Study on Influences of Different Land Use Types on Soil Qualities in Plateau Karst Depression

[Objective] The aim was to study influences of different land use ways on soil qualities in plateau karst depression.[Method] Different land use types were divided by topographic map of 1∶10 000 scales and soil properties of physics and chemistry were analyzed.[Result] The results showed that the variation trend of soil depth(A+B stratum)was slope plough(include returning farm to forest)land>natural forest land>planted forest land>shrub forest land,and relative indexes changing regularities of soil...

Landscape structures of different rural landscape connectivity in typical plateau karst regions: Taking the Houzhai River area of Anshun City, Guizhou Province as an example

Landscape connectivity is important for energy and material flow in ecosystems as well as for the survival of species. The landscape structure influences and reflects the degree of landscape connectivity. In order to study the coupling relationship between landscape structure and connectivity and reveal the succession relationship between its structure and connectivity in the typical karst plateau area. The study analyzed the typical area of Houzhai River in Puding County, Anshun City, Guizhou Province, according to the landscape pattern index and probability landscape connectivity index. The results show:(1) The landscape structure of the study area A is mainly characterized by large patches and uniform distribution. The main land is woodland and cultivated land, and the overall landscape is low fragmentation.(2) The landscape structure of the study area B is mainly characterized by the clustering of a certain type of land cover and the uneven distribution of the patches, for example, cultivated land. Other types of patches are scatteredly distributed, and the overall landscape is highly fragmented.(3) The study area A, B in 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5 distance thresholds of landscape connectivity were 1.55, 1.99, 2.26, 2.49, 2.58 and 0.02, 0.10, 0.15, 0.19, 0.20, respectively. The average landscape connectivity is 2. 18 and 0. 13, respectively. Study Area A has a higher degree of landscape connectivity than B. Landscape pattern indicators can represent the landscape structure and probability landscape connectivity index calculates the landscape connectivity in the study area. The results of the study can provide a basis for ecological restoration of plateau karst regions and well-oriented rural development planning.

Rocky Desertification Risk Zone Delineation in Karst Plateau Area:A Case Study in Puding County,Guizhou Province

Karst rocky desertification is a geo-ecological problem in Southwest China. The rocky desertification risk zone delineation could be used as a guide for the regional and hierarchical rocky desertification management and prevention. We chose the middle and lower reaches of the Houzhai underground basin on the karst plateau in Puding County, Guizhou Province, China as the study area and selected land use type, elevation, slope, aspect, lithology and settlement buffer as the main driving factors of the rocky desertification. The potential risk of rocky desertification was quantifed with the factor-weights union method and statistical analysis method. Five grades of rocky desertification risk were delineated based on Geographic Information System. The extremely low, low, moderate, high and extremely high rocky desertification risk zones accounted for 5.01%, 44.17%, 33.92%, 15.59% and 1.30%, respectively. As a whole, the rocky desertification risk level was moderate because the area of low and moderate rocky desertification risk zones occupied 78.09% of the study area. However, more than half of the area （about 50.81%） was predicted to have moderate rocky desertification risk and above, indicating that the study area was subject to rocky desertification. Rocky desertification risk was higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest of the study area. Distinct differences in the distribution of rocky desertification risk zones corresponding to different factors have been found.

Karst Relief Development History of Zemo Imereti Plateau, Georgia, Caucasus

The history of karst terrestrial development has been restored on the background of many years’ field, experimental and laboratory researches (underground water tracing, structural deciphering of aerophotocytes, analysis of boreholes and geological wounds) and analysis of the current literary sources carried out by us in the Zemo Imereti Plateau. Within the study area, karst and karst forms of the Jurassic-Cretaceous, Lower Tertiary (Paleocene-Eocene) and Post-Miocene (Sarmati) period were revealed. Lithobiostratigraphic analysis of cave subterranean sediments enabled us to identify the cave age. In Zemo Imereti Plateau, in the caves located on higher hypsometric levels, the sedimentation of subterranean sediments began in the Middle-Upper Pleistocene and it seemed that the caves’ formation was mainly completed in the mentioned territory.

The Evolution of a Karst Rocky Desertification Land Ecosystem and Its Driving Forces in the Houzhaihe Area, China

Understanding the evolution of karst rocky desertification (KRD) quantitatively is essential to obtain objective knowledge about the concept of KRD and the form reason of KRD, and is useful to restore KRD land. Houzhaihe area located in central plateau in Guizhou Province was studied here as a representative assemblage landform and its KRD’ s evolution and driving factors were studied, based mainly on high-resolution remote sensing image in 1963, 1978, 2005 and 2010. The KRD land comprises light KRD, moderate KRD and severe KRD. The results demonstrated that the evolution process of KRD can be divided into four modes such as unchanged, weakened, fluctuated and aggravated in the study area. The KRD with no changes from 1963 to 2010, namely, unchanged mode, accounted for 43.76% of the total area of the KRD in 2010;it distributed in the area with the slope of 15&#176 - 25&#176 and >25&#176 basically. Furthermore, the severe KRD distributed mainly in the areas within 300 - 600 m distance from settlement;when the distance away from the rural settlements was more than 900 m, the severe KRD declined, and its proportion was 28.6% and 10.6% in 1963 and 2010 respectively. In the peak-cluster depressions, located in central study area, the slope cropland with slope of 15&#176 - 25&#176 was still abounding, and was seriously rocky desertification generally. So, we propose that the existence of a large number of slope croplands is still the major driving factor of land rocky desertification. Therefore, for the rocky desertification control, the authors consider that the focal point is to alter the land use of steep-slope cropland at present.

Variability of Aquatic Chemistry in CentralGuizhou Karst Region,China

It is necessary to understand the aquatic chemical characteristics of natural surfacefresh water for water quality assessment. The chemical data from different kinds of water inthe central Guizhou karst area showed that spring water from carbonate rock cracks (crack-water) is of neutrality or meta-alkalinity and [C] Ca Ⅱ type. The amounts of all ions and theconcentrations of HCO3 and Ca2+ were higher in the autumn than in the spring. the crack-water was influenced by the infiltration of surface water in the process of erosion and/or transportation with decreasing HCO3- and increasing PH, SO, Cl, K+ and Na+ during runningin a certain distance on the land suffice. In particular, the chemical compeitions of the watersat Tianxingqiao (upper-stream), Shuiliandong (mid-waterfall) and Luoshuitan (down-pool)near the Huangguoshu Waterfall were much different from those of the crack-water. The concentrations of , Na+, Fe3+ and NO3- varied closely with seasons. The CaCO3 depositedviolently with CO2 release in the spring. In Lake Hongfeng the HCO3- /So- equivalent ratioswere only 2. 1 - 2. 4, but Ca2 + /Md+ up tO 2. 4 - 4. 2. The CI- concentration increased by afactor Of 1 and Na+ by order of magnitude relative to the spring water. These indicated the in-crease in artificial pollutant discharge in the Lake Hongfeng watershed. In addition, porewater in the soils coveing carbonate rocks belongs to strongly mineralized water. The obvious differences in water quality were controlled by carbonate despition, sulphate mineralization and nitrogen fixation as well as ammonification. It is indicated that the chemical compeitions in thewaters from the karst region were unstable and changeable.

从土壤保持角度探索全国生态桑产业发展布局

桑树具有十分强大的土壤保护功能。本文基于全国生态功能区划,瞄准生态桑在土壤保持生态系统服务功能中持续作用的重大科学问题,考量了桑树在各类生态重点区域的定位和价值实现途径。通过分析各生态区域蚕桑产业发展的基础状况,确定了西南喀斯特区、川滇干热河谷区、三峡库区、黄土高原区、鲁中山区和昆仑山区等6个桑树土壤保持核心服务区。针对上述6个桑树土壤保持核心服务区的产业生态特征,分别提出了保墒增碳、护土保水、保土降污、屯水治沙、肥土增碳和防风固沙的土壤管理技术,并推荐了广西宜州、四川盐边、重庆巫溪、陕西榆林、山东烟台和新疆和田等6个技术先行示范区。

毕节市三类不同瓦斯浓度煤矿周边夏季细菌多样性研究与差异分析

文章主要在夏季对毕节市内三类含有不同瓦斯浓度的煤矿周边矿石、矿水、土壤进行采集和检测,以了解其细菌多样性、分布情况、物种差异性等信息。实验采集市内距离相近的低瓦斯组、高瓦斯组、突出瓦斯组三组不同瓦斯浓度煤矿周边的矿石、矿水、土壤等样本,使用16S rDNA高通量测序技术检测其细菌多样性并进行数据分析。研究共采集到三组共20类煤矿周边样本,检出细菌55门,171纲,435目,780科,1919属,4599种。在门水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacte ria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)是丰度最高的物种;在属水平上,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、罗尔斯通菌属(Ralstonia)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)是丰度最高的物种。文章首次系统地观察了该区域内三个地理位置相近的不同瓦斯浓度煤矿周边样本的细菌多样性,并分析了相关样本的差异性。研究在属水平上找到7个与瓦斯浓度相关的细菌物种,分别为农研丝杆菌属(Niastella)、unclassified_p_Chloroflexi属、Vicinamibacter属、代尔夫特菌属(Delftia)、norank_f__norank_o__norank_c__OLB14属、unclassifie d_k__norank_d__Bac teria属和unclassified_f__Ste roidobac terac eae属,以及3个在医学上需要特别注意的细菌物种,分别是假单胞菌属(Pse udomonas)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium)。研究结果为该区域内的相关基础研究、煤矿开采、矿区土地修复、临床细菌感染防治等提供了一定的细菌学相关基础参考数据。

青藏高原不同高程喀斯特地貌类型和发育特征

青藏高原地区喀斯特地貌发育较为普遍.通过查阅文献资料和系统性的研究总结,明确了不同高程下喀斯特地貌类型、发育特征均存在明显的差异.极高海拔地区(≥5000 m)喀斯特地貌可分为隆起构造山原、内陆湖盆地、内陆湖洼、内陆山原、高山冰川深谷、山原基岩型,风化剥蚀作用较强,形成较多的残留峰丛、石柱、洼地等;高海拔区(3500~5000 m)喀斯特地貌可分为喀斯特高山深谷型、喀斯特中高山湖泊、高山冰川深谷、隆起构造山原、内陆湖盆地、内陆湖洼型,构造-溶蚀作用强,主要发育大型宏观的峰林、峰丛洼地、溶洞、漏斗等;中海拔区(1000~3500 m)喀斯特地貌可以分为喀斯特高山深谷型、喀斯特中高山湖泊、山原蚀余峰丘、山原峰丘湖泊、内陆湖洼、喀斯特海岸型,构造-侵蚀作用较强,风化剥蚀相对较弱,喀斯特形态得以基本保存,主要发育微小型峰丛洼地、溶孔、溶痕和溶隙等.

利用2米级卫星数据在喀斯特高原地区的油菜遥感监测

喀斯特地貌使得贵州省耕地面积少,坡耕地多,油菜作为贵州省的主要农作物之一,其种植面积的准确评估对贵州省的农业管理具有重要意义。为解决高分辨率卫星数据获取成本高和喀斯特高原复杂地形带来的监测难题,本文以贵州省西秀区作为研究区,结合2米级卫星数据,通过实地调绘油菜为训练样本,基于卷积神经网络UNet++框架,构建了一种层次更深的残差网络ResNet-101模型自动提取油菜面积。试验结果表明,利用该网络模型来提取2米级卫星数据的油菜种植面积可行性较高,其面积统计精度和范围套合精度分别为99.69%、88.47%,达到相关部门统计油菜种植面积的精度要求。

风化土壤封存水H、O稳定同位素揭示的青海东部岩溶发育对青藏高原隆升的响应

青海东部岩溶发育受青藏高原隆升和古气候变化的影响。岩石风化成壤过程中的大气降水被封存在风化土壤中,由于黏土渗透性极低,黏土矿物之间毛细力阻止后续大气降水的直接驱替,风化土壤保留了当时大气降水的部分信息。在青海东部岩溶发育地区采集17组风化土壤样品,利用真空-低温水样提取装置提取土壤中的封存水,根据氢氧稳定同位素的温度效应,计算各地质历史时期的温度,构建温度变化曲线,并根据氢氧稳定同位素的降雨量效应,利用δD值定性评估各地质历史时期的降雨量,构建降雨量变化曲线。结果表明:风化土壤封存水的δD和δ^(18)O具有统一的来源,受蒸发作用和氧同位素交换的影响;自元古代到新生代,青海东部地区温度和降雨量波动频繁,冷热干湿交替;元古代和古生代岩溶未发育,中生代时期岩溶发育不充分;新生代是青藏高原快速隆升时期,也是青海东部岩溶发育的主要时期,新生代时期青海东部逐渐变冷,降雨量逐渐增加,新生代各阶段岩溶发育方式不同,由化学溶蚀作用转变为物理风化作用,总体降雨量不大,水动力条件不足,岩溶发育的强度和深度不大,青海东部的岩溶形态多以小型溶洞、涌水岩溶裂隙为主。该研究结果可为青海东部岩溶水资源的演化和利用提供理论依据。

黔中高原岩溶丘陵坡地土壤中的^137Cs分布

黔中岩溶坡地土壤中137Cs的深度分布坡顶和坡底具有相同的趋势,次表层土壤中137Cs的比活度最大;坡中土壤中137Cs的含量先增加后陡然减少。岩溶坡地土壤中137Cs的比活度介于9.1 Bq/kg^56.9 Bq/kg之间,变化趋势顺坡降低,与土层厚度变化趋势相反;平均比活度为26.1 Bq/kg,远远大于本底值。岩溶坡地土壤中137Cs的面积活度介于144.7 Bq/m2~440.2 Bq/m2之间,顺坡变化趋势不明显;与本底值比较,流失比较大;可能的原因一是黔中岩溶坡地早期石漠化较严重,基岩无法吸附137Cs,导致核爆期间沉降的137Cs随水流失;二是岩溶坡地土壤中的137Cs随土壤颗粒发生了地下漏失。基于以上调查和目前的计算模型,认为用于调查均质土壤地区土壤侵蚀的137Cs法暂时不适合直接用于基岩型岩溶坡地土壤侵蚀速率的调查。

中国云贵高原喀斯特地区春旱特征分析

利用1951～2004年54年88个站3～5月日降水量资料，计算云贵喀斯特地区春旱强度指数，对该区春旱强度指数时间序列进行小波分析，揭示云贵喀斯特地区春旱强度指数变化的多时间尺度的复杂结构。结果表明：全区范围内春旱强度指数序列变化具有明显的周期和突变点，春旱强度指数存在22年左右的周期特征。特重区、严重区13～15年的周期也很显著，并存在2～3年的主周期；中旱区和轻旱区还具有9～11年的周期，存在3～4年的主周期。根据主周期进行预测，特重区、严重区干旱程度将加重；轻旱区、中旱区干旱程度将减轻。同时还分析了春旱的分布特征、形成的环流场和物理因子。

喀斯特高原石漠化综合治理生态产业技术与示范研究

喀斯特石漠化是威胁我国喀斯特地区生态环境安全、制约区域经济社会发展的重大瓶颈问题。贵州师范大学/国家喀斯特石漠化防治工程技术研究中心石漠化防治研究团队在国家科技计划的资助下,自"九五"以来一直从事石漠化防治的理论与技术创新性研究,并取得一系列成果。此次"十三五"重点研发计划项目(编号:2016YFC0502600)将在石漠化成因、等级划分、治理模式与技术体系等存量研究基础上,围绕生态衍生产业这一主题,增量开展喀斯特高原石漠化综合治理与混农林业复合经营、生态经济集约经营、生态产业规模经营、生物医药、生物能源、山地旅游等基础理论攻关、共性关键技术与技术体系研发,为国家石漠化治理工程和精准扶贫提供科技支撑。

不同土地利用方式对高原喀斯特洼地土壤主要特性的影响

[目的]研究不同土地利用方式对高原喀斯特洼地土壤主要特性的影响。[方法]通过1∶10000地形图对特定高原喀斯特洼地不同土地利用方式进行划分与归类,分层取样分析土壤剖面特性、理化性质变化。[结果]土层(A+B层)厚度的变化趋势为坡耕(退耕林)地>天然林地>人工林地>灌木林地,土壤剖面特征、水源涵养、颗粒组成、土壤肥力与肥力有效性的相关指标在不同利用方式间发生了相似或相异的规律性变化。土壤综合质量指数的变化趋势为耕地>退耕林地>坡耕地、天然林地>人工林地。耕地土壤综合质量最高,是自然成土和人为经营的结果。3～5年的退耕林地土壤综合质量高于坡耕地,表明造林措施是改善喀斯特洼地坡耕地土壤质量的有效手段。天然林土壤综合质量高于人工林地,这为利用"近自然经营"技术改善喀斯特洼地土壤质量提供了依据。[结论]该研究可为喀斯特地区石漠化的生物治理、土壤质量演化的生物学控制技术提供理论依据。

贵州高原不同地貌区和植被类型水分利用效率的时空分异特征

贵州高原具有少日照、多云雨和复杂下垫面的山地特殊气候和地形,准确探究该区域生态系统水分利用效率(WUE)的时空分异特征对进一步了解喀斯特地区碳水循环过程具有重要意义。本文气象站点数据用ANUSPLIN软件进行插值处理,与使用时间序列谐波分析法和质量控制文件重新构建高质量的MODIS-NDVI数据作为CASA模型的输入数据模拟植被NPP,再结合MOD16-ET数据估算WUE。综合利用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验和稳定性分析等统计方法,对贵州高原2000—2014年各地貌区、植被类型WUE的时空分异特征进行对比分析。研究表明:(1)研究区近15年来WUE均值和趋势的空间格局都呈西部高于东部的特点, WUE趋势呈显著增加态势( R^2 =0.63, P <0.001)。(2)从各地貌区来看,多年WUE均值排序为:断陷盆地>岩溶峡谷>峰丛洼地>非喀斯特地貌>岩溶高原>岩溶槽谷,其中断陷盆地和岩溶峡谷呈显著( P <0.05)增加趋势。(3)从不同植被类型来看, WUE大小呈混交林>阔叶林>耕地>针叶林>草地>灌丛排序。针叶林和灌丛变异系数(CV)值较高,但前者对气候波动的抵挡能力更强,增加速率更快。草地CV值最低,变化速率最慢,不易受气候波动的影响。由于退耕还林等生态工程的实施效果显著,使耕地WUE的变化速率最快。

川西高原巴塘地区可溶岩地层分布与岩溶地貌发育特征

以川西高原巴塘县、白玉县为研究对象,详细阐述研究区从三叠系到寒武系出露的主要可溶岩地层的分布、岩石成分、结构特征以及各地层的岩溶发育特征,系统总结出研究区可溶岩地层的特征和碳酸盐岩地层岩溶发育的规律。结果表明:研究区可溶地层呈北西南东向展布,明显受区域地质构造影响;岩溶地貌发育特征显示出与青藏高原主要地区岩溶地貌的一致性,属第三纪时期热带—亚热带环境下发育演化的覆盖型岩溶剥露地表而形成的古岩溶,且岩溶类型多样,形态与规模空间差异性明显;不同碳酸盐岩地层的岩溶发育程度统计显示,泥盆系溶蚀洼地所占面积最大,三叠系与志留系碳酸盐岩地层中溶蚀洼地个数较多,但发育密度低于泥盆系,二叠系溶蚀洼地个数与面积均为最小,石炭系地层由于碳酸盐岩纯度高且集中出露,溶蚀洼地发育密度最大。

喀斯特高原不同植被演替阶段土壤动物群落特征

选择贵州喀斯特高原三个典型地貌单元作为研究区,于2009-05对不同植被演替阶段的土壤动物群落进行研究。共获土壤动物3992只,隶属于5门10纲26目,共31个类群,优势类群为弹尾目(Collembola)、甲螨亚目(Oribatida)、中气门亚目(Mesostigmata);常见类群为前气门亚目(Prostigmata)、膜翅目(Hymenoptera)、鞘翅目(Coleoptera)、半翅目(Hemiptera)、近孔寡毛目(Plesiopora)、双翅目(Diptera)、双尾目(Diplura)。研究结果表明,随着喀斯特植被的不断退化,土壤动物数量不断减少,表现为林地>灌丛>草地>石漠化地;类群数亦呈减少趋势。各演替阶段土壤动物表聚性明显,但人为干扰(如翻耕等)可导致土壤动物出现逆分布现象。土壤动物多样性分析表明,中小型土壤动物的多样性指数从林地到石漠化地逐渐减小。

高原喀斯特土壤养分容量及其林木持续性研究

以高原喀斯特地区土壤为研究对象,研究了土壤中理化指标,探讨了该地区植物生长动态和土壤中营养元素丰缺现状,并对植物生长的土壤养分容量库进行了估算。结果表明:喀斯特高原土壤土层较浅,土壤中钾素丰富,氮素、磷素含量较低,氮素是林木生长的主要限制因子;相比之下,磷素在林地土壤中总量低于钾素与氮素,但其有效态所占的比例高于氮和钾,可能是林木生长过程对磷的吸收利用率高于氮和钾。在次生林生态系统群落结构没有大的变化调整条件下,该地区0.1公顷土壤至少能提供云南鼠刺、圆果化香、槲栎等136棵乔木理想状态下生长发育近600年的养分。土壤有效态养分含量可以满足植物生长的养分需求,但在100年后植物体生长发育主要受到有效磷素的限制。

草海高原湿地湖泊水质时空变化及水质分区研究

针对草海水质污染状况,开展水质季节变化特征研究,为草海湿地污染治理及保护提供依据。在草海湿地湖泊设置了15个采样点,于2014年8月、11月和2015年1月、4月,分4季进行水样采集。以所测水质参数为基础,运用水质综合评价和GIS空间分析方法,研究草海湿地水环境质量时空变化,并基于营养状态对湖泊水体进行了分区。研究表明:(1)草海TP、TN、CODMn、Chl-a 4种主要水质指标浓度在春季高于其他3个季节,浓度分别达到0.03、0.98、6.30和0.025 mg/L,空间分布呈现由东至西逐渐降低的趋势,草海入水口及码头区域要明显高于湖泊其他区域。(2)草海湖泊营养状态为中营养级别,按4个季度的综合营养状态指数(TLI)平均值分为3个区域,A区为东北角入水口及西海游客码头,长年处于富营养状态,为富营养状态区,53.9≤TLI≤63.0,水质处于Ⅳ与Ⅴ类等级;B区为临近县城及入水口区域,季节性富营养状态,为中营养状态区,41.2≤TLI≤46.6;C区为草海湖泊中心延续到阳关山的下游出水口区域,为贫中营养状态区,35.8≤TLI≤39.7;B区和C区水质全年为Ⅲ类等级。(3)各区域主要污染物指标以Chl-a、TN为主,A区形成的主因是城市污水注入,B区形成的主因是农业面源污染。控制城市污水和农药、化肥施用量是治理草海湖泊水环境的重要途径。