Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization of Flat Plate Solar Collector Using TiO_(2)/Water Nanofluid

To research solar energy's efficiency and environmental benefits,the thermal efficiency,exergy,and entropy of solar collectors were calculated.The experiment involved two glass-topped collectors,fluid transfer tubes,and aluminum heat-absorbing plates.Glass wool insulation minimized heat loss.A 0.5% TiO_(2)/Water nanofluid was created using a mechanical and ultrasonic stirrer.Results showed that solar radiation increased thermal efficiency until midday,reaching 48.48% for water and 51.23% for the nanofluid.With increasing mass flow rates from 0.0045 kg/s to 0.02 kg/s,thermal efficiency improved from 16.26% to 47.37% for water and from 20.65% to 48.76% for the nanofluid.Filtered water provided 380 W and 395 W of energy in March and April,while the nanofluid increased it to 395 W and 415 W during these months.Mass flow generated energy,and the Reynolds number raised entropy.The noon exergy efficiency for nanofluids was 50%-55%,compared to 30% for water.At noon,the broken exergy measured 877.53 W for the nanofluid and 880.12 W for water.In Kirkuk,Iraq,the 0.5% TiO_(2)/Water nanofluid outperformed water in solar collectors.

Numerical Investigation and Optimization of a Flat Plate Solar Collector Operating with Cu/CuO/Al_(2)O_(3)–Water Nanofluids

Nanofluids are a potential alternative to significantly improving the performance of heat transfer applications. In this work, a numerical analysis to examine the eff ect of dispersing copper(Cu), copper oxide(CuO), and aluminum(Al2O3) nanoparticles in pure water on the performance of a flat plate solar collector(FPSC) and a numerical model was proposed. The influence of the nanofluid type on the thermal efficiency was critically investigated and discussed. The eff ect of the mass flow rate on the performance was also analyzed and discussed. Based on correlations of the thermophysical properties of nanofluids, a sensitivity analysis was used to analyze the impact of the nanoparticles on the base fluid. The results indicate that the performance of the FPSC with Cu/water nanofluid was better than that of FPSCs using CuO/water or Al2O3/water nanofluids. When the mass flow rate of the nanofluids was 8.0 L/min, the efficiency of the FPSC was much greater than those at the flow rates of 5.0 L/min and 2.0 L/min. Mean enhancements in thermal efficiency of 4.44%, 4.27%, and 4.21% were observed when 2.0 L/min was applied using Cu/water, Cu O/water, and Al2O3/water nanofluids, respectively. Improvements in thermal efficiency of 2.76%, 2.53%, and 2.47% occurred when 8.0 L/min was applied.

Solar Thermal Systems Performances versus Flat Plate Solar Collectors Connected in Series

This paper shows the modeling of a solar collective heating system in order to predict the system performances. Two systems are proposed: 1) the first, Solar Direct Hot Water, which is composed of flat plate collectors and thermal storage tank, 2) the second, a Solar Indirect Hot Water in which we added an external heat exchanger of constant effectiveness to the first system. The mass flow rate by a collector is fixed to 0.04 Kg·s–1 and the total number of collectors is adjusted to 60. For the first system, the maximum average water temperature within the tank in a typical day in summer and annual performances are calculated by varying the number of collectors connected in series. For the second, this paper shows the detailed analysis of water temperature within the storage and annual performances by varying the mass flow rate on the cold side of the heat exchanger and the number of collectors in series on the hot side. It is shown that the stratification within the storage is strongly influenced by mass flow rate and the connections between collectors. It is also demonstrated that the number of collectors that can be connected in series is limited. The optimization of the mass flow rate on cold side of the heat exchanger is seen to be an important factor for the energy saving.

Experimental investigations on the heat transfer characteristics of micro heat pipe array applied to flat plate solar collector

This paper introduces a novel fiat plate solar collector （FPC） using micro heat pipe array （MHPA） as a key element. To analyze the thermal transfer behavior of flat plate solar collector with micro heat pipe array （MHPA-FPC）, an indoor experiment for thermal transfer characteristic of MHPA applied to FPC was conducted by using an electrical heating film to simulate the solar radiation. Different cooling water flow rates, cooling water temperatures, slopes, and contact thermal resistances be- tween the condenser of MHPA and the heat exchanger were tested at different heating powers. The experimental results in- dicate that MHPA-FPC exhibits the enhanced heat transfer capability with increased cooling water flow rate and temperature. Total thermal resistance has a maximum decline of approximately 10% when the flow rate increases from 180 to 360 L h-1 and 38% when the cooling water temperature increases from 20~C to 40~C. When the inclination angle of MHPA-FPC ex- ceeds 30~, the slope change has a negligible effect on the heat transfer performance of MHPA-FPC. In addition, contact thermal resistance significantly affects the heat transfer capability of MHPA-FPC. The total thermal resistances lowers to nearly half of the original level when contact material between the condenser of MHPA and the heat exchanger changes from conductive silicone to conductive grease. These results could provide useful information for the optimal design and operation of MHPA-FPC.

Application of entransy theory in the heat transfer optimization of flat-plate solar collectors

The flat-plate solar collector is an important component in solar-thermal systems,and its heat transfer optimization is of great significance in terms of the efficiency of energy utilization.However,most existing flat-plate collectors adopt metallic absorber plates with uniform thickness,which often works against energy conservation.In this paper,to achieve the optimal heat transfer performance,we optimized the thickness distribution of the absorber with the constraint of fixed total material volume employing entransy theory.We first established the correspondence between the collector efficiency and the loss of entransy,and then proposed the constrained extreme-value problem and deduced the optimization criterion,namely a uniform temperature gradient,employing a variational method.Finally,on the basis of the optimization criterion,we carried out numerical simulations,with the results showing remarkable optimization effects.When irradiation,the ambient temperature and the wind speed are 800 W/m2,300 K and 3 m/s,respectively,the collector efficiency is enhanced by 8.8% through optimization,which is equivalent to a copper saving of 30%.We also applied the thickness distribution optimized for wind speed of 3 m/s in heat transfer analysis with different wind speed conditions,and the collector efficiency was remarkably better than that for an absorber with uniform thickness.

Studies on solar flat plate collector evaporation systems for tannery effluent(soak liquor)

Heat and mass transfer analysis of an incompressible, laminar boundary layer over solar flat plate collector evapora- tion systems for tannery effluent (soak liquor) is investigated. The governing equations are solved for various liquid to air velocity ratios. Profiles of velocity, temperature and concentration as well as their gradients are presented. The heat transfer and mass transfer coefficients thus obtained are used to evaluate mass of water evaporated for an inclined fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) solar flat plate collector (FPC) with and without cover. Comparison of these results with the experimental performance shows encouraging trend of good agreement between them.

Performance and Optimization of a Small Hybrid Solar-Thermal Collector

A hybrid solar collector was designed to investigate the effects of combining two different solar collector techniques on the overall collector’s effectiveness. While most solar collectors focus only on one solar collection method, the small hybrid system uses a flat plate collector in conjunction with five evacuated tubes to absorb the most energy possible from both direct and diffuse solar radiation. Data was collected over four months while the system operated at different flow rates and with various levels of available insolation from the sun to evaluate the performance of the solar collector. To understand the relative contribution of the flat plate collector and the evacuated tubes, temperature differences across each part of the system were measured. The results indicate the average first law efficiency of the hybrid system is 43.3%, significantly higher than the performance of the flat plate alone. An exergy analysis was performed for this system to assess the performance of the flat plate system by itself. Results of the second law analysis were comparable to the exergetic efficiencies of other experimental collectors, around 4%. Though the efficiencies were in the expected range, they reveal that further improvements to the system are possible.

Manufacturing and Thermal Performance Test of (Compound) Solar Collector in Damascus City

Solar water collectors that uses for domestic and industrial applications within temperature up to, are classified under two main types: Flat Plate collector (FP), and Evacuated Tube collector (ET). Thermal performance test results showed that each type have different thermal features. Comparison between (FP & ET) collectors showed that they could take advantages of different thermal features of two types when they work in the same climatic conditions and overlap of these thermal features when they work in different operational conditions. They can take advantage of these features through (compound) solar collector. Compound solar water Collector (CO) composed of a part of flat plate collector shape (FP), and a part of evacuated tube collector shape (ET). Booth have equal reference area, and connected together to be as one Solar collector (CO). Water entered first flat part (FP), then evacuated tube part (ET) then to tank or end-use. In this paper, present design and manufacturing as well the thermal performance test of (compound) solar collector, according to Standard Specification of tests, was EN12975:2001. Mechanical test for (CO) collector conducted successfully according to durability, reliability, and safety requirements. In addition, thermal performance was tested in steady state at the climatic conditions of Damascus city, and concluded the thermal performance of (FP & ET) that constitute (CO) collector. The results showed enhancement of thermal performance.

Experimental Study of Temperature and Humidity Variations in an Incubator Fitted with a Flat-Plate Collector

In Burkina Faso, where livestock farming is widely practiced, particularly in rural areas without access to electricity, solar energy offers a viable alternative due to the country’s abundant sunshine. To support poultry farmers in increasing their production, we developed a solar-powered incubator equipped with a flat-plate collector, requiring no grid electricity. This is a new approach that we want to experiment with because the incubators on the global market operate either with the electricity grid, photovoltaic, gas or oil and not a solar thermal concentrator. This solar concentrator represents the heat source of the device during the day. We plan to look for rocks with high thermal inertia in order to heat them during the day using another flat solar concentrator and then introduce them into the incubator at night to continue the incubation process. In 2022, we conducted a simulation to study temperature variation inside the incubator. In this work, we built a prototype to experimentally evaluate key hydrothermal properties such as air temperature and humidity. Furthermore, we will not introduce rocks into the incubator overnight but will let the system run overnight to see how the hygrothermal properties vary. The findings revealed temperature fluctuations from 25˚C to 65˚C, instead of the desired 36˚C to 38˚C, and humidity levels ranging from 15% to 57%, instead of the target 55% to 75%. Solutions have been proposed to enhance the system’s performance.

拉萨地区平板太阳能集热系统变流量运行策略及效益分析

针对室外环境参数波动变化以及蓄热系统温度波动特性,提出一种太阳能集热系统变流量运行调控策略,建立最优流量优化模型,回归得到不同工况下最优流量值多项式函数,并与定流量运行策略下的系统运行性能进行对比分析。结果表明:与定流量运行方式相比,采用变流量调控策略时,集热系统净收益显著提升。对于拉萨地区100 m^(2)串并联形式平板太阳能集热系统,采用变流量运行策略时,虽然运行泵耗增加,但集热量增益更大,相比单位集热面积流量为0.02 m^(3)/(h·m^(2))时,集热系统净收益增加了468.7 MJ,提高了6.75%。

高寒地区平板热管式太阳能集热系统热性能研究

基于呼和浩特地区高寒气候条件,搭建两组完全一致的平板热管式太阳能集热系统,通过实验对比分析太阳辐射强度、传热工质流量、集热板表面积尘等因素对集热器瞬时集热效率以及系统热性能的影响。结果表明,在同等外界条件下,集热器的集热效率随着工质流量的增加而增大,集热效率与太阳辐射强度变化趋势相近,随积尘密度的增加,集热板表面积尘导致系统的得热量减少,集热性能下降。

平板集热器冬季高流速运行数值模拟研究

针对平板集热器(FPSC)冬季热水收集温度不足等问题提出高流速运行方案,以期提高系统的集热性能以及全年利用率.通过CFD技术数值模拟FPSC系统在不同流速工况下(0.02~0.15 kg/s)各组件温度的变化情况,计算系统的集热效率,结合温度云图对比高流速运行的优势.结果显示,高流速运行能够减少集热损失,具有更佳的集热性能.

太阳能集热器研究进展

太阳能热水技术在太阳能利用技术中最为成熟、实际应用最多且在经济上能与常规能源竞争。太阳能集热器是太阳能热水器的核心部件,是用于吸收太阳辐射并使之转换为热能传递给热介质的装置。介绍了平板型太阳能集热器和真空管太阳能集热器,并对两者的优缺点进行对比,对其发展趋势进行了分析。

日光温室中空板水循环集放热系统设计与集热性能试验

针对现有日光温室内置式水循环集放热装置存在的集热能力不足的问题,设计了中空板水循环太阳能集放热系统,通过理论分析,结合日光温室热环境模拟预测软件,验证系统可行性。理论计算表明,在室内地面面积400 m2聚苯板墙体日光温室内,系统集热总量可达350 MJ,可供日光温室2~3 d的夜间放热加温。通过现场试验测试系统的集热性能,试验结果表明:系统集热效率最大可达0.93;晴天条件下的系统日蓄热温升约比阴天条件下高1倍;在太阳辐射较弱时,中空板与室内空气的对流换热对集热效率影响显著;在3.3~5.9 m3/h的流量范围内,系统集热量随着水流量增大而增加。中空板系统作为装配式集热系统,建造成本低、简单实用,不占用室内栽培面积,适用于旧温室改造。

一种新型双效太阳能平板集热器的光热性能研究

提出一种新型太阳能平板集热器,可实现加热空气与加热水两种工作模式,并设计了一种新型的"L"型翅片结构将两种功能有效结合。对这种新型集热器的不同工况分别进行了实验测试,得到两种工作状态下的太阳能光热转换效率。实验表明,空气集热日平均光热转换效率可达到40%以上,高于传统的空气集热器;水集热的效率达到49.7%。两种集热功能均能以高效率实现。

平板太阳集热器热性能模拟分析

为对平板太阳集热器进行热性能分析及优化设计,建立平板太阳集热器的稳态性能数学模型,编制热性能模拟程序,分析环境参数、运行参数及结构参数对集热器瞬时效率的影响特性。模拟结果表明,环境温度升高、工质入口温度降低均可显著提高集热器瞬时效率;降低盖板发射率和吸热板表面发射率有利于提高集热器瞬时效率;减小工质质量流量和增大集热管间距会使集热器瞬时效率减小;环境风速变化对集热器瞬时效率影响较小;夹层间距变化对集热器瞬时效率的影响随工质入口温度的增大而增大;太阳辐射强度对集热器瞬时效率的影响跟集热器与环境间的热交换有关。

吸热板参数对平板太阳集热器热性能的影响

建立单层盖板平板太阳集热器的一维稳态数学模型,用Visual Basic语言编写程序模拟研究吸热板各参数对平板太阳集热器热性能的影响。在综合考虑集热器效率因子与金属消耗量的基础上,设集热器总热损失系数为变量,对铜铝复合平板太阳集热器的吸热板厚度与管间距进行了优化。研究表明,用导热系数大的铜板代替铝板的优势并不明显;吸热板厚度在0.3 mm以上增加时,平板太阳集热器热性能的提升很小;随着管间距的增加,平板太阳集热器性能下降;吸热板涂层的改进对于平板太阳集热器热性能的提高至关重要;排管内/外径、盖板透过率、涂层吸收率分别为0.0108/0.012 m、0.916、0.89时,在全年运行的平均工况下,保证集热器效率因子为0.9,优化得到吸热板厚度、管间距分别为0.25 mm、11 cm时,金属材料消耗量最小,为2.27 kg/m2。

全流道式平板型太阳能集热器的试验研究与模拟分析

以全流道式平板型太阳能集热器为研究对象,首先进行了集热性能试验测试,在此基础上,利用CFD技术对不同排管管径全流道吸热板内传热介质的流动与传热进行模拟。试验结果表明,全流道集热器集热性能好、保温性能优,最高瞬时集热效率可达86.1%,热损失系数仅为4.179 W/(m^2·℃);与有关国家标准比较,最高瞬时集热效率高14.1%,热损失系数低1.82 W/(m^2·℃)。模拟结果表明:全流道板芯在增大流体传热接触面积的同时产生了横向导流作用,使各排管间流体流量分布更为均衡;全流道板芯热阻小,壁面上热流分布均匀,有效地增大了板芯的对流换热。

平板型太阳集热器表面积尘对其热性能影响的分析

以两组分别处于模拟积尘与清洁状况下的平板型太阳集热器为研究对象,在相同环境条件下,通过对比其瞬时效率及效率曲线研究不同积尘量对其热性能的影响。研究结果表明:积尘不仅会降低集热器的瞬时效率,同时也会降低其所能达到的最高效率和最高温度;效率下降值与积尘量之间成正比Δηd=0.089lnm-0.118;在干旱少雨的地区或季节应注意保持集热器表面的清洁,特别是在积尘初期;要使集热器在实际运行过程中获得较高的热性能,不仅要从本质上提高其自身的性能,其运行维护同样需要引起重视。

微热管阵列平板太阳能集热器中空保温层厚度优化

为分析微热管阵列平板太阳能集热器的热性能，该文建立了集热器的CFD模型，对其进行数值模拟，将模拟结果与试验结果进行对比，验证了模型的可靠性。采用该CFD模型对集热器保温层厚度进行优化，结果表明，当实心保温层导热系数分别为0.02、0.03、0.04、0.05 W/（m·K）时，优化的实心保温层厚度分别为4.5、5.0、5.5、5.5 cm。合理设计的中空保温层（空气层与实心保温层相结合的保温层形式）集热器能够达到与实心保温层集热器相当的保温隔热效果，同时可使集热器保温层成本及质量降低25%～50%。最后，该文给出了保温层总厚度分别为4、5、6 cm时的中空保温层厚度优化结果，为该类集热器保温层的设计提供了理论依据。