Deep learning for predictive mechanical properties of hot-rolled strip in complex manufacturing systems

Higher requirements for the accuracy of relevant models are put throughout the transformation and upgrade of the iron and steel sector to intelligent production.It has been difficult to meet the needs of the field with the usual prediction model of mechanical properties of hotrolled strip.Insufficient data and difficult parameter adjustment limit deep learning models based on multi-layer networks in practical applications;besides,the limited discrete process parameters used make it impossible to effectively depict the actual strip processing process.In order to solve these problems,this research proposed a new sampling approach for mechanical characteristics input data of hot-rolled strip based on the multi-grained cascade forest(gcForest)framework.According to the characteristics of complex process flow and abnormal sensitivity of process path and parameters to product quality in the hot-rolled strip production,a three-dimensional continuous time series process data sampling method based on time-temperature-deformation was designed.The basic information of strip steel(chemical composition and typical process parameters)is fused with the local process information collected by multi-grained scanning,so that the next link’s input has both local and global features.Furthermore,in the multi-grained scanning structure,a sub sampling scheme with a variable window was designed,so that input data with different dimensions can get output characteristics of the same dimension after passing through the multi-grained scanning structure,allowing the cascade forest structure to be trained normally.Finally,actual production data of three steel grades was used to conduct the experimental evaluation.The results revealed that the gcForest-based mechanical property prediction model outperforms the competition in terms of comprehensive performance,ease of parameter adjustment,and ability to sustain high prediction accuracy with fewer samples.

“Quartus scale” of hot-rolled strip steels and its formation mechanism

The types and growth of various oxide scales formed during the different phases of the production of hotrolled strip steel products are reviewed. Similarities and differences between the ＂tertiary scale＂ on the surface of carbon steels at high temperatures and the oxide scale on pure iron are compared. The micro-structural features of the ＂final oxide scale＂ on the surface of strip steels at room temperature as well as the relationship between these features and the position of the steel coil （plate） and the subsequent processes of recoiling, temper rolling and trimming, etc. are summarized. The actual oxide scales retained on the commercial hot-rolled strip steels at room temperature have been proposed to define as ＂ quartus scale＂ for the first time. The micro-structural development and phase transformation of the initial ＂tertiary scale＂ during and after cooling and coiling are described. The reasons for the ＂tertiary scale＂ on carbon steels differing from the oxide scale formed on pure iron, and the major influencing factors in the formation of various types of ＂quartus scales＂ are analyzed from both thermodynamic and dynamic viewpoints. The development mechanism of ＂ quartus scales＂ is discussed and the potential effects of the ＂ quartus scale＂ state （thickness, constitution, structure and defects）, on the rusting and pickling properties of commercial hot-rolled strip steel, as well as on the mechanical properties of oxide scales are analyzed.

Acid-pickling plates and strips speed control system by microwave heating based on self-adaptive fuzzy PID algorithm

Double self-adaptive fuzzy PID algorithm-based control strategy was proposed to construct quasi-cascade control system to control the speed of the acid-pickling process of titanium plates and strips. It is very useful in overcoming non-linear dynamic behavior, uncertain and time-varying parameters, un-modeled dynamics, and couples between the automatic turbulence control (ATC) and the automatic acid temperature control (AATC) with varying parameters during the operation process. The quasi-cascade control system of inner and outer loop self-adaptive fuzzy PID controller was built, which could effectively control the pickling speed of plates and strips. The simulated results and real application indicate that the plates and strips acid pickling speed control system has good performances of adaptively tracking the parameter variations and anti-disturbances, which ensures the match of acid pickling temperature and turbulence of flowing with acid pickling speed, improving the surface quality of plates and strips acid pickling, and energy efficiency.

Variation analysis of ultimate pullout capacity of shallow horizontal strip anchor plate with 2-layer overlying soil based on nonlinear M-C failure criterion

Based on the nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and an associated flow rule,a kinematic admissible velocity field of failure mechanism of the 2-layer soil above a shallow horizontal strip anchor plate is constructed.The ultimate pull-out force and its corresponding failure mechanism through the upper bound limit analysis according to a variation principle are deduced.When the 2-layer overlying soil is degraded into single-layer soil,the model of ultimate pullout force could also be degraded into the model of single-layer soil.And the comparison between results of single-layer soil variation method and those calculated by rigid limit analysis method proves the correctness of our method.Based on that,the influence of changes of geotechnical parameters on ultimate pullout forces and failure mechanism of a shallow horizontal strip anchor with the 2-layer soil above are analyzed.The results show that the ultimate pull-out force and failure mechanism of a shallow horizontal strip anchor with the 2-layer soil above are affected by the nonlinear geotechnical parameters greatly.Thus,it is very important to obtain the accurate geotechnical parameters of 2-layer soil for the evaluation of the ultimate pullout capacity of the anchor plate.

Effect of Reduction on Bonding Interface of Hot-rolled Wear-resistant Steel BTW1/Q345R Cladding Plate

Wear-resistant cladding plates consisting of a substrate（Q345 R） and a clad layer（BTW1） were bonded through hot rolling at the temperature of 1 200 ℃ and a rolling speed of 0.5 m/s. The microhardness of the cladding plate was also tested after being heat treated. The microstructure evolution on the interface of BTW1/Q345 R sheets under various reduction rates was investigated with a scanning electron microscope（SEM） and EBSD. It is found that the micro-cracks and oxide films on the interface disappear when the reduction is 80%, whereas the maximum uniform diffusion distance reaches 10 μm. As a result, a wide range of metallurgical bonding layers forms, which indicates an improved combination between the BTW1 and the Q345 R. Additionally, it is discovered that the unbroken oxide films on the interface are composed of Mn, Si or Cr at the reductions of 50% and 65%. The SEM fractography of tensile specimen demonstrates that the BTW1 has significant dimple characteristics and possesses lower-sized dimples with the increment in reduction, suggesting that the toughness and bonding strength of the cladding plates would be improved by the increase of reduction. The results reveal that a high rolling reduction causes the interfacial oxide film broken and further forms a higher-sized composite metallurgical bonding interface. The peak microhardness is achieved near the interface.

Hot-rolled strips of up to 19 mm in thickness and their processing to helically welded large diameter pipes of grade X80

Hot-rolled wide strip for production of large diameter,heavy gauged(up to 19 mm) helical line pipe grade X80 was a priority development over the last three years.Microstructure,texture and mechanical properties of strips have been characterised.Also the welding conditions have been simulated.The favourable microstructure is achieved by the proper selection of an appropriate chemical composition of low carbon content and increased niobium micro alloying in combination with suitable strictly controlled hot-rolling parameters.The addition of niobium in combination with the adjustment of other alloying elements increases the recrystallisation stop temperature and thus makes it possible to apply a high temperature processing(HTP) concept.The homogeneous bainitic microstructure across the strip gauge is then formed during accelerated cooling on the run-out table of the hot-rolling mill.All results indicated excellent properties of these hot strips which make it suitable for spiral pipes of grade X80 for example 18.9mm×Φ1 220 mm at dimension.

Rusting behavior and preventative measures of hot-rolled steel plates for automobile applications

As one of the important categories of hot-rolled products, hot-rolled steel plates for automobile applications generally undergo uniform corrosion or localized corrosion according to different environments of manufacturing, transportation and/or storage of the plates. General corrosion often takes place on the surface of a plate in the exterior part of a package, and only reduces the thickness of the plate and slightly increases the roughness of the surface; however, localized corrosion on the surface of a plate inside the package is likely to result in the formation of pit-like defects on the substrate of the plate, which cannot be removed thoroughly by normal acid pickling or sand blasting, and affects the application of the plate. This research report analyzes the phenomena and characteristics of the rusting behavior of hot- rolled steel plates for automobile applications, and the influencing factors are summaried. The corresponding preventative measures are proposed.

DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF PLATES DUE TO MOVING VEHICLES USING FINITE STRIP METHOD

Dynamic response of beam-like structures to moving vehicles has been extensively studied. However, the study on dynamic response of plates to moving vehicles has so far received but scant attention. A plate-vehicle strip for simulating the interaction between a rectangular plate and moving vehicles was described. For the portion of strips that are in direct contact with the moving vehicles, the plate-vehicle strips were employed. Conventional plate finite strips were used to model the portion of strips that are not directly under the action of moving vehicles. In the analysis, each moving vehicle is idealized as a one-foot dynamic system with tire unsprung mass and sprund mass interconnected by a spring and a dashpot. The numerical results obtained from the proposed method agree well with available results.

Steckel mill as a green steel strip and plate production technology

The Steckel mill,a long established solution for the economical production of relatively small volumes of hot rolled strip,has been rejuvenated in recent years by a range of new applications,boosted by the need of improving the energetic efficiency of the rolling process.The traditional advantages of the Steckel mill in terms of flexibility and reduced capital and operational costs are now enhanced by technological developments that have significantly expanded its application range into the combined production of strip and plate and improved the product quality.The increased awareness of the necessity of a sustainable growth in the steel industry has stimulated the development of process solutions with an improved efficiency in the use of natural resources,lower carbon emissions and increased yield.Modern Steckel mills are an adequate response to the trend towards low energy strip and plate production,in particular in their plate-Steckel mill variant.Siemens VAI have played a key role in the innovation and transformation of the Steckel mill concept,with a number of recent installations,presented in this paper from the point of view of their contribution to the development of greener steel rolling technologies.

Mill scale structure and damp heat corrosion performance of four 510L hot-rolled strips

In this study, the matrix structure, state and composition of the mill scales of four typical domestically made 510L hot-rolled strips were observed and analyzed by means of optical microscopy （OM） ,scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The corrosion behavior of the steels with and without mill scales were investigated by means of hot-humid corrosion tests under the condition of relative humidity （ RH ） of 95% at 50℃ and 70℃, respectively. The results show that the matrix structures, state, composition and thickness of mill scales vary in the strips. The rusting starting time of the specimens with scales is generally a bit longer than that of the specimens without scales, but their corrosion mass-gain is higher. For these two kinds of specimens ,their corrosion rate increases significantly with the increase of temperature. The rusting behavior of the 510L strips produced by various plants is different due to the variations of hot-rolling processes and designed chemical compositions. Various relevant aspects should be taken into account in the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of hot-rolled strips.

基于弛豫时间归一化参数的锂离子电池析锂量检测方法

析锂作为锂离子电池使用的主要安全隐患之一,不仅会造成电池的寿命极速衰减,还可能引发燃烧、爆炸等灾难性后果。随着近年来快充技术的发展,对于锂离子电池析锂情况的诊断需求愈发迫切。针对现有定量方法诊断精度严重受制于测试温度的问题,提出了一种基于弛豫时间归一化表征的改进电压释放法。从理论上分析了“析锂量与温度”因素组合对电池电压释放行为的影响规律。在此基础上,将释放阶段弛豫电压差分曲线峰值处所对应时间,与完全释放时间作比,得到“弛豫时间归一化参数”这一温度脱敏的析锂量诊断无量纲特征参数。分别利用多物理模型仿真与实验测试,验证了新方法诊断的准确性与温度适应性。

引线框架用高性能铜合金板带材及制备工艺

电子信息产业的飞速发展,对铜及铜合金产品性能提出了更高的要求,其中集成电路封装用引线框架材料代表了铜合金板带材发展的较高水平。本文对近年来引线框架用高性能铜合金板带材及制备工艺进行了综述,介绍了国内外高性能铜合金板带材料的成分和制备加工技术及发展过程,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望,提出未来高性能铜板带材性能将朝着抗拉强度为700 MPa、导电率为70%IACS的目标发展,其制备工艺将向着智能化、绿色化、高效化等方向发展。

热浸镀锡电子铜带材回流焊过程中镀锡层的微观结构及缺陷分析

热浸镀锡电子铜带材是高端连接器和PCB(Printed circuit board)所需的关键导体材料,该材料在回流焊过程中产生的缺陷严重影响其服役性能。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)对热浸镀锡铜带材回流焊过程中缺陷组织类型及分布形态进行表征,并对回流焊锡珠样品、回流焊非正常样品和回流焊正常样品的表层形貌进行对比。结果表明:回流焊过程中,样品镀层中均产生了不同程度的孔洞缺陷,孔洞尺寸在0.2~36μm,孔洞的产生与基体合金类型、基体合金厚度和镀层厚度无明显关联;孔洞形态并不一致,发现了孔洞边缘呈现出立体网状结构、边缘参差不齐、孔洞中存在小颗粒的现象。回流焊过程中,镀锡层中Cu、Sn元素发生了重新分布,不同缺陷所造成的元素分布情况并不相同。镀层结构中,化合物层、多相界面间高低起伏与镀层表面高度起伏无明显关联。

一种高精度四辊板带材轧机支撑辊偏心辨识的研究

板带轧机中上下支撑辊偏心信号是较为典型的一种频率相近的周期波,如果仍采用传统的快速傅立叶变换(FFT)辨识该偏心信号就很难保证结果的精准性与可靠性。对此,在本课题中,笔者经过广泛且深入地探索与研究推出了可有效解决此问题的新辨识方法,即最小二乘法(LS),该算法的实现过程依托经典且成熟的观测矩阵理论,利用2范数最小的终止准则完成求解操作,并从中确定出最相近的特征参数。算例计算结果显示:当上下支撑辊的频率差为和,FFT所辨识的幅值和相角均严重失真,而LS方法所辨识的幅值精度分别可达0.064%和0.127%,相角的辨识精度分别为0.076%和0.0286%。同时利用某四机架板带连轧生产的实际采集的轧制力数据作为辨识目标,通过分析各个机架的轧辊偏心的影响,可以看出在246Hz处的轧辊偏心信号被很好地辨识。因此笔者提出的这种新方法可提供准确、可靠的辨识结果,而且不容易受外部干扰,进而从源头上提高了识别效率,保证了识别的精准度。

膨胀剂和后浇带对超长环形底板混凝土防裂的影响研究

世界上亮度最高的第四代高能同步辐射光源的超长环形底板周长约1494 m、厚1 m,如何保证底板混凝土施工质量防止裂缝产生是工程的难点。建立有限元三维数值分析模型,按照实际施工过程仿真底板混凝土的跳仓浇筑过程,模拟分析底板混凝土温度及温度应力变化情况,同时将计算温度结果与实测温度结果进行对比,验证热学参数的合理性和准确性。在反演分析基础上,研究膨胀剂和后浇带的温控防裂效果。研究结果表明:早膨胀型自变(Ⅰ型)对混凝土早龄期应力的影响是有利的,但晚膨胀型自变(Ⅲ型)的延迟膨胀性补偿由于混凝土收缩和温降引起的应力,有利于减小底板冬季最大拉应力;设置后浇带能减小底板混凝土分缝分块长度,削减混凝土最大拉应力,削减幅度为6.65%。

A new method for evaluating wedges of steel plates and strips

To overcome the inaccuracy problem of the traditional wedge evaluation of steel plates and strips caused by the ran-domness of the thicknesses of two local points and improve the reliability of the wedge index,the double-centroid method for the wedge evaluation was proposed,and a model based on the centroid theory was established.Meanwhile,an integral model for the discrete thickness values of the cross-section profiles was derived.The discussion focused on the distinct characteristics of the two-point method,asymmetric method,and double-centroid method in evaluating the asymmetric distribution of cross-sections.The three methods were employed to evaluate the wedge values of both the theoretical and measured cross-sections of steel plates and strips,and the accuracies of three wedge evaluation models were analyzed and discussed.The results showed that the double-centroid method objectively reflects the degree and variation characteristics of the wedge values of the cross-sections of steel plates and strips,and this method is feasible,reliable,and outstanding.

Self-Adaptive and Electric Field-Driven Protective Layer with Anchored Lithium Deposition Enable Stable Lithium Metal Anode

Lithium metal battery has great development potential because of its lowest electrochemical potential and highest theoretical capacity.However,the uneven deposition of Li^(+)flux in the process of deposition and stripping induces the vigorous growth of lithium dendrites,which results in severely battery performance degradation and serious safety hazards.Here,the tetragonal BaTiO3 polarized by high voltage corona was used to build an artificial protective layer with uniform positive polarization direction,which enables uniform Li^(+)flux.In contrast to traditional strategies of using protective layer,which can guide the uniform deposition of lithium metal.The ferroelectric protective layer can accurately anchor the Li^(+)and achieve bottom deposition of lithium due to the automatic adjustment of the electric field.Simultaneously,the huge volume changes caused by Li^(+)migration change of the lithium metal anode during charging and discharging is functioned to excite the piezoelectric effect of the protective layer,and achieve seamless dynamic tuning of lithium deposition/stripping.This dynamic effect can accurately anchor and capture Li^(+).Finally,the layer-modified Li anode enables reversible Li plating/stripping over 1500 h at 1 mA cm^(-2)and 50℃in symmetric cells.In addition,the assembled Li-S full cell exhibits over 300 cycles with N/P≈1.35.This work provides a new perspective on the uniform Li^(+)flux at the Li-anode interface of the artificial protective layer.

基于BP神经网络的板带轧机液压HGC状态监测方法

提出了一种基于BP神经网络的板带轧机液压HGC状态监测方法,利用BP神经网络算法进行模型训练和状态识别。通过对历史数据的分析和学习,建立了液压HGC状态与传感器数据之间的映射关系。然后,利用训练好的神经网络模型对实时数据进行监测和预测,从而实现对液压HGC系统状态的实时监测和故障预警。该方法能够准确监测液压HGC系统的状态,并提供及时的预警信息,为轧机运行维护和产品质量提升提供了有效的支持。

超高性能混凝土板加固足尺钢筋混凝土梁抗剪性能

为进一步研究超高性能混凝土(ultra-high-performance concrete,UHPC)预制板加固钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)梁的抗剪性能,开展了3根足尺RC梁的试验研究,包含1根对比梁和2根UHPC预制板加固梁,关注UHPC板及其内嵌CFRP板条对RC梁抗剪性能的影响。试验结果表明:试验梁均发生受剪破坏,但加固梁的承载力、刚度和延性均明显提高,其中,因内嵌CFRP板条提高了UHPC板的抗裂性能,极限荷载及对应位移分别提高了30.8%和28.5%;螺杆力学锚固发挥了侧向约束作用和销栓作用,在一定程度上提高了UHPC板的贡献。同时,通过建立非线性有限元模型对试验梁进行了数值分析,模拟结果与试验结果吻合度高,表明模型所选的本构关系及相关参数合理,可用于预测UHPC板加固RC梁的全过程受力行为。

汽提塔的选型和安装对PVC树脂质量的影响

详细介绍了筛板式汽提塔和溢流式筛板汽提塔的结构、设计参数和安装要点,探讨了汽提塔安装精度对PVC树脂质量的影响。