Optimal topology design of replaceable bar dampers of a reticulated shell based on sensitivity analysis

In this study,a method for control of reticulated shells is proposed and its practicality is demonstrated.The control is implemented by replacing selected bars of the shell with passive viscoelastic dampers.By applying the eigenvalue perturbation technique and the earthquake spectrum concept,the sensitivities of various topologies of the shell are analyzed,and the optimal topology is determined by taking their symmetries into consideration.The results of this research show that common damper topologies are not effective for all types of responses and recorded earthquakes.The optimal topology identifi ed requires a minimal number of dampers for each type of earthquake record.The displacement control effect of the dynamic responses of the optimal topology is 10% – 20%; the acceleration control effect is also about 10% – 20%; and the axial force control effect is as much as 30% – 45%.Furthermore,the incremental dynamic analysis(IDA) method is used to investigate the stability of the controlled shell.The results show that the dynamic stability of the controlled shell is well preserved when it is vibrated under vibration and is better than the uncontrolled shell.The ultimate load increased by 10% and the elements entered into the plastic stage when the peak acceleration reached 580 Gal,which is 200 Gal larger than the uncontrolled shell.

Research on mode localization of reticulated shell structures

Reticulated shell structures （RSSs） are characterized as cyclically periodic structures. Mistuning of RSSs will induce structural mode localization. Mode localization has the following two features： some modal vectors of the structure change remarkably when the values of its physical parameters （mass or stiffness） have a slight change; and the vibration of some modes is mainly restricted in some local areas of the structure. In this paper, two quantitative assessment indexes are introduced that correspond to these two features. The first feature is studied through a numerical example of a RSS, and its induced causes are analyzed by using the perturbation theory. The analysis showed that internally, mode localization is closely related to structural frequencies and externally, slight changes of the physical parameters of the structure cause instability to the RSS. A scaled model experiment to examine mode localization was carried out on a Kiewit single-layer spherical RSS, and both features of mode localization are studied. Eight tests that measured the changes of the physical parameters were carried out in the experiment. Since many modes make their contribution in structural dynamic response, six strong vibration modes were tested at random in the experimental analysis. The change and localization of the six modes are analyzed for each test. The results show that slight changes to the physical parameters are likely to induce remarkable changes and localization of some modal vectors in the RSSs.

Experimental study of wind loads on cylindrical reticulated shells

The cylindrical reticulated shell structures without side walls, which are normally arranged in pairs, are usually used as dry-coal sheds in a thermal power plant. The wind loads of these shells do not exist in standards or codes. Therefore, this study investigates the mean and fluctuating wind loads on a cylindrical reticulated shell with a rise-to-span ratio of 0.39 through a series of wind tunnel tests. The characteristics of the wind pressures on the upper and lower surfaces and the net pressures are presented. The results show that the wind direction and another shell structure significantly affect the wind loads on the principal shell. The most unfavorable wind direction is around 30~, whereas the effects of the wind field and the height of the coal stack are small. The surfaces of the shells are divided into nine blocks, and the block mean and fluctuating （rms） pressure coefficients suitable for engineering applications are given as references for wind load codes.

NONLINEAR BENDING THEORY OF DIAGONAL SQUARE PYRAMID RETICULATED SHALLOW SHELLS

Double-deck reticulated shells are a main form of large space structures. One of the shells is the diagonal square pyramid reticulated shallow shell, whose its upper and lower faces bear most of the load but its core is comparatively flexible. According to its geometrical and mechanical characteristics, the diagonal square pyramid reticulated shallow shell is treated as a shallow sandwich shell on the basis of three basic assumptions. Its constitutive relations are analyzed from the point of view of energy and internal force equivalence. Basic equations of the geometrically nonlinear bending theory of the diagonal square pyramid reticulated shallow shell are established by means of the virtual work principle.

Non-Linear Vibration of Rectangular Reticulated Shallow Shell Structures

This paper deals with non-linear vibration of rectangular reticulated shallow shells by applying non-linear elastic theory of such structures established by the author .Us-ing the assumed (generalized)Fourier series solutions for transverse deflection (latticejoint transverse displacement )and force function,weighted means of the trial functions lead to the relations among the coefficients related to the solutions and vibration equ-ation which determines the unknown time function,and then the amplitude -frequeney relations for free vibration and forced vibration due to harmonic force are derived withthe aid of the regular perturbation method and Galerkin procedure,respectively.Nu-merical examples are given as well.

Vibration control in reticulated shells using viscous dampers system

A finite-element analysis program was developed for the reducing vibration system of viscous damper incorporated into reticulated shells, and a lot of numerical calculations were done on vibration control in reticulated shells. With viscous dampers suitable for reticulated shells designed are developed, and performance tests run for them one K6 reticulated shell model is designed and developed, and a reducing vibration shaking table experiment was conducted with a viscous damper on this shell model. All these come to a conclusion that the reducing vibration system of viscous damper can be applied to reticulated shells.

Nonlinear dynamical behavior of shallow cylindrical reticulated shells

By using the method of quasi-shells , the nonlinear dynamic equations of three-dimensional single-layer shallow cylindrical reticulated shells with equilateral triangle cell are founded. By using the method of the separating variable function, the transverse displacement of the shallow cylindrical reticulated shells is given under the conditions of two edges simple support. The tensile force is solved out from the compatible equations, a nonlinear dynamic differential equation containing second and third order is derived by using the method of Galerkin. The stability near the equilibrium point is discussed by solving the Floquet exponent and the critical condition is obtained by using Melnikov function. The existence of the chaotic motion of the single-layer shallow cylindrical reticulated shell is approved by using the digital simulation method and Poincare mapping.

NON-LINEAR ELASTIC THEORY OF RECTANGULAR RETICULATED SHALLOW SHELL STRUCTURES

Based on fundamental assumptions, an analysis of the constitutive relations be-tween the internal.forces and deformations of discrete rectangular recirculated struturesis given.On the basis of this,an equivalent continuum model is adopted and the ap-plication of the principle of virtual work leads to non-linear governing equations and corresponding boundary conditions.

Nonlinear free vibration of reticulated shallow spherical shells taking into account transverse shear deformation

This paper deals with nonlinear free vibration of reticulated shallow spherical shells taking into account the effect of transverse shear deformation. The shell is formed by beam members placed in two orthogonal directions. The nondimensional fundamental governing equations in terms of the deflection, rotational angle, and force function are presented, and the solution for the nonlinear free frequency is derived by using the asymptotic iteration method. The asymptotic solution can be used readily to perform the parameter analysis of such space structures with numerous geometrical and material parameters. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the characteristic amplitudefrequency relation and softening and hardening nonlinear behaviors as well as the effect of transverse shear on the linear and nonlinear frequencies of reticulated shells and plates.

Nonlinear stability of double-deck reticulated circular shallow spherical shell

Based on the variational equation of the nonlinear bending theory of doubledeck reticulated shallow shells, equations of large deflection and boundary conditions for a double-deck reticulated circular shallow spherical shell under a uniformly distributed pressure are derived by using coordinate transformation means and the principle of stationary complementary energy. The characteristic relationship and critical buckling pressure for the shell with two types of boundary conditions are obtained by taking the modified iteration method. Effects of geometrical parameters on the buckling behavior are also discussed.

The Coupling Effect of Spatial Reticulated Shell Structure with Cables

The spatial reticulated shell structure with cables (RSC) is a kind of coupling working system, which consists of flexible cables, reticulated shell structure (RS) and tower columns. The dynamic analysis of RSC based on the coupling model was carried out. Three kinds of elements such as the spatial bar element, cable element and beam element were introduced to analyze the reticulated shell, cable and tower column respectively. Furthermore, such parameter influences as structural boundary conditions, grid configuration, the span-to-depth ratio and the arrangement of cable system upon structural dynamics were analyzed. The structural vibration modes can be divided into four groups based on some numerical examples. And the frequencies in the same group are very close while the frequencies in different groups are different from each other obviously. It is clear that the sequence of the appearance of the each mode group heavily depends on the comparative stiffness of the tower column system, RS and cables.

Wind-induced vibration of single-layer reticulated shell structures

Aiming at the dynamic response of reticulated shell structures under wind load,systematic parameter analyses on wind-induced responses of Kiewitt6-6 type single-layer spherical reticulated shell structures and three-way grid single-layer cylindrical reticulated shell structures were performed with the random simulation method in time domain,including geometric parameters,structural parameters and aerodynamic parameters.Moreover,a wind-induced vibration coefficient was obtained,which can be a reference to the wind-resistance design of reticulated shell structures.The results indicate that the geometric parameters are the most important factor influencing wind-induced responses of the reticulated shell structures;the wind-induced vibration coeffi-cient is 3.0-3.2 for the spherical reticulated shell structures and that is 2.8-3.0 for the cylindrical reticula-ted shell structures,which shows that the wind-induced vibration coefficients of these two kinds of space frames are well-proportioned.

Non-uniform thermal behavior of single-layer spherical reticulated shell structures considering time-variant environmental factors: analysis and design

Contrary to conventional design methods that assume uniform and slow temperature changes tied to atmospheric conditions,single-layer spherical reticulated shells undergo significant non-uniform and time-variant temperature variations due to dynamic environmental coupling.These differences can affect structural performance and pose safety risks.Here,a systematic numerical method was developed and applied to simulate long-term temperature variations in such a structure under real environmental conditions,revealing its non-uniform distribution characteristics and time-variant regularity.A simplified design method for non-uniform thermal loads,accounting for time-variant environmental factors,was theoretically derived and validated through experiments and simulations.The maximum deviation and mean error rate between calculated and tested results were 6.1℃ and 3.7%,respectively.Calculated temperature fields aligned with simulated ones,with deviations under 6.0℃.Using the design method,non-uniform thermal effects of the structure are analyzed.Maximum member stress and nodal displacement under non-uniform thermal loads reached 119.3 MPa and 19.7 mm,representing increases of 167.5%and 169.9%,respectively,compared to uniform thermal loads.The impacts of healing construction time on non-uniform thermal effects were evaluated,resulting in construction recommendations.The methodologies and conclusions presented here can serve as valuable references for the thermal design,construction,and control of single-layer spherical reticulated shells or similar structures.

A new neural-network-based method for structural damage identification in single-layer reticulated shells

Single-layer reticulated shells(SLRSs)find widespread application in the roofs of crucial public structures,such as gymnasiums and exhibition center.In this paper,a new neural-network-based method for structural damage identification in SLRSs is proposed.First,a damage vector index,NDL,that is related only to the damage localization,is proposed for SLRSs,and a damage data set is constructed from NDL data.On the basis of visualization of the NDL damage data set,the structural damaged region locations are identified using convolutional neural networks(CNNs).By cross-dividing the damaged region locations and using parallel CNNs for each regional location,the damaged region locations can be quickly and efficiently identified and the undamaged region locations can be eliminated.Second,a damage vector index,DS,that is related to the damage location and damage degree,is proposed for SLRSs.Based on the damaged region identified previously,a fully connected neural network(FCNN)is constructed to identify the location and damage degree of members.The effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method are verified by considering a numerical case of a spherical SLRS.The calculation results showed that the proposed method can quickly eliminate candidate locations of potential damaged region locations and precisely determine the location and damage degree of members.

异形单层网壳结构的整体稳定性研究及关键节点分析

单层网壳结构属于缺陷敏感结构,整体稳定问题是结构设计的关键.单层网壳结构可以采用空间相贯节点,有必要对节点进行三维实体有限元分析,在此基础上研究节点的力学性能.本文总结了单层网壳结构整体稳定分析的方法,归纳了空间相贯节点三维实体有限元分析方法;针对异形单层网壳结构,研究了结构的静力性能、结构网格与建筑形状对结构承载能力的影响,确定了结构的弹性稳定承载力和弹塑性稳定承载力;对空间相贯节点进行了有限元分析,得到节点处应力的分布情况,并研究了节点隐蔽部位有无焊缝对节点力学性能的影响.结果表明:异形单层网壳的曲率变化和结构网格对关键部位处杆件受力影响较大;稳定承载力对单层网壳结构起控制作用,对此异形单层网壳进行弹塑性稳定分析,结构安全系数达到24;隐蔽部位焊缝对节点承载力的影响较大,设置隐蔽部位焊缝后,节点处各杆件的最大应力可减小20%以上.

铝合金板式节点受弯滞回性能试验研究

为研究铝合金板式节点的受弯滞回性能,并与静力性能进行比较,完成了4个足尺试件的滞回加载及单调加载试验,并采用通用有限元软件ABAQUS对试验加载全过程进行数值模拟,得到了铝合金板式节点的破坏模式、弯矩-转角关系及耗能能力.采用分配梁对两杆进行对称加载,节点域为纯弯段.研究结果表明铝合金板式节点为典型半刚性节点,根据受力过程可分为弹性阶段、螺栓滑移阶段、孔壁承压阶段和破坏阶段,并得到节点弯矩-转角关系曲线.节点破坏模式为杆件净截面拉断,裂缝由杆件端头最外排螺孔处开始扩展.节点在破坏前无明显预兆,为典型脆性破坏,荷载-位移曲线没有下降段.节点滞回加载的骨架曲线与单调加载曲线接近,但滞回加载过程节点的累积损伤,导致节点延性低于单调加载.增加螺栓数量可改善节点耗能性能,使滞回曲线更加饱满.

湖北省科技新馆结构设计

湖北省科技新馆为大跨度、大悬挑的复杂高层结构。利用4个电梯井筒布置了由矩形钢管混凝土柱+钢支撑(钢板墙)组成的4个筒体巨柱,巨柱支撑着由4榀斜拉长悬臂跨层钢桁架组成的巨梁,形成新型大跨巨型钢框架结构体系。4个筒体巨柱内采用BRB+摇摆耗能墙的新型联合减震方案以减小地震作用;4榀巨梁内设置斜拉索以减小大悬挑区域的竖向变形;中庭沉浸影院采用新型的“上挂下支”的双曲面网壳结构体系,采用了内衬圆钢管的相贯焊节点保证网壳节点的刚性连接。进行了BRB+摇摆耗能墙大震下的减震分析、桁架与柱连接复杂铸钢节点的有限元分析及节点试验、3层和4层大悬挑角部的舒适度分析及人致振动实测及长悬臂结构的低周往复荷载试验。结果表明:湖北省科技新馆结构体系布置合理,各部分满足设计要求。

大跨度装配式单层网壳十字形半刚性螺栓连接节点抗弯性能研究

装配式连接节点是大跨度装配式单层空间网壳结构体系的关键。提出一种适用于大跨度单层网壳结构的十字形板装配式节点。该节点由圆钢管、十字形钢板、角钢、矩形连接盖板、圆盖板和高强螺栓组成,其中圆钢管、盖板、十字形钢板在工厂焊接,现场将十字形板和角钢、矩形盖板用高强螺栓连接。该节点通过设置角钢、矩形连接盖板和十字形钢板螺栓连接,在节点受到弯曲荷载时,角钢和矩形连接盖板可以首先承受弯曲荷载,从而减少节点内侧的十字形钢板塑性损伤,并且提高节点的抗弯性能。利用有限元模拟方法,构建新型连接节点有限元模型,分析了十字形钢板和角钢厚度等变量如何影响节点在平面内外的抗弯性能。通过对各组成部分尺寸的参数化研究,得到了这些因素对所提出的连接节点平面内外抗弯性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,采用角钢与矩形盖板相连接形成的十字形节点,在抗弯刚度和承载力方面表现出了优异的性能。通过调节十字形板厚度、螺栓个数、角钢和盖板厚度可调控节点的初始抗弯刚度和抗弯承载力。基于刚性节点设计方法,对该半刚性节点进行尺寸理论设计,结果表明该方法可以保证节点弯矩设计值基本达到圆钢管的屈服弯矩,满足设计要求,提高节点安全。

分叉柱支承式单层曲面钢网壳施工过程监测研究

以云南红河综合交通枢纽单层曲面网壳为工程背景,对网壳结构、提升塔架的关键杆件布置测点进行施工过程监测研究,分析了结构在地面拼装及整体提升过程中内力的变化情况。通过对施工过程中网壳结构的温度效应进行研究,探讨了边界约束作用强弱对结构内力变化的影响程度,温度每变化1℃引起的网壳合拢后应力变化是合拢前应力变化的3倍;合拢后,温度每变化1℃引起网壳远离支座杆件的应力变化是靠近支座应力变化的2倍;对提升阶段监测数据进行分析,提升过程中实测应力波动范围在10 MPa以内,吊点提升同步性较好;此外,网壳结构卸载阶段监测数据表明,由于网壳提升状态与使用状态受力基本一致,网壳卸载前后应力变化较小,且卸载后支撑结构对温度敏感性较高。

油茶果壳活性炭的制备及其对阿莫西林的吸附作用

为探究红花油茶果壳资源的应用价值,采用磷酸活化法,在500℃、600℃、700℃热解条件下制备了3种油茶果壳活性炭(AC-500、AC-600、AC-600),使用SEM、FTIR和BET对活性炭的理化性质进行表征。并考察了油茶果壳活性炭对水中阿莫西林的吸附作用。结果表明:油茶果壳活性炭的比表面积及总孔体积增大均随着热解温度升高而增大,在活性炭投加量为0.05 g,阿莫西林初始浓度为50mg/L、吸附时间为90 min,溶液pH为4的条件下,对阿莫西林的吸附效果为AC-700(23.11 mg/g)>AC-600(21.95 mg/g)>AC-700(20.62 mg/g),油茶果壳活性炭对水中的阿莫西林的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir吸附等温模型,为单分子层吸附。油茶果壳活性炭能有效吸附水中的阿莫西林。