal residual stress was established. By using the method of tensile pre plastic deformation, the thermal residual stress in 20%SiC w/6061Al composites was modified. The results show that, with increasing tensile pre plastic strain, the tensile residual stress in the matrix was decreased to zero gradually, and then it was turned into compressive stress. By comparison, it was found that the changing tendency of the test results is similar to that of theoretical analysis. In addition, due to pre plastic deformation, the dislocation density in the matrix was increased, and the yield strength of the composites was improved. The increasing yield strength is mainly due to the decreasing tensile residual stress and the changing of distribution of dislocation in the matrix.

Equal perimeter yield criterion and its specific plastic work rate: Development, validation and application

In order to overcome the nonlinearity of Mises criterion, a new linear yield criterion with a dodecagon shape of the same perimeter as Mises criterion was derived by means of geometrical analysis. Its specific plastic work rate expressed as a linear function of the yield stress, the maximum and minimum strains was also deduced and compared with that of Mises criterion. The physical meaning of the proposed yield criterion is that yielding of materials begins when the shear yield stress τs reaches the magnitude of 0.594σs. By introducing the Lode parameter, validation of evolution expressions of the proposed yield criterion with those based on Tresca, Mises and TSS criteria as well as available classical yield experimental results of various metals shows that the present results intersect with Mises results and coincide well with experimental data. Moreover, further application to the limit analysis of circle plate as an example is performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed yield criterion, and the subsequent comparison of limit loads with the Tresca analytical solutions and Mises numerical results shows that the present results are higher than the Tresca analytical results, and are in good agreement with the Mises numerical results.

Effect of hydrostatic stress on yield function and plastic constitutive relations

A new yield function taking effect of hydrostatic stress into account is presented through establishing and solving the functional equation satisfied by the yield function, and its characteristic is simple in form and strong in generality. In order to reveal its availability, a comparison is made between the results obtained with it and the experimental results of grey cast iron has be done, both seem to be in good agreement. At the same time, taking the yield function obtained here as a potential function, a new associative plastic constitutive equation taking effect of hydrostatic stress into account is built, and the plastic volume change ratio of plastic deformation is given.

Effects of Ridge-Mulching with Plastic Sheets for Rainwater-Harvesting Cultivation on WUE and Yield of Winter Wheat

A field experiment was conducted in a manural loesial soil in middle of Shaanxi Province ofChina, a sub-humid area prone to drought, to study the effects of rainwater-harvestingcultivation on water use efficiency (WUE) and yield of winter wheat. Ridge-furrow tillage wasused, the ridge being mulched by plastic sheets for rainwater harvesting while seeding in thefurrows. Results showed that from sowing to reviving stage of winter wheat, water stored in 0-100 cm layer was significantly decreased whereas that in 100-200 cm layer did not change.Compared to the non-mulching, plastic mulch retained 6.5 mm more water as an average of the twoN rate treatments, having a certain effect on conservation of soil moisture. In contrast, atharvest, water was remarkably reduced in both the 0-100 cm and the 100-200 cm layers, andmulched plots consumed 34.8 mm more water as an average of the two treatments: low N rate (75kg N ha-1) with low plant density (2 300 000 plants ha-1) and high N rate (225 kg N ha-1)with highplant density (2 800 000 plants ha-1), in 0-200 cm layer than those without mulching, the formerbeing beneficial to plants in utilization of deep layer water. Mulching was significant inharvesting water and in increase of yield. Mulched with plastic sheets, biological and grainyields were 22.5 and 22.6% higher for the average of the high N rate than for the low N rate,and the high N rate with low plant density was 29.8 and 29.1% higher in both biological andgrain yields than that of the low N rate with low plant density. With high N rate and high plantdensity, the mulched biological and grain yields were 39.5 and 28.9% higher than the correspondingtreatments without mulching. Of the treatments, that with high N rate and low plant density wasthe highest in both biological and grain yields, and the water use efficiency reached 43.7 kgmm-1 ha-1 for biological yield and 22 kg mm-1 ha-1 for grain yield, being the highest WUE reportedin the world up to now.

残膜对土壤氮排放和氮肥利用效率的影响

[目的]为探明不同残膜量对氮素利用效率及损失的影响。[方法]试验设置5个不同残膜量(0,180,360,720,1440 kg/hm^(2))和2种残膜类型(聚乙烯和生物降解残膜),通过盆栽试验,研究不同残膜含量对土壤全氮、氮素气态损失、氮肥利用效率及番茄生长等指标的影响。[结果]随着残膜含量的增加,土壤氨气和氧化亚氮的累积排放量呈先增大后减小的趋势,当残膜含量达到720 kg/hm^(2)时,氨气累积挥发量显著减少11.31%~13.70%,氧化亚氮累积排放量减少4.74%~5.13%;土壤中氮素残留量无显著差异。当残膜含量低于180 kg/hm^(2)时,地膜残留促进番茄的生长;当残膜含量高于180 kg/hm^(2)时,地膜残留抑制番茄的生长。低残膜含量对氮肥利用效率无显著影响,当含量高于360 kg/hm^(2)时,氮肥利用效率与残膜含量呈负相关关系。通过综合分析,土壤残膜含量应控制在180 kg/hm^(2)内才不会对作物生长造成不利影响。此外,由于可降解地膜的降解特性,其对植株氮素吸收和氮肥利用效率的不利影响弱于聚乙烯残膜。[结论]降解地膜替代聚乙烯地膜具有一定的可行性。

流变学参数表征湿喷混凝土工作性研究进展

为提高工作性对湿喷混凝土施工性能(可输送性、可喷性)的指导作用,归纳了现有各种技术规范的工作性要求,回顾了流变特性与可喷性相关性研究进展,探讨了流变性能时变机制,总结了时变模型发展现状。结果表明,坍落度无法协调可输送性与可喷性工作性需求矛盾,流变学参数应用效果优于坍落度;屈服剪切应力增加,一次喷射厚度变大,回弹率减小;塑性黏度降低,管道输送压力减小,可输送性变好,但屈服剪切应力、塑性黏度与密实度的相关性尚需深入研究;主流的流变性能时变模型为指数、对数、线性、幂函数等经验公式,应加强有物理意义的模型推导;时变预测模型缺乏有效验证手段,应重点研发速凝体系下湿喷混凝土流变性能的原位评估方法。

多冷媒非均质人工冻结壁弹塑性应力分析

【目的】受制冷媒介温度差异以及被冻地层与冻结管距离差异的影响,多冷媒联合双排管冻结壁的非均匀性较为显著,为了合理评价该类冻结壁的安全性,需开展考虑非均质性的多冷媒人工冻结壁弹塑性应力分析。【方法】选取距离1/4管距处的冻结壁作为特征截面,将该截面上的温度分布曲线等效成三段一次函数形式,并将冻结壁视为随温度成线性变化的非均质材料,分别基于4种冻土屈服准则,推导得出多冷媒联合双排管非均质冻结壁弹塑性应力解析表达式。基于该解析表达式,对多冷媒冻结壁的受力特性进行计算,并将该计算结果与均质冻结壁计算得出的结果进行对比。【结果和结论】研究发现:(1)在盐水-二氧化碳联合双排管冻结壁中,径向应力随着相对半径r的增加而上升,环向应力在不同冻结区间(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)表现出不同的变化趋势。(2)基于均质冻结壁计算理论,弹性极限状态的冻结壁的环向应力最大值出现在冻结壁内侧,弹塑性状态的冻结壁的环向应力最大值出现在弹塑性分界面处,塑性极限状态的冻结壁的环向应力最大值出现在冻结壁最外侧;而基于非均质冻结壁计算理论,冻结壁环向应力最大值始终出现在冻结壁分区界线(r=2)处。(3)在考虑非均质特性后,冻结壁的弹性极限承载力降低1.8%,而塑性极限承载力提高8.1%。在弹塑性状态下,对应相同塑性区相对半径,非均质冻结壁具有更高的承载力,且这种现象随着塑性区相对半径的增大而愈发明显。研究成果对富水地层多冷媒联合冻结帷幕的设计具有重要的参考价值。

不同因素对固体推进剂流变性能影响研究进展

针对推进剂药浆的流变性能受多种因素的影响,综述了固体推进剂用增塑剂、含能固体填料、工艺助剂、工艺参数等因素对于推进剂药浆流变性能影响的国内外研究现状,并分析总结了不同因素对固体推进剂药浆流变性能的影响规律及机理,对比了不同固体填料和粒度级配对药浆流变特性的影响。指出适当加入增塑剂可有效改善药浆的流变特性;选择合适的工艺助剂、工艺参数可大大改善药浆流变特性;固体填料表面越接近球形、越规则,粒径分布范围越宽,推进剂药浆黏度越小;对固体颗粒进行表面包覆、添加表面活性剂也有助于药浆流变性能的改善。提出了改善推进剂药浆流变性能的技术途径以及后期推进剂药浆流变性能的重点研究方向,以便更加全面研究药浆流变特性,设计出流变性能更好的固体推进剂药浆。附参考文献94篇。

基于塑性屈服体积-应变增量积的特高拱坝整体稳定性评价

坝肩岩体的工作性状是评价拱坝整体稳定性的重要依据,也是特高拱坝设计与安全调控的重点与难点。数值模拟分析中,以拉裂及压剪屈服区域发育范围的传统评价方法无法考虑岩体及结构面损伤屈服程度,且难以准确评判断层等对应力状态敏感材料的工作性态。为此,提出一种基于应变增量判断建坝蓄水后坝肩结构面是否进入屈服状态,采用塑性单元体积与其应变增量的乘积为指标的拱坝整体稳定性评价方法,并采用该方法对ZY特高拱坝展开研究,揭示了其坝肩岩体及结构面在正常运行工况及超载条件下整体稳定特征演化规律,厘清了显著影响坝肩稳定性的断层及结构面,为特高拱坝整体稳定性评估及加固措施优化调控提供了技术支撑。

覆盖对旱地玉米土壤温度及产量的影响

【目的】探究覆盖对旱地春玉米土壤温度和产量的影响。【方法】在陇中半干旱地区设置秸秆带状覆盖(SM)、白膜双垄沟覆盖(BM)及露地无覆盖(CK)3个栽培处理,分析不同覆盖措施对春玉米土壤温度、干物质积累及产量的影响。【结果】覆盖对春玉米全生育期土壤温度有明显的调控作用,与CK相比,SM处理降低了苗期~成熟期0~25 cm土壤温度0~1.1℃,而BM处理则增温0.2~3℃,并且SM和BM处理各生育时期的降幅和增幅均在苗期最大。各土层间,SM处理0~25 cm土层平均较CK降低0.6℃,以10 cm土层降幅最大;而BM平均增温0.6℃,以25 cm土层增幅最大。覆盖处理能显著增加春玉米单株干物质积累量和籽粒产量,与CK相比,SM和BM处理玉米单株干物质积累量分别增加32.4%和34.6%,籽粒产量分别提高13.4%和48.9%。相关分析发现,玉米籽粒产量与穗粒数显著正相关(r=0.771*),即覆盖主要通过影响穗粒数来提高玉米产量。【结论】地膜和秸秆带状覆盖均能调控春玉米全生育期土壤温度,并能显著增加干物质积累量和产量,而秸秆带状覆盖能提高废旧秸秆资源利用率,可作为旱地玉米绿色可持续生产的栽培技术。

ANALYSIS ON THE MAGNETO-ELASTIC-PLASTIC BUCKLING/SNAPPING OF CANTILEVER RECTANGULAR FERROMAGNETIC PLATES

An analysis of buckling/snapping and bending behaviors of magneto-elastic-plastic interaction and coupling for cantilever rectangular soft ferromagnetic plates is presented. Based on the expression of magnetic force from the variational principle of ferromagnetic plates, the buckling and bending theory of thin plates, the Mises yield criterion and the increment theory for plastic deformation, we establish a numerical code to quantitatively simulate the behaviors of the nonlinearly multi-fields coupling problems by the finite element method. Along with the phenomena of buckling/snapping and bending, or the characteristic curve of deflection versus magnitude of applied magnetic fields being numerically displayed, the critical loads of buckling/snapping, and the influences of plastic deformation and the width of plate on these critical loads, the plastic regions expanding with the magnitude of applied magnetic field, as well as the evolvement of deflection configuration of the plate are numerically obtained in a case study.

Study on magneto-elastic-plastic deformation characteristics of ferromagnetic rectangular plate with simple supports

In this paper, the magnetic-elastic-plastic deformation behavior is studied for a ferromagnetic plate with simple supports. The perturbation formula of magnetic force is first derived based on the perturbation technique, and is then applied to the analysis of deformation characteristics with emphasis laid on the analyses of modes, symmetry of deformation and influences of incident angle of applied magnetic field on the plate deformation. The theoretical analyses offer explanations why the configuration offer- romagnetic rectangular plate with simple supports under an oblique magnetic field is in-wavy type along the x-direction, and why the largest deformation of the ferromagnetic plate occurs at the incident angle of 45°for the magnetic field. A numerical code based on the finite element method is developed to simulate quantitatively behaviors of the nonlinearly coupled multi-field problem. Some characteristic curves are plotted to illustrate the magneto--elastic-plastic deflections, and to reveal how the deflections can be influenced by the incident angle of applied magnetic field. The deformation characteristics obtained from the numerical simulations are found in good agreement with the theoretical analyses.

地膜对花生土壤水热环境和生长的影响

【目的】研究不同可降解地膜与普通地膜对花生土壤水热环境和生长的影响。【方法】设置农用白色地膜(WM)、黑色地膜(BM)、白色全生物可降解膜(WDM)、黑色全生物可降解膜(BDM)及不覆膜(CK)共5个处理,开展大田试验探究不同颜色可降解膜和普通地膜覆盖对花生土壤水热环境及其生长的影响机制。【结果】(1)WDM处理与BDM处理较WM、BM处理增温保墒效果更好,苗期WDM处理0~25 cm土层平均土壤温度较WM处理高0.8℃,BDM处理较BM处理高0.6℃;苗期WDM处理夜间5 cm土层土壤平均温度较WM处理提高0.8℃,BDM处理较BM处理高0.6℃;苗期WDM处理夜间有效土壤积温较WM处理高88℃,BDM处理较BM处理高60℃;WDM处理全生育期土壤含水率较WM处理提高11.7%,BDM处理较BM处理提高7.2%。(2)WDM处理花生产量较WM、BM、BDM处理分别增加5.3%、6.6%、17.3%,WDM处理水分利用效率较WM、BM、BDM处理分别提高7.8%、11.7%、22.8%。(3)白色可降解膜较黑色可降解膜降解程度提高14.6%。【结论】综上可知,山东花生种植中适宜选用白色全生物可降解膜。

地膜覆盖对谷子产量影响的整合分析

为了探明地膜覆盖条件下谷子产量效应的主要影响因素及其影响程度,采用整合分析法比较分析了地膜类型、田间管理措施和自然条件对谷子增产效应的影响。结果表明:与不覆膜相比,覆膜条件下谷子的平均增产率为35.5%(95%CI 26.5%~34.2%);覆盖不同类型地膜对谷子产量的提高幅度由大到小依次为渗水地膜(65.30%)>聚乙烯地膜(白色:36.62%;黑色:23.62%)>降解地膜(18.24%);在自然条件方面,地膜覆盖对西北地区谷子产量的提升幅度最显著,达到了61.20%,随后是西南地区和华北地区,分别提升了23.43%和17.87%,而华东地区的提升幅度最小,仅为10.97%;1997—2004、2017—2022年这两个时期覆膜后谷子增产率较高,分别为51.81%和42.48%;在年降水量<500 mm或年均气温8~12℃时,覆膜种植谷子的增产效果最好;在田间管理措施方面,当施氮量≤85 kg/hm^(2)、施磷量<90 kg/hm^(2)或施钾量≤45 kg/hm^(2)时,谷子覆膜后的增产影响更显著;当种植密度<30万苗/hm^(2)时谷子增产率比种植密度≥30万苗/hm^(2)时高16.47个百分点;黑垆土田地上覆膜种植谷子的增产率最高。因此,提高谷子覆膜增产效应,需要综合考虑地膜类型、田间管理措施以及当地的自然条件等因素。

不同种植方式对高寒旱区地膜小麦耗水特征和产量的影响

于2019—2022年在陇中高寒旱区以裸地条播为对照(CK),设置全膜覆土穴播(FM)和膜侧沟播(FS)两种覆盖方式,研究不同覆盖种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性、生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,FM和FS处理播种期~拔节期0~20 cm土层土壤温度分别平均提高3.1℃和2.1℃,灌浆期分别降低0.6℃和1.0℃。覆盖能不同程度提高冬小麦各生育期0~200 cm土层土壤含水量,其中出苗期、返青期、拔节期和灌浆期提高幅度均高于20%。与CK相比,FM处理返青后冬小麦耗水量平均显著提高29.2%,返青前显著降低42.4%;FS处理返青期~灌浆期耗水量提高12.6%,返青前降低25.7%。各处理冬小麦基本苗、分蘖数、公顷穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量均表现为FM>FS>CK,处理间差异显著,其中FM和FS处理产量分别较CK平均提高74.7%和45.4%;处理间耗水量差异不显著;FM处理水分利用效率最大,较CK平均提高67.3%,FS次之,较CK平均提高46.1%。综上,地膜覆盖可调节土壤水分状况,改善冬小麦生长发育和成穗情况,显著提高产量和水分利用效率,其中全膜覆土穴播调节效应优于膜侧沟播,是适宜在高寒旱区地膜小麦生产中推广应用的种植方式。

地膜覆盖艺机一体化栽培技术在高粱上的应用

干旱少雨和农村劳动力短缺严重限制了陕北旱区高粱产业发展和农民脱贫增收,推广应用地膜覆盖艺机一体化栽培技术以及引进筛选适合当地的配套品种是解决该问题的有效方法。以裸地栽培为对照,研究了7个高粱品种晋杂22、晋杂31、晋杂34、晋杂108、晋早5564、晋夏2842和晋中7742在地膜覆盖艺机一体化技术配套栽培下产量相关性状和收益的变化。结果表明,相比裸地栽培,覆膜艺机栽培显著提高了高粱的株高、穗长、千粒质量和产量,提高幅度分别为0.99%~12.64%、0.9%~7.3%、2.2%~12.9%、11.7%~32.6%;大幅度节省了人工成本,每公顷可节省约6 450元;增加了收益,增收幅度为103.6%~406.0%。其中,晋杂31的产量和收益最高,分别为10 346.7 kg/hm^(2)和16 943.4元/hm^(2),其次依次是晋杂108和晋杂34,产量分别为10 320.0、10 293.3 kg/hm^(2),收益分别为16 890.0、16 836.6元/hm^(2)。推荐晋杂31、晋杂108和晋杂34等3个高粱品种配套覆膜艺机栽培模式在陕北旱区推广种植。

框架-摇摆墙结构损伤后受力性能分析

基于已有的离散-连续参数模型,对损伤后框架-摇摆墙结构的受力性能进行了研究。假定损伤只发生在框架结构上,没有实现“强柱弱梁”的损伤方式,损伤以柱端产生塑性铰的形式出现。研究结果表明:相比未损伤前,损伤后结构的侧向变形有一定的增加,结构最大内力有增有减,二者数值大小的变化与产生塑性铰楼层位置和塑性铰的形式有关。对于框架-摇摆墙结构,有目的地设置薄弱层,对降低结构内力,使层间相对变形趋于均匀是有利的。