Niobium (Nb)-clad stainless steels(SS) produced via roll bonding are being considered for use in the bipolar plates of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) stacks. Because the roll bonding process induces sub...Niobium (Nb)-clad stainless steels(SS) produced via roll bonding are being considered for use in the bipolar plates of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) stacks. Because the roll bonding process induces substantial work hardening in the constituent materials, thermal annealing is used to restore ductility to the clad sheet so that it can be subsequently blanked, stamped and dimpled in forming the final plate component. Two roll bonded materials, niobium clad 340L stainless steel (Nb/340L SS) and niobium clad 434 stainless steel (Nb/434 SS) were annealed under optimized conditions prescribed by the cladding manufacturer. Comparative mechanical testing conducted on each material before and after annealing shows significant improvement in ductility in both cases. However, corresponding microstructural analyses indicate an obvious difference between the two heat treated materials. During annealing, an interlayer with thick less than 1 μm forms between the constituent layers in the Nb/340L SS, whereas no interlayer is found in the annealed Nb/434 SS material. Prior work suggests that internal defects potentially can be generated in such an interlayer during metal forming operations. Thus, Nb/434 SS may be the preferred candidate material for this application.展开更多
The stiffness model of the finite element is applied to the Kirchhoff-love closed-form plate buckling;buckling is always in focus in plate assemblages. The useful Eigen-value solutions are unable to separate a square ...The stiffness model of the finite element is applied to the Kirchhoff-love closed-form plate buckling;buckling is always in focus in plate assemblages. The useful Eigen-value solutions are unable to separate a square plate from a much weaker long one in the most commonly-used all-simply supported plate (SSSS), among others. Spring-values of the Kirchhoff-Love plate are sought;once found, displacement-factors can be determined. Comparative </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">displacements allow </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">easier and better evaluation of buckling-factors,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> pure-shear, vibration and so are termed “buckling-displacement-factors”. In testing, many plates in mixed boundary conditions are evaluated for displacement</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">assisted buckling-solutions, first. The displacement-factors made from fundamental Eigen-vectors, in a single-pass, are found to be within about one-percent of known elastic values. It is found that the Kirchhoff-Love plate</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">spring and the finite-element spring, demonstrated, here, in the assemblage of beam-elements, are equivalent from the results. In either case</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> stiffness is first assembled, ready for any loading—transverse, buckling, shear, vibration. The simply-supported plate draws the only exact vibration solution, and so, in an additional new effort, all other results are calibrated from it;direct vibration solutions are made for comparison but such results are, hardly, better. In the process, interactive Kirchhoff-Love plate-field-sheets are presented, for design. It is now additionally demanded that the solution Eigen-vector be </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">developable into a recognizable deflection-factor. A weaker plate cannot possess greater buckling strength, this is a check;to find stiffness the</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> deflection-factor must be exact or nearly so. Several examples justify the characteristic buckling displacement-factor as a new tool</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.展开更多
For plane singly-connected domains with insulating boundary and four point-sized contacts, C<sub>0</sub> …C<sub>3</sub>, van der Pauw derived a famous equation relating the two trans-...For plane singly-connected domains with insulating boundary and four point-sized contacts, C<sub>0</sub> …C<sub>3</sub>, van der Pauw derived a famous equation relating the two trans-resistances R<sub>01,23</sub>, R<sub>12,30</sub> with the sheet resistance without any other parameters. If the domain has one hole van der Pauw’s equation becomes an inequality with upper and lower bounds, the envelopes. This was conjectured by Szymański et al. in 2013, and only recently it was proven by Miyoshi et al. with elaborate mathematical tools. The present article gives new proofs closer to physical intuition and partly with simpler mathematics. It relies heavily on conformal transformation and it expresses for the first time the trans-resistances and the lower envelope in terms of Jacobi functions, elliptic integrals, and the modular lambda elliptic function. New simple formulae for the asymptotic limit of a very large hole are also given.展开更多
基金supported by 2008 research fund by TP,Ulsan,Korea
文摘Niobium (Nb)-clad stainless steels(SS) produced via roll bonding are being considered for use in the bipolar plates of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) stacks. Because the roll bonding process induces substantial work hardening in the constituent materials, thermal annealing is used to restore ductility to the clad sheet so that it can be subsequently blanked, stamped and dimpled in forming the final plate component. Two roll bonded materials, niobium clad 340L stainless steel (Nb/340L SS) and niobium clad 434 stainless steel (Nb/434 SS) were annealed under optimized conditions prescribed by the cladding manufacturer. Comparative mechanical testing conducted on each material before and after annealing shows significant improvement in ductility in both cases. However, corresponding microstructural analyses indicate an obvious difference between the two heat treated materials. During annealing, an interlayer with thick less than 1 μm forms between the constituent layers in the Nb/340L SS, whereas no interlayer is found in the annealed Nb/434 SS material. Prior work suggests that internal defects potentially can be generated in such an interlayer during metal forming operations. Thus, Nb/434 SS may be the preferred candidate material for this application.
文摘The stiffness model of the finite element is applied to the Kirchhoff-love closed-form plate buckling;buckling is always in focus in plate assemblages. The useful Eigen-value solutions are unable to separate a square plate from a much weaker long one in the most commonly-used all-simply supported plate (SSSS), among others. Spring-values of the Kirchhoff-Love plate are sought;once found, displacement-factors can be determined. Comparative </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">displacements allow </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">easier and better evaluation of buckling-factors,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> pure-shear, vibration and so are termed “buckling-displacement-factors”. In testing, many plates in mixed boundary conditions are evaluated for displacement</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">assisted buckling-solutions, first. The displacement-factors made from fundamental Eigen-vectors, in a single-pass, are found to be within about one-percent of known elastic values. It is found that the Kirchhoff-Love plate</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">spring and the finite-element spring, demonstrated, here, in the assemblage of beam-elements, are equivalent from the results. In either case</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> stiffness is first assembled, ready for any loading—transverse, buckling, shear, vibration. The simply-supported plate draws the only exact vibration solution, and so, in an additional new effort, all other results are calibrated from it;direct vibration solutions are made for comparison but such results are, hardly, better. In the process, interactive Kirchhoff-Love plate-field-sheets are presented, for design. It is now additionally demanded that the solution Eigen-vector be </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">developable into a recognizable deflection-factor. A weaker plate cannot possess greater buckling strength, this is a check;to find stiffness the</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> deflection-factor must be exact or nearly so. Several examples justify the characteristic buckling displacement-factor as a new tool</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.
文摘For plane singly-connected domains with insulating boundary and four point-sized contacts, C<sub>0</sub> …C<sub>3</sub>, van der Pauw derived a famous equation relating the two trans-resistances R<sub>01,23</sub>, R<sub>12,30</sub> with the sheet resistance without any other parameters. If the domain has one hole van der Pauw’s equation becomes an inequality with upper and lower bounds, the envelopes. This was conjectured by Szymański et al. in 2013, and only recently it was proven by Miyoshi et al. with elaborate mathematical tools. The present article gives new proofs closer to physical intuition and partly with simpler mathematics. It relies heavily on conformal transformation and it expresses for the first time the trans-resistances and the lower envelope in terms of Jacobi functions, elliptic integrals, and the modular lambda elliptic function. New simple formulae for the asymptotic limit of a very large hole are also given.